viruses chapter 39. objectives define viruses consider whether they are living or non-living...
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Viruses Chapter 39
Objectives
Define virusesConsider whether they are living or non-livingDescribe the structure of a virusList the names of the virus shapesDescribe how replication occurs in virusesExplain the medical importance of viruses to
humans, plants and animals.
Viruses
Viruses are tiny. They are much smaller (50 times) than a bacterium. An electron microscope is needed to see them.
They are not made of cells and cannot reproduce on their own.
Therefore they are not alive according to our rules.
Viruses are not living organisms?
Living Non-living
Possess genetic material either DNA or RNA
Are non-cellular
Possess a protein coat Cannot reproduce by themselves
Can replicate (inside a living cell)
Only have one type of nucleic acid (living things have both DNA and RNA)
• Viruses do not respire.• They cannot reproduce
outside a host cell.• They are obligate parasites
Structure of Viruses
A virus consists of:A strand of genetic
material either DNA or RNA.
A protein shell called a capsid.
RNA or DNA?
Viruses with RNA– Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)– Influenza viruses– Rabies
Viruses with DNA– Warts– Chickenpox– mononucleosis
Shapes
Viruses can be:1.Spherical2.Rod shaped 3.Complex shaped
Bacteriophage
A bacteriophage or phage is a virus that infects bacteria
Bacteriophages are among the best studied viruses. T phage takes about
30 minutes to replicate.
The chart below shows the replication of a bacteriophage. This virus infects bacteria. It takes about 30 minutes to complete its replication cycle.
Virus ReplicationAttachment Proteins on the virus match up with the wall of the host cellEntry The virus forms a hole and the viral DNA is injected into the bacteriaSynthesis The host DNA is switched off and the viral DNA takes over.It makes virus parts.Assembly The virus parts are put together and new viruses are made.Release The host cell bursts and releases thousands of the viruses.These move to other cells.
Disadvantages of Viruses
1. Diseases Viruses cause many diseases in humans, animals
and plants.e.g. colds, measles, cold sores, mosaic virus in
potato plants
Benefits of Viruses
1. Genetic EngineeringViruses can be used to transfer genes from one
organism to another in genetic engineering. Such viruses are called vectors
e.g. human insulin gene transferred into E. coli2. Control of infectionsBacteriophages may be used to control bacterial
infections
Viruses can be beneficial…Bacteriophages – attack & destroy bacteriaBaculovirus – ebola-like virus that attacks insects
– Could use for pest control in crops• Cabbage loopers eat
cabbage crops• Virus can kill pests in days
– (it’s really gross)
… and then there are those that are not so good….
Control & Immunity
• Viruses are controlled by body’s general defence system e.g. skin
• Immunity to many viral infections can be produced -by vaccinations or by injecting anti-biodies into the body.
• Antibiotics kill bacteria and fungi but have no effect on viruses.
Interferon
Interferon is a range of substances produced by virus infected cells to protect healthy cells.
Interferon can be made artificially now and can be used to treat colds etc.
Viruses Enter Living Cells
Viruses enter bacterial cells by punching a hole in the cells wall and injecting its DNA
Mutating virusesViruses can mutate when they copy the genetic material
Copy something wrongMistake proves usefulMore powerful virus (more infectious)
Viruses don’t mutate often, except…
Influenza & HIV
Retroviruses
Retroviruses contain RNA instead of DNAThey have an enzyme that converts the Virus
RNA to DNA
HIV is a Retrovirus
Plant Diseases Caused by Viruses
Potato Mosaic Virus
HIV VirusAIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome is caused by the HIV virus
Effects: The virus damages the lymphocyte white blood cells making them unable to make antibnodies to fight against other diseases e.g. colds.
A person suffering from AIDS is unable to fight infections and may die from diseases e.g. cancer or pneumonia.
Spread: Spread through body fluids e.g. blood
Unprotected sex with an infected person or drug users sharing needles
Treatment: Drugs are given to slow down the progression of AIDS but there is no cure.
HIV Virus
• Sexual contact• Sharing contaminated needles• Blood transfusions• Breast feeding (mother to baby)• Mother to baby during pregnancy or birth
How Is HIV Spread?
FACTS• In the US, there is better than a 1/1000 chance of contracting
HIV during unprotected sex• A person can be contagious for more than 10 years before
any sign of the disease is apparent• HIV becomes AIDS when the number of immune cells drops
below a predetermined number• No one dies from HIV or AIDS; people die from secondary
infections (ranging from the common cold to cancer)• More than 3 million people (size of Chicago) die each year
• There are approx. 14,000 new cases of HIV worldwide every day
2012 Q8 (Higher Level)
Solution to 2012 Q8
2012 Section C Q14C
2012 Section C Q14C Solutions
2011 Paper Section C Question 15 Part c
2011 Paper Section C Question 15 Part cSolutions