Viktor Lowenfeld &

Mary Ann Stankiewicz

Jessica Gaston

Viktor Lowenfeld

Biographical information

Born in Linz, Austria in 1903, died at age 57 in 1960

  Graduated from Kunstgewerbeschule

in 1925, Vienna Academy of Fine Art in 1926, and Vienna University in 1928

Viktor Lowenfeld

1926-1938: Taught at Hohe Warte Institution for the Blind Left Austria in 1938 because of German

invasion. Moved to United States.

Started art department at Hampton Institute

Started art education department at Penn State

Viktor Lowenfeld

1947 – Published Creative and Mental Growth “Free expression as necessary to the healthy

growth and development of the child.” (Efland, 235)

Provided “psychologically compatible art activities” (Efland, 235).

Viktor Lowenfeld

1947 – Published Creative and Mental Growth

Described stages of growth in understandable terms:

Scribble Stage (2-4 years)

Preschematic (4-6 years)

Schematic (7-9 years)

Dawning Realism/Gang Age (9-11 years)

Psuedorealistic Stage (11-13 years)

Mary Ann Stankiewicz

Still actively working in arts education research. Currently writing a book on the history of the Massachusetts College of Art.

Recognized for scholarship in art education history

Mary Ann Stankiewicz

Positions held: Professor of Art Education at Penn

State President of NAEA Coordinator for art education

programs at University of Maine and California State

Assistant Vice President of academic affairs for Ringling School of Art and Design

Program officer with the Getty Center for Education in the Arts

Mary Ann Stankiewicz

Prolific writer Written in several art education

journals as well as publishing books

Maryannstankiewicz.com/wordpress

Mary Ann Stankiewicz

Roots of Art Education Practice published in 2001

Book sections: The Early Years of Art History in the United States; Histories of Art and Design Education: Cole to Coldstream; Art in a Democracy; Women, Art, and Education; In Their Own Words: The Development of Doctoral Study in Art Education; Contemporary Issues in Art Education; and Women Art Educators V.

ReferencesAlter-Muri, S.B. (2002). Viktor Lowenfeld revisited: a review of Lowenfeld’s preschematic, schematic, gang age stages. American Journal of Art Therapy, 40(3), 170-192.Efland, A.D. (1990). A History of art education: Intellectual and social currents in teaching the visual arts. New York: Teachers College Press.Lowenfeld, V. (1947). Creative and mental growth (3rd ed.). New York:

Macmillan.Lowenfeld, V. (1987). Therapeutic aspects of art education. American

Journal of Art Therapy, 25, 111-146.(n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.arteducators.org/ (n.d.). Retrieved from http://maryannstankiewicz.com/wordpress/