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Vladimir Kramnik

Kramnik at the 2005 Corus chess tournament

Full name Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik

Country Russia

Born 25 June 1975 Tuapse, Krasnodar Krai, RussianSFSR, Soviet Union

Title Grandmaster

World Champion 2000–06 (Classical)2006–07 (undisputed)

FIDE rating 2783(http://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=4101588) (October 2015)

Peak rating 2811 (May 2013)[1]

Ranking(http://ratings.fide.com/toplist.phtml)

No. 9 (December 2014)

Peak ranking No. 1 (January 1996)

Vladimir KramnikFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Kramnik" redirects here. For the Polish village, see Kramnik, Poland.

Vladimir Borisovich Kramnik(Russian: Владимир БорисовичКрамник; born 25 June 1975) is aRussian chess grandmaster. Hewas the Classical World ChessChampion from 2000 to 2006, andthe undisputed World ChessChampion from 2006 to 2007. Hehas won three team gold medalsand three individual medals atChess Olympiads.[2]

In October 2000, he defeated GarryKasparov in a match played inLondon, and became the ClassicalWorld Chess Champion. In late2004, Kramnik successfullydefended his title againstchallenger Péter Lékó in a drawnmatch played in Brissago,Switzerland. In October 2006,Kramnik, the Classical WorldChampion, defeated reigning FIDEWorld Champion Veselin Topalovin a unification match, the WorldChess Championship 2006. As aresult, Kramnik became the firstundisputed World Champion,holding both the FIDE andClassical titles, since Kasparovsplit from FIDE in 1993. In 2007,Kramnik lost the title toViswanathan Anand, who won theWorld Chess Championship 2007tournament ahead of Kramnik. Hechallenged Anand at the World Chess Championship 2008 to regain his title, but lost.

Contents

1 Early career2 Chess career

2.1 Early setbacks

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2.1 Early setbacks2.2 2000 World Championship2.3 After London2.4 2004 title defense2.5 2006 Reunification match2.6 2007 world championship tournament in Mexico2.7 2008 match2.8 20092.9 20102.10 20112.11 20122.12 20132.13 2015

3 Deep Fritz match4 Personal life5 Notable tournament victories6 World championship matches and qualifiers7 Head­to­head record versus selected grandmasters8 Assessment and legacy

8.1 Playing style8.2 Contributions to chess

9 Chess books10 See also11 References12 External links

Early career

Vladimir Kramnik was born in the town of Tuapse, on the shores of the Black Sea. His father's birth namewas Boris Sokolov, but he took his stepfather's surname when his mother (Vladimir's grandmother)remarried; his mother is Ukrainian.[3] As a child, Vladimir Kramnik studied in the chess school establishedby Mikhail Botvinnik. His first notable result in a major tournament was his gold medal win as first reservefor the Russian team in the 1992 Chess Olympiad in Manila. His selection for the team caused somecontroversy in Russia at the time, as he was only sixteen years old and had not yet been awarded thegrandmaster title, but his selection was supported by Garry Kasparov.[4] He scored eight wins, one draw,and no losses.

The following year, Kramnik played in the very strong tournament in Linares. He finished fifth, beating thethen world number three, Vassily Ivanchuk, along the way. He followed this up with a string of goodresults, but had to wait until 1995 for his first major tournament win at normal time controls, when he wonthe strong Dortmund tournament, finishing it unbeaten.

In 1995, Kramnik served as a second for Kasparov in the Classical World Chess Championship 1995 matchagainst challenger Viswanathan Anand. Kasparov won the match 10½–7½.

In January 1996, Kramnik became the world number­one rated player; although having the same FIDErating as Kasparov (2775), Kramnik became number one by having played more games during the ratingperiod in question. This was the first time since December 1985 that Kasparov was not world number one,

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and Kramnik's six month stretch (January through June 1996) as world number one would be the only timefrom January 1986 through March 2006 where Kasparov was not world number one. By becoming numberone, Kramnik became the youngest ever to reach world number one, breaking Kasparov's record; thisrecord would stand for 14 years until being broken by Magnus Carlsen in January 2010.

Kramnik continued to produce good results, including winning at Dortmund (outright or tied) ten timesfrom 1995 to 2011. He is the second of only eight chess players to have reached a rating of 2800 (the firstbeing Kasparov).

During his reign as world champion, Kramnik never regained the world number­one ranking, doing so onlyin January 2008 after he had lost the title to Viswanathan Anand; as in 1996, Kramnik had the same FIDErating as Anand (2799) but became number one due to more games played within the rating period.Kramnik's 12 years between world number­one rankings is the longest since the inception of the FIDEranking system in 1971.

Chess career

Early setbacks

In the mid­ and late­90s, Kramnik, although considered one of the strongest players in the world, sufferedseveral setbacks in his attempts to qualify for a World Championship match. In 1994, he lost a quarterfinalcandidates match for the PCA championship to Gata Kamsky 1½–4½, and later that year, lost a semifinalcandidates match for the FIDE championship to Boris Gelfand with the score 3½–4½. In 1998, Kramnikfaced Alexei Shirov in a Candidates match for the right to play Garry Kasparov for the Classical WorldChess Championship, and lost 3½–5½. In 1999, Kramnik participated in the FIDE knockout championshipin Las Vegas, and lost in the quarterfinals to Michael Adams 2–4.

2000 World Championship

Main article: Classical World Chess Championship 2000

Suitable sponsorship was not found for a Kasparov–Shirov match, and it never took place. In 2000,sponsorship was secured for a Kasparov–Kramnik match instead. This was somewhat controversial, makingKramnik the first player since 1935 to play a world championship match without qualifying.

In 2000, Kramnik played a sixteen­game match against Garry Kasparov in London, for the Classical ChessWorld Championship. Kramnik began the match as underdog, but his adoption of the Berlin Defence toKasparov's Ruy Lopez opening was very effective. With the white pieces, Kramnik pressed Kasparov hard,winning Games Two and Ten and overlooking winning continuations in Games Four and Six. Kasparov putup little fight thereafter, agreeing to short draws with the white pieces in Games 9 and 13. Kramnik won thematch 8½–6½ without losing a game (this was only the second time in history that a World Champion hadlost a match without winning a single game). This event marked the first time Kasparov had been beaten ina World Championship match.

Kramnik's performance won him the Chess Oscar for 2000; this was the first time he had received theaward.

After London

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In October 2002, Kramnik competed in Brains in Bahrain, an eight­game match against the chess computerDeep Fritz in Bahrain. Kramnik started well, taking a 3–1 lead after four games. However, in game five,Kramnik made what was described as the worst blunder of his career, losing a knight in a position whichwas probably drawn. He quickly resigned. He also resigned game six after making a speculative sacrifice,although subsequent analysis showed that he had drawing chances in the final position. The last two gameswere drawn, and the match ended tied at 4–4.

In February 2004 Kramnik won the Tournament of Linares outright for the first time (he had tied for firstwith Kasparov in 2000), finishing undefeated with a +2 score, ahead of Garry Kasparov, the world'shighest­rated player at the time.

2004 title defense

Main article: Classical World Chess Championship 2004

From 25 September 2004 until 18 October 2004, retained his title as Classical World Chess Championagainst challenger Péter Lékó at Brissago, Switzerland, by barely drawing the match in the last game. The14­game match was poised in favor of Lékó right up until Kramnik won the final game, thus forcing a 7–7draw and ensuring that Kramnik remained world champion.[5] The prize fund was 1 million Swiss francs,which was about USD $770,000 at the time. Because of the drawn result, the prize was split between thetwo players.

2006 Reunification match

Main article: FIDE World Chess Championship 2006

When Garry Kasparov broke with FIDE, the federation governing professional chess, to play the 1993World Championship with Nigel Short, he created a rift in the chess world. In response, FIDE sanctioned amatch between Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman for the FIDE World Championship, which Karpov won.Subsequently, the chess world had seen two "champions": the "classical" championship, claiming lineagedating back to Steinitz; and the FIDE endorsed champion.

When Kramnik defeated Kasparov and inherited Kasparov's title, he also inherited some controversies.Because the arrangements for the Kasparov Shirov match fell through, (it appears Shirov refused to play forwhat he considered too small a prize fund[6]) Kasparov decided to try to arrange a match with the highestrated player according to FIDE's rating list. At the time Anand was the highest rated player but Anandrefused the match.[7][8] In the meantime Kramnik overtook Anand in rating and so he was offered thematch. Kramnik accepted and ended up playing the match despite his loss of the qualifying match againstAlexei Shirov in 1998.

At the next FIDE world championship (FIDE World Chess Championship 2005), Kramnik refused toparticipate, but indicated his willingness to play a match against the winner to unify the worldchampionship. After the tournament, negotiations began for a reunification match between Kramnik and thenew FIDE World Champion—Veselin Topalov of Bulgaria.

In April 2006, FIDE announced a reunification match between Kramnik and Topalov—the FIDE WorldChess Championship 2006. The match took place in Elista, Kalmykia. After the first four games, Kramnikled 3–1 (out of a maximum of 12). After the fourth game, however, Topalov's coach/manager Silvio

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Kramnik, winner at Dortmund 2007

Danailov protested that Kramnik was using the toilet suspiciously frequently, implying that he wassomehow receiving outside assistance whilst doing so. Topalov said that he would refuse to shake handswith Kramnik in the remaining games. The Appeals committee decided that the players' toilets be lockedand that they be forced to use a shared toilet, accompanied by an assistant arbiter.

Kramnik refused to play the fifth game unless the original conditions agreed for the match were adhered to.As a result, the point was awarded to Topalov, reducing Kramnik's lead to 3–2. Kramnik stated that theappeals committee was biased and demanded that it be replaced. As a condition to continue the match,Kramnik insisted on playing the remaining games under the original conditions of the match contract,which allows use of the bathroom at the players' discretion.

The controversy resulted in a heavy volume of correspondence to Chessbase and other publications. Thebalance of views from fans was in support of Kramnik.[9] Prominent figures in the chess world, such asJohn Nunn, Yasser Seirawan, and Bessel Kok also sided with Kramnik.[10][11][12] The Russian andBulgarian Chess Federations supported their respective players.[13]

After twelve regular games the match was tied 6–6, although Kramnik continued to dispute the result of theunplayed fifth game until the end of the match. On 13 October 2006 the result of this disputed gamebecame irrelevant as Kramnik won the rapid tie­break by a score of 2½–1½.

Kramnik's victory helped him win the Chess Oscar for 2006, the second of his career.

2007 world championship tournament in Mexico

Main article: World Chess Championship 2007

When Kramnik won the 2006 unification match, he also wonTopalov's berth in the 2007 World Championship as the incumbentFIDE champion. Although the rationale behind his (and GarryKasparov's) "classical" title is that the title should change hands bychallenge match rather than by tournament, Kramnik stated that hewould recognize the winner of this tournament as being the worldchampion.[14]

In the tournament, held in September 2007, Kramnik and Ananddrew both of their games but Kramnik finished second. Thetournament, and the world championship, was won by ViswanathanAnand.

2008 match

Main article: World Chess Championship 2008

Pursuant to the agreement reached before the 2007 tournament Kramnik and Anand played a match of theWorld Championship title in 2008 in Bonn. He fell victim to Anand's superior preparation, and lost three ofthe first six games (two with the white pieces). Kramnik's play gradually improved, and although hemanaged a 29 move victory in game 10,[15] he did not win any other game, and lost the match to Anand bya score of 6½ to 4½ (three wins to Anand, one win to Kramnik, seven draws).

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2009

Kramnik had exceptionally good results in 2009, winning once again in Dortmund and then winning theCategory 21 (average Elo = 2763) Tal Memorial in Moscow with 6/9 and a 2883 rating performance aheadof world champion Anand, Vassily Ivanchuk, Magnus Carlsen, Levon Aronian, Boris Gelfand, formerFIDE world champion Ruslan Ponomariov, Peter Leko, Peter Svidler and Alexander Morozevich. At thetime, the average Elo rating of the field made it the strongest tournament in history. Following this result,Kramnik stated that his goal was to regain the World Championship title.[16]

He also participated in the London Chess Classic in December, finishing second to Magnus Carlsen, losingtheir head­to­head encounter on the Black side of the English Opening. Kramnik's performance in 2009allowed his rating (average of July 2009 and January 2010 ratings) to be high enough to qualify for theCandidates Tournament to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2012.

2010

Kramnik began 2010 at the Corus chess tournament in the Netherlands, during which he defeated newworld number one Carlsen with the Black pieces in their head­to­head encounter, ending Carlsen's 36­match unbeaten streak.[17] A late loss to Viswanathan Anand knocked him out of first place, and Kramnikfinished with 8/13, tying for second place with Alexei Shirov behind Carlsen's 8½ points.

In May 2010 it was revealed that Kramnik had aided Viswanathan Anand in preparation for the WorldChess Championship 2010 against challenger Veselin Topalov. Anand won the match 6½–5½ to retain thetitle.[18]

In April–May 2010 he tied for 1st–3rd with Shakhriyar Mamedyarov and Gata Kamsky in the President'sCup in Baku and won the event on tie­break after all finished on 5/7.[19]

Kramnik also participated in Dortmund, but had a subpar showing, losing to eventual champion RuslanPonomariov and finishing in joint third place with 5/10.[20]

He then participated in the Grand Slam Chess Masters preliminary tournament in Shanghai from September3 to 8, where he faced world number four Levon Aronian, Alexei Shirov, and Wang Hao; the top twoscorers qualified for the Grand Slam final supertournament from October 9 to 15 in Bilbao against Carlsenand Anand.[21] Scoring 3/6, Kramnik tied for second place with Aronian behind the winner Shirov's 4½/6.In the blitz playoff, Kramnik defeated Aronian to qualify along with Shirov for the Grand Slam final.[22]

Shortly after qualifying for the last stage of the Grand Slam, Kramnik played on board one for the Russianteam in the 2010 Olympiad. He scored +2–0=7.

Following the Olympiad, Kramnik participated in the Grand Slam Chess Masters final in Bilbao where hecompeted against Anand, Carlsen and Shirov. The average rating of the field was 2789, the highest inhistory. After defeating world number one Carlsen for the second consecutive time, and then Shirov in hisfirst two games, Kramnik drew his final four games to finish in clear first with 4/6. This gave Kramnik thedistinction of having won the two strongest tournaments in chess history.

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Kramnik's attempt to defend his 2009 title at the Tal Memorial in Moscow ended with a 7th place, while hefinished 5th in the London Chess Classic in England.

2011

2011 brought varied results. In Wijk aan Zee Kramnik shared fifth with Maxime Vachier­Lagrave, and inthe Candidates he was eliminated by Alexander Grischuk. He won Dortmund for the tenth time, with LêQuang Liêm in second place, and shared third behind Peter Svidler and Alexander Morozevich in theRussian Superfinal. Kramnik won the third London Chess Classic with four wins and four draws, and arating performance over 2900 Elo. Hikaru Nakamura came second.[23] However, in the earlier 6th TalMemorial 2011 Moscow he came 8th out of 10, with 2 losses (to Nepomniachtchi and Svidler) and 7 draws,with Magnus Carlsen winning the overall tournament on tiebreak from Levon Aronian.

2012

Kramnik played a friendly match against Levon Aronian, which finished 3–3 (with a win for Aronian in arapid game that didn't count as tiebreak). In Tal Memorial he shared fourth place behind Magnus Carlsen,Fabiano Caruana and Teimour Radjabov. He finished second in the London Chess Classic behind Carlsen.

2013

Kramnik played in the 2013 Candidates Tournament, which took place in London, from 15 March to 1April. He finished with +4−1=9, sharing the first place with Magnus Carlsen, who won due to having bettertiebreaks.[24]

In the 2013 Alekhine Memorial tournament, held from 20 April to 1 May, Kramnik finished seventh, with+2−2=5.[25]

In the 2013 Tal Memorial tournament, held from 13 June to 23 June, Kramnik finished tenth out of ten,with +0−3=6.[26]

In the Chess World Cup 2013, held in Norway from 11 August to 2 September, Kramnik finished in firstplace, defeating Dmitry Andreikin in the four­game final match 2½–1½.[27]

2015

Kramnik did not succeed in defending his title in the Chess World Cup. In the third round he was defeatedby Andreikin.

Deep Fritz match

Kramnik played a six­game match against the computer program Deep Fritz in Bonn, Germany from 25November to 5 December 2006, losing 2–4 to the machine, with 2 losses and 4 draws. He received 500,000Euros for playing and would have twice as much had he won the match. Deep Fritz version 10 ran on acomputer containing two Intel Core 2 Duo CPUs. Kramnik received a copy of the program in mid­Octoberfor testing, but the final version included an updated opening book.[28] Except for limited updates to the

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Vladimir Kramnik (right) playingchess with Vitali Klitschko,Dortmund, 2002.

opening book, the program was not allowed to be changed during the course of the match. The endgametablebases used by the program were restricted to five pieces[29] even though a complete six­piece tablebasewas widely available.

The first game ended in a draw.[30] A number of commentators claimed that Kramnik missed a win.[31] Thesecond game was won by Deep Fritz, due to a mistake by Kramnik, who failed to defend against athreatened mate­in­one. Susan Polgar called it the "blunder of the century".[32] The third, fourth and fifthgames of the match ended in draws. In the last game Fritz with the white pieces defeated the WorldChampion, winning the match.[33]

Personal life

On 30 December 2006 Kramnik married French journalist Marie­Laure Germon. They have two children: daughter Daria, and sonVadim Vladimirovich.[34]

Kramnik has been diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, anuncommon form of arthritis. It causes him great physical discomfortwhile playing. In January 2006, Kramnik announced that he wouldskip the Corus Chess Tournament in Wijk aan Zee to seek outtreatment for his arthritis.[35] He returned from treatment in June2006, playing in the 37th Chess Olympiad. He scored a +4 result,achieving the highest rating performance (2847) of the 1307participating players.

Notable tournament victories

1990 Russian Championship, Kuibyshev (classical) I1991 World Championship (U18), Guarapuava (classical) I1992 Chalkidiki (classical) 7½/11 I1994 Overall result PCA Intel Grand Prix'94 I1995 Dortmund (classical) 7/9 I1995 Horgen (classical) 7/10 I–II1995 Belgrade (classical) 8/11 I–II1996 Monaco 16/22 I1996 Dos Hermanas (classical) 6/9 I–II1996 Dortmund (classical) 7/9 I–II1997 Dos Hermanas (classical) 6/9 I–II1997 Dortmund (classical) 6½/9 I1997 Tilburg (classical) 8/11 I–III1998 Wijk aan Zee (classical) 8½/13 I–II1998 Dortmund (classical) 6/9 I–III1998 Monaco (blindfold and rapidplay) 15/22 I1999 Monaco (blindfold and rapidplay) 14½/22 I2000 Linares (classical) 6/10 I–II2000 Dortmund (classical) 6/9 I–II2001 Match Kramnik vs. Leko (rapidplay) 7–5

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2001 Match Botvinnik memorial Kramnik vs. Kasparov (classical) 2–22001 Match Botvinnik memorial Kramnik vs Kasparov (rapidplay) 3–32001 Monaco (blindfold and rapidplay) 15/22 I–II2001 Match Kramnik vs. Anand (rapidplay) 5–52001 Dortmund (classical) 6½/10 I–II2002 Match Advanced Chess Kramnik vs. Anand (León) 3½–2½2003 Linares (classical) 7/12 I–II2003 Cap d'Agde (France)2004 Handicap Simul (classical)2004 Kramnik vs. National Team of Germany 2½–1½2004 Linares (classical) 7/12 I2004 Monaco (overall result) 14½/22 I–II2006 Gold medal at Turin Olympiad with overall best performance (2847) 7/102006 Dortmund (classical) 4½/7 I2007 Monaco (blindfold and rapidplay) 15½/22 I2007 Dortmund (classical) 5/7 I2007 Tal Memorial 6½/9 I2009 Dortmund 6½/9 I2009 Zürich (rapidplay) 5/7 I2009 Tal Memorial 6/9 I2010 President's Cup in Baku (rapidplay) 5/7 I–III2010 Bilbao Grand Slam final 4/6 I2011 Dortmund 7/10 I2011 Hoogeveen 4½/6 I2011 London Chess Classic 6/8 I2013 Chess World Cup 2013

World championship matches and qualifiers

PCA Quarterfinals, June 1994, New York, Kramnik–Gata Kamsky (1½–4½).FIDE Semifinals, August 1994 Sanghi Nagar, Kramnik–Boris Gelfand (3½–4½).Classical WCC Candidates Match, 1998, Cazorla, Kramnik–Alexei Shirov (3½–5½).FIDE WCC Knockout Quarterfinals, July 1999, Las Vegas, Kramnik–Michael Adams (2–4,including rapid playoff).Classical World Chess Championship 2000, London, Kramnik–Garry Kasparov (8½–6½)Classical World Chess Championship 2004, Brissago, Kramnik–Péter Lékó (7–7), Kramnik retains.FIDE World Chess Championship 2006, Elista, Kramnik–Topalov (6–6, 2½–1½ rapid playoff),Kramnik unifies the titleFIDE World Chess Championship 2007 Runner up, Mexico City (loses the title to Anand, jointsecond Gelfand).World Chess Championship 2008, Bonn, Kramnik–Anand (4½–6½), Anand retainsWorld Chess Championship 2012 Candidates Match Quarterfinals, April 2011, Kazan,Kramnik–Radjabov (2–2, 2–2 rapid playoff, 2½–1½ blitz playoff), Kramnik advancesWorld Chess Championship 2012 Candidates Match Semifinals, April 2011, Kazan,Kramnik–Grischuk (2–2, 2–2 rapid playoff, ½–1½ blitz playoff), Kramnik eliminatedWorld Chess Championship 2013 Runner­up, Candidates Tournament, March–April 2013, London,+4−1=9World Chess Championship 2014 Third place, Candidates Tournament, Khanty­Mansiysk, +3­3=8

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Head­to­head record versus selected grandmasters

(Rapid, blitz and blindfold games not included; listed as +wins −losses =draws as of 25 January 2014.)[36]Players who have been World Champion in boldface

Michael Adams +8−4=25Vladimir Akopian +1−1=5Evgeny Alekseev +2−0=1Viswanathan Anand +8−10=67Alexander Areshchenko +0−0=2Levon Aronian +7−3=19Étienne Bacrot +0−1=3Viktor Bologan +1−0=8Lázaro Bruzón +1−0=1Magnus Carlsen +4−4=12Fabiano Caruana +1−2=5Leinier Domínguez +0−0=2Alexey Dreev +1−0=2Pavel Eljanov +2−0=0Vugar Gashimov +2−1=3Boris Gelfand +6−3=38Anish Giri +4−0=2Alexander Grischuk +2−0=12Vassily Ivanchuk +10−5=29Dmitry Jakovenko +0−0=4Gata Kamsky +1−4=10Sergey Karjakin +0−2=8Anatoly Karpov +2−3=10Garry Kasparov +5−4=40Rustam Kasimdzhanov +0−0=1Alexander Khalifman +1−0=7Peter Leko +11−6=53Shakhriyar Mamedyarov +2−0=7Luke McShane +4−1=1Alexander Morozevich +4−3=8Arkadij Naiditsch +6−2=7Hikaru Nakamura +3−5=7David Navara +0−0=2Ian Nepomniachtchi +1−2=3Judit Polgár +14−0=11Ruslan Ponomariov +4−3=8Teimour Radjabov +3−0=14Alexei Shirov +15−11=28Nigel Short +11−4=10Ivan Sokolov +2−1=5Peter Svidler +7−3=18Veselin Topalov +14−9=32Maxime Vachier­Lagrave +1−0=5Rafael Vaganian +2−0=4Francisco Vallejo Pons +0−0=5

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Loek van Wely +8−3=6Wang Hao +1−0=5

Assessment and legacy

Playing style

Garry Kasparov described Kramnik's style as pragmatic and tenacious, in the latter similar to AnatolyKarpov.[37] He is one of the toughest opponents to defeat, losing only one game in over one hundred gamesleading up to his match with Kasparov, including eighty consecutive games without loss.[38][39] Kasparovdid not defeat Kramnik during their 2000 World Championship match, partly due to Kramnik's use of theBerlin Defence of the Ruy Lopez. Kramnik is renowned for his endgame skills.[40][41][42][43]

Contributions to chess

Kramnik has significantly shaped opening theory in chess. Viswanathan Anand has said of him "I don'tknow exactly how many lines he's established, but you get the impression that for the last 10 years we'veonly been using his ideas. ... His stamp on opening theory is much more significant than mine."[44]Kramnik's results with the white pieces against the King's Indian Defence made Kasparov drop the openingfrom his repertoire, and caused the opening to disappear from top­level play for many years.[45] Kramnik'suse of the Berlin Defence in his 2000 match against Kasparov led to an increase in the opening'spopularity.[46] Kramnik also revived the Catalan Opening.[47]

Chess books

Vladimir Kramnik (1994). Mikhail Tal I­III (2017 Games) 3 Chess Books. Chess Stars.S.W. Gordon, T. Taylor (1994). Young Lions: Vladimir Kramnik. 3 Girls Publishing.Eduard E. Gufeld (1994). Führende Schachmeister der Gegenwart Wladimir Kramnik. RochadeEuropa.Vladimir Kramnik; et al. (1996). Positional Play. Batsford Ltd. ISBN 978­0­713478­79­2.Vladimir Kramnik, Iakov Damsky (2000). My Life and Games. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978­1­857442­70­0.Vladimir Kramnik; et al. (2000). Proryv. ISBN 978­5­784600­32­5.Yevgeny Bareev, Ilya Levitov (2006). Zapiski Sekundanta. Ripol Klassik. ISBN 978­5­790547­37­9.D. Barlov, P. Ostojic (2006). Vladimir Kramnik. Chess Emperors.Igor Sukhin, Vladimir Kramnik (2007). Chess Gems: 1,000 Combinations You Should Know.Mongoose Press. ISBN 978­0­979148­25­5.Daniel Lovas (2007). Vladmir Kramnik (The Chess Greats of the World). Caissa Chess Books.ISBN 9­638­71415­8.A. Kalinin (2011). Vladimir Kramnik. Great Chess Combinations. Russian Chess House. ISBN 978­5­946931­71­7.Richard Forster, Vladimir Kramnik (2011). The Zurich Chess Club, 1809­2009. McFarland & Co Inc.ISBN 978­0­786460­64­9.Cyrus Lakdawala (2012). Kramnik: Move by Move. Everyman Chess. ISBN 978­1­857449­91­4.

See also

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Official website: biography and best games (http://www.kramnik.com/)List of chess games between Anand and KramnikList of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik

References1. Kramnik may have also reached 2811 in January 2002. This is the information provided on the FIDE site ([1]

(http://ratings.fide.com/id.phtml?event=4101588)), but it is contradicted by FIDE's published ratings for January([2] (http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=25)) and April ([3] (http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=29))2002, as well as by the reports in The Week in Chess for January ([4](http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/twic374.html)) and April ([5](http://www.chesscenter.com/twic/twic388.html)) 2002. The source of disagreement is whether FIDE rated or nothis four­game match against Kasparov in December 2001.

2. "Men's Chess Olympiads: Vladimir Kramnik". OlimpBase. Retrieved 1 January 2012.3. 'My mother is Ukrainian'. (http://www.chessvibes.com/anand­beats­aronian­in­first­round­

candidates%E2%80%99­tournament)4. Vladimir Kramnik and Iakov Damsky, Kramnik: My Life and Games (London: Everyman Chess, 2000), pp. 21–

22.5. "Classical World Chess Championship 2004". Retrieved 2006­10­14.6. "Vladimir Kramnik: "Kasparov Was Blaming Me for Following the Conditions of the Contract That Was Put

Together by Him" ". chess­news.ru. 2011­10­16. Retrieved 2013­12­07.7. "Vladimir Kramnik: "Kasparov Was Blaming Me for Following the Conditions of the Contract That Was Put

Together by Him" ". chess­news.ru. 2011­10­16. Retrieved 2013­12­07.8. "Kasparov­Kramnik World Championship Match (2000)". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 2013­12­07.9. "ChessBase.com – Chess News – World Championship Crisis – what our readers think". Chessbase.com.

Retrieved 2008­11­04.10. "ChessBase.com – Chess News – Bessel Kok on the World Championship crisis". Chessbase.com. Retrieved

2008­11­04.11. "ChessBase.com – Chess News – John Nunn: 'It's about imposing your will on the opponent' ". Chessbase.com.

Retrieved 2008­11­04.12. "ChessBase.com – Chess News – Seirawan: highly­charged situation calls for a compromise". Chessbase.com.

Retrieved 2008­11­04.13. "ChessBase.com – Chess News – Elista 2006: Match to continue with game six". Chessbase.com. Retrieved

2008­11­04.14. Vladimir Kramnik on the world of chess (Part 2) (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3899),

Chessbase, 1­Jun­200715. Kramnik with 29 move victory against Anand (http://live.chessdom.com/kramnik­anand­2008­g10.html), game

analysis by GM Dimitrov16. "Kramnik: I am counting on regaining the world title". Chessbase. 2009­11­17. Retrieved 2010­05­19.17. Valaker, Ole (26 January 2010). "Så tapte Magnus" (in Norwegian). Nettavisen. Retrieved 31 January 2010.18. "Chess News – Anand in Playchess – the helpers in Sofia". Chessbase. 2010­05­19. Retrieved 2010­05­19.19. Crowther, Mark (2010­05­03). "The Week in Chess: President's Cup Baku 2010". Chess.co.uk. Retrieved

17 December 2011.20. The Week in Chess: Dortmund 2010 (http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/sparkassen­chess­meeting­

dortmund­2010)21. Final Chess Masters 2010 in Shanghai and Bilbao (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=6567)22. Shanghai Masters 2010

(http://archive.is/20120906100047/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/chessnews/events/shanghai­masters­2010)23. London Chess Classic 2011 (http://www.londonchessclass.com)24. Ramírez, Alejandro (1 April 2013). "Candidates R14 – leaders lose, Carlsen qualifies". ChessBase News.

Retrieved 6 April 2013.25. "Aronian and Gelfand win Alekhine Memorial 2013". ChessBase News. 1 May 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

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26. "Tal Final: Gelfand wins, Carlsen clear second". Chessbase News. 23 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.27. Doggers, Peter (2 September 2013). "Kramnik wins Tromsø World Cup". ChessVibes. Retrieved 2 September

2013.28. The last man vs machine match? (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3504), translated from

Spiegel Online, 23 November 200629. Official rules of the match Kramnik vs. Fritz (http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2006/11/important­official­rules­

of­kramnik.html), from Susan Polgar's blog.30. (Russian) Echo.MSK.ru (http://echo.msk.ru/news/345910.html)31. Seirawan on Kramnik vs Deep Fritz game one (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3508)32. Blunder of the century (http://susanpolgar.blogspot.com/2006/11/blunder­of­century­biggest­blunder.html)33. Kramnik vs Deep Fritz: Computer wins match by 4:2 (http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=3524),

Chessbase News, 6 December 200634. "Vadim Vladimirovich Kramnik Has Born". chess­news.ru. 1 February 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2014.35. "ChessBase.com – Chess News – Kramnik drops out of Wijk Super­Tournament". Chessbase.com. Retrieved

2008­11­04.36. "Chess Games". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 25 January 2014.37. Garry Kasparov, My Great Predecessors, vol 1 (London: Everyman, 2003), p. 9.38. Raymond Keene and Don Morris, The Brain Games World Chess Championship (London: Everman Chess,

2000), p. 42.39. Bob Ciaffone, "World Championship Chess Match," Michigan Chess Magazine (2001)

http://www.michess.org/webzine_200102/worldchampionship.shtml.40. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/crosswords/chess/03chess.html?_r=041. http://www.chesscafe.com/text/review884.pdf42. "Kramnik: Move by Move ­ Products". New In Chess. 2009­11­26. Retrieved 2013­10­21.43. "Kramnik wins and is now in sole third place". Chessdom. 2013­03­24. Retrieved 2013­10­21.44. "Anand's WhyChess interview". Chess in Translation. 10 May 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.45. "Dortmund 2012 – Kramnik shocks Gustafsson with a KID... as black!". ChessBase.com. 14 July 2012.

Retrieved 2 January 2013.46. "Radjabov – Carlsen". Chessdom. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2013.47. "Dortmund Rd 7: Kramnik misses his chance". WhyChess. Retrieved 10 February 2013.

External links

Vladimir Kramnik(http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessplayer?pid=12295)player profile and games at Chessgames.comOfficial website (http://www.kramnik.com/)Kramnik, Vladimir (Russian) Men´s Chess Olympiads.(http://www.olimpbase.org/players/xfh7zp5h.html) OlimpBase.Frederic Friedel: Kramnik on health, plans – and computers. (http://chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2975) ChessBase, 13 March 2006.Pavel Matocha: Interview with Vladimir Kramnik. (http://www.latestchess.com/showInterview.php?id=11) LatesChess, 25 July 2008.Marina Makarycheva: Indepth interview with Vladimir Kramnik.(http://en.chessbase.com/post/indepth­interview­with­vladimir­kramnik­120413) ChessBase, 4November 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2014.

05/10/2015 Vladimir Kramnik ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Kramnik 14/14

AwardsPreceded by

Garry KasparovClassical World Chess Champion

2000–2007 Succeeded byViswanathan AnandPreceded by

Veselin TopalovFIDE World Chess Champion

2006–2007

AchievementsPreceded by

Garry KasparovViswanathan Anand

World No. 1January 1, 1996 – June 30, 1996January 1, 2008 – March 31, 2008

Succeeded byGarry Kasparov

Viswanathan Anand

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Kramnik&oldid=683645382"

Categories: 1975 births Living people Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitorsPeople from Tuapse Russian chess players Russian chess writers Russian writersWorld chess champions World Youth Chess Champions

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