Vladimir Shukhov 1

Vladimir Shukhov

Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov

Shukhov, 1891

Born April 8, 1853Grayvoron, Kursk Governorate, Russian Empire

Died February 2, 1939 (aged 85)Moscow, RSFSR, USSR

Nationality Russian

Education Imperial Moscow Technical Institute

Spouse(s) Anna Nikolayevna Shukhova

Children Sergey, Flaviy, Vladimir

Parents Grigory ShukhovVera Shukhova

Engineering career

Engineering discipline Civil engineerStructural engineer

Significant projects Polibino TowerAdziogol LighthouseShukhov TowerOka River Tower

Significant design Shukhov RotundaPushkin MuseumGUMKiyevsky railway station

Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (Russian: Влади́мир Григо́рьевич Шу́хов; August 28 [O.S. August 16] 1853 –February 2, 1939) was a Russian engineer-polymath, scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works onnew methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of world's firsthyperboloid structures, diagrid shell structures, tensile structures, gridshell structures, oil reservoirs, pipelines,boilers, ships and barges.Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the construction of numerous bridges and buildings,Shukhov was the inventor of a new family of doubly curved structural forms. These forms, based on non-Euclideanhyperbolic geometry, are known today as hyperboloids of revolution. Shukhov developed not only many varieties oflight-weight hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also the mathematics for their analysis. Shukhov isparticularly reputed for his original designs of hyperboloid towers such as the Shukhov Tower.

Vladimir Shukhov 2

Biography

Factory of Shukhov cracking process, Baku, USSR, 1932

Vladimir Shukhov was born in a town of Graivoron, Belgoroduezd, Kursk Governorate (in present-day Belgorod Oblast)into a petty noble family. His father Grigory IvanovichShukhov was a minor government official, promoted for hisefforts in the Crimean War. For a while, Grigory served asMayor of Graivoron and later as an administrator in Warsaw.

In 1864 Vladimir entered Saint Petersburg gymnasium fromwhich he graduated with distinction in 1871. During his highschool years he showed mathematical talents, oncedemonstrating to his classmates and teacher an original proofof the Pythagorean theorem. The teacher praised his skills buthe failed the grade for violating the textbook's guidelines.

The world's first diagrid hyperboloid structure byShukhov, Nizhny Novgorod, 1896

After graduating from the gymnasium, Shukhov entered theImperial Moscow Technical School, in which his teachersincluded Pafnuty Chebyshev, Aleksey Letnikov, and NikolayZhukovsky. In 1876 Shukhov graduated from the school withdistinction and a Gold Medal. Chebyshev proposed to him a job asa lecturer in mathematics at the Imperial Moscow TechnicalSchool, but Shukhov decided to seek a job in the industry instead.

Thereupon Shukhov went to Philadelphia, to work on the Russianpavilion at the World's Fair and to study the inner workings of theAmerican industry. During his stay in the US Shukhov came toknow a Russian-American entrepreneur, AlexanderVeniaminovich Bari (Александр Вениаминович Бари) who alsoworked on the organization of the Fair.

In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the drafting officeof the Warsaw-Vienna railroad. Within several months, Shukhov'sfrustration with standard and routine engineering made himabandon the office and join a military-medical academy.

Vladimir Shukhov 3

The world's first double curvature steel diagrid byShukhov (during construction), Vyksa near Nizhny

Novgorod, 1897.

Shukhov Tower in Moscow. It is currently under threat ofdemolition, and there is an international campaign to save it.

On his coming to Russia in 1877, Bari persuaded Shukhov togive up his medical education and to assume the office ofChief Engineer in a new company specializing in innovativeengineering. Shukhov worked with Bari at this company untilthe October Revolution. Their works revolutionized manyareas of civil engineering, ship engineering, and oil industry.The thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process,was patented by Vladimir Shukhov in 1891.

Shukhov always found time for a passionate hobby –photography.[1] The photographic works of Shukhov openednew trends ahead of their flourishing of Fine art photography.He made photos in various genres: reporting, city landscape,portrait, constructivism. About two thousand photos andnegatives made by Shukhov have survived until this day.

After the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in theSoviet Union despite having received alluring job offers fromaround the world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects ofthe 1920s were associated with his name. In 1919 he framedhis slogan: We should work independently from politics. Thebuildings, boilers, beams would be needed and so would we.In the later 1930s during the Great Purge he retired fromengineering work but was not arrested or persecuted.

Shukov died on February 2, 1939 in Moscow and was buried at the Novodevichy Cemetery. His many honoursincluded the Lenin Prize (1929) and the title of Hero of Labour (1932).

WorksVladimir Shukhov is often referred as the Russian Edison for the sheer quantity and quality of his pioneering works.He was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of beams, shells andmembranes on elastic foundation. These theoretical results allowed him to design the first Russian oil tanker, newtypes of oil tanker barges, and a new type of oil reservoirs. The same principle of the shell on an elastic foundationallowed to theoretically calculate the optimal diameter, wall thickness and fluid speed for the fluid pipelines.Shukhov's projects were instrumental in constructing:• An oil pipeline, the first in the Russian Empire, between Balkhany and Cherny Gorod near Baku (12 km, 1878

complete, used by the Branobel). By 1883 the total length of Shukhov-designed, Bari-built oil pipelines in Baku exceeded 94 km, transporting 30,000 barrels of oil per day. In 1894, a similar pipeline network was built in

Vladimir Shukhov 4

Grozny. Shukhov designed the first Trans-Caucasian kerosene pipeline between Baku and Batumi (835 km long)and Grozny-Tuapse pipeline (618 km long).

• A superior design for water-mains. Shukhov designed (and Bari built) complete water-supply systems for thecities of Cherkassy, Tambov, Kharkov, Voronezh and many others. In that age of infectious diseases hiswater-supply systems literally saved thousands of lives.

• A superior design for oil-tanker barges (less than half of the metal previously required), 84 150-meters longbarges were built (mostly for the Volga river) as well as the first Russian seaworthy oil tanker ship. His approachto the ship strength analysis (using the model of a shell on an elastic foundation) was absolutely novel for thattime.

• Shukhov-designed inexpensive oil tanks with the bottom calculated as a membrane on elastic foundation. Theybecame very popular among oil-producers of the Imperial Russia. By 1881, 130 such tanks were built in Bakualone.

Shukhov made important contributions to the chemical industry:• He designed and built an oil cracking plant. His patents (Shukhov cracking process - patent of Russian empire No.

12926 from November 27, 1891) on cracking were used to invalidate Standard Oil's patents (Burton process –Patent of USA No. 1,049,667 on January 7, 1913) on oil refineries.

• He designed an original oil pump. Shukhov's pumps revolutionized Baku's oil industry allowing to increase its oiloutput.

• He designed one of the first furnaces that used the residual oil: before his works the residual oil was considered awaste and was discarded, due to his works it became recognized as an important technical product known as a fueloil.

Shukhov also left a lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. As a leading specialist ofmetallic structures (hyperboloid structures, thin-shell structures, tensile structures), he may be compared withGustave Eiffel. Shukhov's innovative and exquisite constructions still grace many towns across the former RussianEmpire:• Eight thin-shell structures exhibition pavilions for the All-Russia Exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod of 1896,

covering the area of 27,000 m², and featuring an unorthodox water-tower that served as a model for more than 30similar structures built in Imperial Russia, and thousands around the world now.

• About 200 original towers (hyperboloid steel gridshells) all over the world, the most famous being the160-meter-high Shukhov Tower in Moscow (1922) and 70-meter-high Adziogol Lighthouse near Kherson (1910).On Shukhov's 110th birthday in 1963 Soviet Union issued a postal stamp showing Shukhov and his tower(pictured).

• Spacious elongated shop galleries, bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults, notably the Upper Trade Rowson Red Square (1889–94), Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts (1898–1912) and Petrovka Passage (1903–06).

• Enormous metal arch vaulting for the Municipal Railway Park (1908) and the Kievskiy Railway Station inMoscow (1912–17).

• The colossal hall of the Central Post Office, Moscow (1911–13).• Truss-supported metal framework for the Central Universal Store in Moscow (1906–08).• A rotating scene for the Moscow Art Theatre.• Several Constructivist projects, designed in collaboration with Konstantin Melnikov, notably the Bakhmetevsky

Bus Garage (1926–28) and Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage (1926–29).• More than 180 bridges across the Volga, Yenisey, Dnieper, and other rivers.• Stabilization Minaret of the Madrasah Ulugh Beg in Samarkand (Shukhov's last engineering work).

Vladimir Shukhov 5

Major works

The glass roof on the Pushkin Museum, 1899-1912 — video, 2011

•• Grozny-Tuapse pipeline•• Shukhov Tower•• Shukhov Rotunda•• Adziogol Lighthouse•• The world's first Hyperboloid structure•• Shukhov tower on the Oka River•• Pushkin Museum•• Moscow GUM•• Novo-Ryazanskaya Street Garage•• Bakhmetevsky Bus Garage•• Kievskiy Railway Station•• Hotel Metropol (Moscow)•• Petrovsky Passage• Water-main in Cherkassy

Gallery

The World First Membrane roofand steel tensile gridshell in the

Shukhov Rotunda, NizhnyNovgorod, 1895

Rotunda and rectangularpavilion, Nizhny Novgorod,

1896

HyperboloidAdziogol

Lighthouseby

V.G.Shukhovnear

Kherson,Ukraine,

1911

Shukhov TowerProject of 350metres, 1919

Vladimir Shukhov 6

Shukhov towers on the OkaRiver, 1988

Shukhov towers on the OkaRiver in the suburb of Nizhniy

Novgorod, 1988

The world's firsthyperboloidstructure by

VladimirShukhov,

Polibino, LipetskOblast, 2009

Upper Trading Rows(GUM) in Moscow

Diagridhyperboloid

structure of theWorld's First

Shukhov Tower

Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts,Moscow

Passage of Upper Trading Rows(GUM) in Moscow

Vladimir Shukhov 7

References

Shukhov and his tower as they appear on a 1963Soviet postage stamp commemorating the 110th

anniversary of his birth

(English)

[1] The photographic works of Vladimir Shukhov (http:/ / www. shukhov. org/ fotos.html)

• Shukhov and Oil Industry (http:/ / www. competence-site. de/1779/ meerestechnik. nsf/DBBF606A45D7369AC1257203002E28FA/ $File/tastes_bad_but_burns_well. pdf)

• Shukhov Tower in Moscow (http:/ / www. youtube. com/watch?v=ykLxCs6SPSw) – video

• Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov (http:/ / en. structurae. de/persons/ data/ index. cfm?ID=d000034) information at Structurae– architectural works

• Biography of Shukhov (http:/ / www. shukhov. org/ shukhov.html)

• Vladimir Shukhov (http:/ / eng. archinform. net/ arch/ 1162. htm)at the archINFORM database

•• Karl-Eugen Kurrer, "The History of the Theory of Structures:From Arch Analysis to Computational Mechanics", 2008, ISBN978-3-433-01838-5

• "The Nijni-Novgorod exhibition: Water tower, room underconstruction, springing of 91 feet span", "The Engineer", № 19.3.1897, P.292-294, London, 1897.

• William Craft Brumfield: "The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture" (http:/ / content. cdlib. org/view?docId=ft1g5004bj& chunk. id=d0e122), University of California Press, 1991, ISBN 0-520-06929-3.

• Elizabeth C. English (http:/ / spec. lib. vt. edu/ IAWA/ inventories/ English. html): "Invention of HyperboloidStructures" (http:/ / www. pubs. asce. org/ WWWdisplay. cgi?0510374), Metropolis & Beyond, 2005.

• Elizabeth C. English (http:/ / spec. lib. vt. edu/ IAWA/ inventories/ English. html): “Arkhitektura i mnimosti”: Theorigins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematicalintellectual tradition” (http:/ / repository. upenn. edu/ dissertations/ AAI9989589/ ), a dissertation in architecture,264 p., University of Pennsylvania, 2000.

•• Valeri Fedorov: "Telecommunications grid architecture in the former Soviet Union", Global Consultants, 1992,ISBN 1-881874-07-9

• Photographic works of Shukhov (http:/ / www. shukhov. org/ fotos. html)(German)

• Die sparsame Konstruktion (http:/ / www. i-b. ch/ 01_Buero/ Tec21_Suchov. pdf)• Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: “Vladimir G. Suchov 1853-1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen Konstruktion.”, 192 S.,

Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990, ISBN 3-421-02984-9.• Jesberg, Paulgerd: "Die Geschichte der Bauingenieurkunst", Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany),

ISBN 3-421-03078-2, 1996; pp. 198–9.•• Ricken, Herbert: "Der Bauingenieur", Verlag für Bauwesen, Berlin (Germany), ISBN 3-345-00266-3, 1994;

pp. 230.• Suchov und Gaudi (http:/ / nr00170. vhost. sil. at/ files/ das_katalanische_gewlbe. pdf)(French)

•• Picon, Antoine (dir.): "L'art de l'ingenieur : constructeur, entrepreneur, inventeur", Éditions du Centre GeorgesPompidou, Paris, 1997, ISBN 2-85850-911-5

Vladimir Shukhov 8

(Italian)

• Fausto Giovannardi: "Vladimir G. Shukhov e la leggerezza dell’acciaio" (http:/ / www. costruzioni. net/ articoli/Shukhov/ Shukhov. pdf), Borgo San Lorenzo, 2007.

(Russian)

•• Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 1, «Строительная механика», 192 стр., под ред. А. Ю. Ишлинского,Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1977.

•• Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 2, «Гидротехника», 222 стр., под ред. А. Е. Шейндлина, Академия наукСССР, Москва, 1981.

•• Шухов В. Г.: Избранные труды, том 3, «Нефтепереработка. Теплотехника», 102 стр., под ред. А. Е.Шейндлина, Академия наук СССР, Москва, 1982.

• Грефе Р. и др.: «В. Г. Шухов (1853—1939). Искусство конструкции.» (http:/ / www. oglibrary. ru/ data/ demo/5644/ 5644. html), «Мир», Москва, 1994, ISBN 5-03-002917-6.

•• Шухова Е. М.: «Владимир Григорьевич Шухов. Первый инженер России.», 368 стр., Изд. МГТУ, Москва,2003, ISBN 5-7038-2295-5.

• "В.Г.Шухов – выдающийся инженер и ученый", Труды Объединенной научной сессии Академии наукСССР, посвященной научному и инженерному творчеству почетного академика В.Г.Шухова. М.: Наука,1984, 96 с.

•• Петропавловская И.А.: "Владимир Григорьевич Шухов, 1853-1939", Москва, "Наука", 2004, ISBN5-02-033173-2.

•• Российский государственный архив научно-технической документации (РГАНТД): "Документальноенаследие выдающегося российского инженера В.Г. Шухова в архивах" (межархивный справочник), ред.Шапошников А.С., Медведева Г.А.; 181 стр., издание РГАНТД, Москва, 2008.

Article Sources and Contributors 9

Article Sources and ContributorsVladimir Shukhov  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=585659903  Contributors: After Midnight, Alex Bakharev, Anonymous Dissident, Aquarius Rising, Arch2all, Armbrust,Arss, Arssenev, Attilios, BD2412, Beagel, Bhumiya, Bobblewik, Chris the speller, Crzrussian, DabMachine, Dogears, Donskoy, Dumelow, Elizabeth English, Gaius Cornelius, Garik 11,Ghirlandajo, Greyhood, Hmains, Hqb, I1990k, IanManka, Identification01, Ipaat, J04n, Jackie, JeanneMish, Kaisershatner, Lekoren, Leszek Jańczuk, Liamkf, Ling.Nut, Lockley, Look2See1,Mcginnly, Michael Hardy, Miscreant, Muhandes, NVO, Naddy, Neddyseagoon, Nhandler, Omnipaedista, PaddyM, R'n'B, Ritabest, Rjwilmsi, Rybec, Serein (renamed because of SUL), SergeiArsenyev, Sergei Nikitin, Snowgrove, Sun Creator, Tec15, Underpants, Vegaswikian, Venske, Vmenkov, XJaM, Zvar, 256 ,قلی زادگان anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov 1891.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vladimir_Grigoryevich_Shukhov_1891.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:SnowgroveFile:Russian Cracking.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Russian_Cracking.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Bakharev, Arsenev, Russavia, 2anonymous editsFile:First Shukhov Tower Nizhny Novgorod 1896.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:First_Shukhov_Tower_Nizhny_Novgorod_1896.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Arsenev, Arssenev, Butko, Donskoy, Man vyi, Maximaximax, Snowgrove, TomAlt, Vmenkov, 4 anonymous editsFile:Double curvature steel lattice Shell by Shukhov in Vyksa 1897 shell.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Double_curvature_steel_lattice_Shell_by_Shukhov_in_Vyksa_1897_shell.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: A.Savin, Arssenev,Demidow, Donskoy, R7yauza, Snowgrove, 1 anonymous editsFile:Shukhov tower shabolovka moscow 02.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shukhov_tower_shabolovka_moscow_02.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported  Contributors: Arssenev, Basilicofresco, Donskoy, Lite, NVO, Rlevse, Roomba, Snowgrove, TomAlt, Vonvon, 5 anonymous editsFile:Shukhov roof on Pushkin Museum.ogv  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shukhov_roof_on_Pushkin_Museum.ogv  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:ArssenevImage:Membrane Roof and Tensile Lattice Shell of Shukhov Rotunda 1895.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Membrane_Roof_and_Tensile_Lattice_Shell_of_Shukhov_Rotunda_1895.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Butko, Snowgrove, TomAltImage:Rotunda and rectangular pavilion by Vladimir Shukhov in Nizhny Novgorod 1896.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rotunda_and_rectangular_pavilion_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_in_Nizhny_Novgorod_1896.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arsenev, Manvyi, TomAlt, Vmenkov, 2 anonymous editsImage:Adziogol hyperboloid Lighthouse by Vladimir Shukhov 1911.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adziogol_hyperboloid_Lighthouse_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_1911.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arssenev, Donskoy, Infrogmation,JotaCartas, Muhandes, Pkravchenko, TomAlt, 10 anonymous editsImage:Shukhov Hyperboloid Tower Project of 350 metres of 1919 year.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shukhov_Hyperboloid_Tower_Project_of_350_metres_of_1919_year.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Arssenev, Donskoy, Rlevse,TomAlt, 5 anonymous editsImage:Shukhov Oka Towers 1988 photo by Igor Kazus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shukhov_Oka_Towers_1988_photo_by_Igor_Kazus.jpg  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Igor KazusImage:Shukhov Oka Towers photo by Igor Kazus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Shukhov_Oka_Towers_photo_by_Igor_Kazus.jpg  License: GNU FreeDocumentation License  Contributors: Igor KazusImage:Worlds First Hyperboloid in Polibino photo by Arssenev.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Worlds_First_Hyperboloid_in_Polibino_photo_by_Arssenev.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ArssenevImage:Moskau GUM.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Moskau_GUM.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: A.Savin, Azov, Factumquintus,Julmin, 1 anonymous editsImage:Worlds First Diagrid Hyperboloid by Shukhov 1896.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Worlds_First_Diagrid_Hyperboloid_by_Shukhov_1896.jpg  License:Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:Sergei ArssenevImage:Gmii.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gmii.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: user:GhirlandajoImage:Structure of the Roof of Upper Trading Rows by Vladimir Shukhov 6.JPG  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Structure_of_the_Roof_of_Upper_Trading_Rows_by_Vladimir_Shukhov_6.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: DonskoyFile:Soviet Union-1963-stamp-Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov-4K.jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Soviet_Union-1963-stamp-Vladimir_Grigorievich_Shukhov-4K.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Alex Bakharev, Augiasstallputzer,Butko, Conscious, Dnikitin, Editor at Large, JotaCartas, Snek01, 1 anonymous edits

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