Warm UPDefine these terms using the Mastering the Grade 8 Social Studies TEKS on your own paper.1. Domestic policy2. Foreign policy3. Precedent4. Political parties5. Neutrality

OBJECTIVE

• 8.5 Understands the challenges confronted by the government and its leaders in the early years of the republic.

• 8.5 A Describe major domestic problems faced by the leaders of the new republic.

• 8.5 C Explain the origin (starting place) and development of American Political Parties.

Washington’s Presidency(1789-1797)

Washington’s Presidency(1789-1797)

The 1st President

• Being the fist president, was very hard for Washington.

• He had no example to follow.• He knew the world would be analyzing his

every move.• He believed the president should have

power to act as president, but he feared any time he used his presidential powers he would be viewed by the people as trying to be a king.

• He, also, knew that anything he did would set precedence for future presidents, and it did.

George Washington1st President of

United States of America

Major Challenges for the New President

1. Define authority of Central Government2. Create a stable economic system $$$3. Build a military4. Maintain National Security5. Conduct Foreign relations6. Make treaties with Native Americans

Washington Needs help to meet challenge

President Washington is going to start with adding a cabinet to the executive branch because he can not accomplish those challenges by himself. He needs some people to advise him that are experts in that area.

Washington’s Cabinet

George Washington

Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of Treasury $$$$

Henry Knox –

secretary of War

Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State

Judiciary Act of 1789

The Judiciary Act of 1789 was passed by Congress.• It set up 13 district

courts (1 per state).• It set up 3 circuit

courts (1 per region). These were appellate courts.

First Chief Justice

John Jay was appointed as the first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court.

The Bill of Rights Were Adopted

In December 1791, the Bill of Rights were officially added to the Constitution.

Hamilton’s Economic Plan

Repay the Debt

Combing the National and state debt to establish the nation’s credit.

National Bank

·Place to deposit taxes·Provide sound currency·Make loans to National government.

Jefferson is against the National Bank not in Constitution as a Federal power

Whiskey Tax

Tax on whiskey to raise money from Western farmers

New tax caused hostility among western farmer. Farmers refused to pay the tax and threaten the tax collectors. Washington had to send the militia to put down the rebellion

Protective Tariff

Tariff on imported goods to protect American goods.Tariff was defeated because the Southern states opposed the high tariff rates it would make it harder for Southerners to sale their crops to Britain.

War BondsShould war bonds be paid at their full value?Alexander Hamilton, secretary of the treasury, said yes. He

believed full payment was necessary to gain the trust of the people.

Opposition in the South claimed that only speculators would profit from full payments and since most war bonds were issued in the North, they did not feel responsible for paying them back.

In a compromise, the South agreed to paying full value for the war bonds in exchange for moving the capital further south. The new capital would be moved to an independent area called the District of Columbia and the Capital would be called Washington.

Creating a National Bank

Should there be a national bank?Madison and Jefferson said “no”. It would only

benefit the wealthy and the Constitution did not allow for it.

Hamilton disagreed. He argued it was an implied power in the Constitution and Congress did have the power to create a bank.

Washington agreed and signed the bill creating the First National Bank.

The Whiskey TaxThe Whiskey Tax• Whiskey was made from left

over grain grown by farmers.

• Hamilton saw it as extra cash and created a law taxing the whiskey.

• The farmers felt the tax was unfair, because only farmers had to pay it.

$$$$$

The Whiskey Rebellion

A group of farmers protested the whiskey tax by attacking tax collectors homes and burning federal buildings. This is known as the Whiskey Rebellion.

Washington gathered an army and crushed the rebellion.

Washington’s victory proved two things:1. It proved that Washington could raise an

army when needed.2. It sent a message to the people that the

proper way to protest was to contact their congressman.

$$$$$ $$$$$Tariffs

Should there be a tariff?Hamilton proposed a tariff, tax on imports, to

protect American industry.The South, led by Jefferson and Madison, voted

against the tariff concerned that it forced citizens to pay higher prices.

The protective tariff passed anyway, but the South continued to fight against it.

How a Protective Tariff WorksIn America

American-made socks sell for 2.00 a pair

British-made socks sell for 2.50 a pair

When shipped to America, a .75 cents tariff is added to the price of British socks

In Britain

British-made socks sell for 1.75 a pair

This is why the Southern states were against the tariff

What is a tariff?

Come up with your own example of what a tariff process

How a Protective Tariff WorksIn America

American-made socks sell for 2.00 a pair

British-made socks sell for 2.50 a pair

When shipped to America, a .75 cents tariff is added to the price of British socks

In Britain

British-made socks sell for 1.75 a pair

This is why the Southern states were against the tariff

Ticket Out door• 1) list 3 challenges George Washington faced

during his time in office• 2) List 3 things that were accomplished during

his time in office• 3) List domestic issues that arose due to

Hamilton’s Financial Plan• 4) Why did Jefferson & Madison disagree with

the Creation of the Nation Bank.– 1– 2

Hamilton’s Plan Created the formation of the first Political Parties

Federalists vs Democrati c-Republicans

OBJ: 8.5 C Explain the origin and development of American political parties.

Formation of Political Parties

Replacing the Articles of Confederation

Process of Ratification of the U.S. Constitution

Early development of political Parties

Federalist—Strong Central Government

Anti– Federalist Weak Central Government and strong State

Replacing the Articles of Confederation

Process of Ratification of the U.S. Constitution

Early development of political Parties

Federalist—Strong Central Government

Anti– Federalist Weak Central Government and strong State

U.S. Constitution Approved

Federalist Created a strong Central Government

Anti-Federalist added The Bill of Rights

Election for

President

George Washington Elected President

Unanimously voted for 2 terms as President

Created a Cabinet to help him run the country

Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury

Politi cal Parti es Formed

Replacing the Articles of Confederation

Process of Ratification of the U.S. Constitution

Early development of political Parties

Federalist—Strong Central Government Anti– Federalist

Weak Central Government and strong State

U.S. Constitution Approved

Federalist Created a strong Central Government

Anti-Federalist added The Bill of Rights

Election for President

George Washington Elected President

Unanimously voted for 2 terms as President

Created a Cabinet to help him run the country

Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Continued Federalist and Anti-Federalist disagreements

Leads to the Early development of Political Parties

U.S. Constitution Approved

Federalist Created a strong Central Government

Anti-Federalist added The Bill of Rights

Election for President

George Washington Elected President

Unanimously voted for 2 terms as President

Created a Cabinet to help him run the country

Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Continued Federalist and Anti-Federalist disagreements

Leads to the Early development of Political Parties

Splits Washington’s cabinet

Hamilton’s Plan– created a Nation Bank,Strong Central Government

*National Bank *Assumption of State *Debt *Nation factories

Thomas Jefferson– Democratic RepublicanDisapprove of National Bank, thinks States have more power

Democratic– RepublicanOpposed Hamilton’s economic policiesConcern about powers of states

George Washington Elected President

Created a Cabinet to help him run the country

Hamilton selected as Secretary of Treasury

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

Continued Federalist and Anti-Federalist disagreements

Leads to the Early development of Political Parties

Splits Washington’s cabinet

Hamilton’s Plan– created a Nation Bank, Strong Central Government

*National Bank *Assumption of State *Debt *Nation factories

Thomas Jefferson– Democratic RepublicanDisapprove of National Bank, thinks States have more power

Democratic– RepublicanOpposed Hamilton’s economic policiesConcern about powers of states

Washington’s Farwell Address

No PDA

No Political Parties

No Debt

No Alliances

John Adams Elected

Divisions continue to grow with in the country

Political Parties have formed

Federalist-Strong Central Government

Industrial

Democratic - Republican Weak Central Gov’t and Strong State Gov’tFarmers/small guy

Federalists Democratic-Republicans

Main Party Leaders Alexander Hamilton and John Adams

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

Constitutional Views

Loose constructionists: the national government should take all steps needed to govern the nation

Strict constructionist: the national government should only have powers expressly listed in the Constitution

Views on Government

Favored a strong federal government

Favored states’ rights

Views on Foreign policy

Pro-British: Federalists feared the French Revolution as an example of mob rule

Pro-French: Jefferson was sympathetic to the French Revolution

Main Supporters Merchants and manufactures Farmers and skilled craftsmen

Who should vote Only those meeting property qualifications

Vote should be open to all adult males

Events during Washington Presidency

Problems with IndiansIndians were attacking

western settlements.Washington made treaties

with many Indian tribes, but Americans ignored the treaties and continued to move west.

With the British urging them on, the Indians continued to attack various American settlements.

The Battle of Fallen Timbers

In 1794, Washington sent troops to defeat the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

After losing the battle, the Indians signed the Treaty of Greenville in which they agreed to surrender all Indian lands in Ohio.

OBJ: 8.5 E

• Identify the foreign policies of Presidents Washington and explain the impact of Washington’s Farewell address

Problems in Europe

Shortly after Washington became president, in 1789, the French Revolution began.

Many Americans believed America should support the Revolution, because the French supported us in ours.

Other Americans opposed the violence of the French Revolution and its attack on religion and individual liberties. Besides, it was the French king who sent troops to help us during our revolution, not the French people.

The Proclamation of Neutrality

In 1793, France and Britain went to war.

Some Americans supported the British and some supported the French.Washington issued the Proclamation of Neutrality forbidding Americans to take sides.The British began capturing American cargo ships and forcing the crews to fight for the British navy (impressments).

Trying to Stay NeutralWashington sent John Jay to make

peace with Britain.John Jay created a treaty with the

British known as Jay’s Treaty. In this treaty the British agreed to:

1. finally leave American soil,2. pay for some damages to

captured ships,3. and allow some American trade

in the Caribbean.Most Americans disapproved of this

treaty, because it did not address the issue of impressments.

Jay’s Treaty

Pinckney’s Treaty

Spain feared that Jay’s Treaty would unite the U.S. and Britain against the Spanish Empire in North America.Washington sent Thomas Pinckney to settle the problem.In Pinckney’s Treaty, Spain agreed to allow Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and rights to trade in New Orleans.

Washington’s Farewell

Washington’s farewell address is read in the Senate every year on Washington's Birthday.

As the first President, Washington set several precedents for future presidents:

1. He served two terms. - Franklin D. Roosevelt was the only president to serve more than two terms.2. He set foreign policy in his “Farewell Address” given in Sept. 1796 – “Observe good faith and justice toward all nations… Tis our policy to steer clear of permanent alliances.” This policy was followed for more than 100 years.3. He created a cabinet composed of heads of departments to advise him. – All presidents since have had cabinets.4. He also warned of the dangers of political parties.

Washington Farewell address

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