unit #7 – biological molecules: what are the building blocks of life? on the following slides, the...
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Unit #7 – Biological Molecules:
What are the building blocks of life?
On the following slides, the yellow sections are the main points; summarize the slides in your notebooks. Underlined words = vocabulary!
http://www.citewave.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/four-main-biomolecules.jpg
K• List the things
you know about the 4 biomolecules:
• Carbohydrates• Lipids • Proteins and• Nucleic Acids
W• Review the
difference between inorganic and organic molecules.
• The meaning of monomer and polymer.
• The structure and function of the 4 biomolecules.
• Role of enzymes in cells and the body.
L
Levels of Molecular Organization
Atom
Element
Molecule (2+ atoms)
Compound(2+ elements)
Cell (Both organic & inorganic compounds)
Types of CompoundsOrganic compounds - contain the element carbon (C)
and are found in living things; with four valence electrons, carbon atoms can bond with numerous other atoms to create complex compounds.
Inorganic compounds without carbon and are associated with non-living things.
http://biobook.nerinxhs.org/bb/cells/biochemistry/1000px-Carbone_lewis.svg.png
Monomers vs. Polymers
The biomolecules found in living things are composed of hundreds of atoms, sometimes more (AKA macromolecules).
Cells create macromolecules by joining smaller molecules in to chains called polymers. [Greek polys = many, meros = part] - a large molecule composed of identical subunits called monomers.
http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/options/polymers/2973/images/Fig_9513.jpg
lipidslipids
carbohydratescarbohydrates
proteinsproteins
nucleic acids
nucleic acids
The 4 of Biomolecules
Knowledge Check
Turn and talk with your neighbor – what types of foods would be categorized as carbohydrates?
http://www.neocate.com/images/uploads/from_wordpress/Carbs-Pic.bmp
What are carbohydrates?Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in
1:2:1 (C:H:O) ratio are the body’s primary source of short-term
energy are made of monomers called monosaccharides
(meaning “1” + “sugar”). Types:
Monosaccharides Polysaccharides
What is a monosaccharide?Monosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily
identified by the sweet taste – note the ring shape of the molecule. EX Glucose [C6H12O6]
Other monosaccharides:galactose (milk sugar) and fructose (fruit sugar)
What is a polysaccharide?Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates
made of long chains of monosaccharides. Starches (found in roots like potatoes and
other tissues in plants) Cellulose (found in plant cell walls)
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/images/bioprop/polysacs.gif
Polysaccharides Cont. Glycogen (found in the liver and muscles of
animals) Sucrose (table sugar) is an example of a sugar
made of two monosaccharides, a disaccharide.
Carbohydrates Review Remember that monomers make up polymers. What is the monomer (or subunit) for complex
carbohydrates? Observe the diagram and turn and talk to your
neighbor to answer the question. http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/04%20Biochemistry/12%20Structure%20of
%20Glucose.jpg
Knowledge Check
Turn and talk with your neighbor – what types of foods would be categorized as fats?
http://thescienceofeating.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Book-Fats-Butter-Oils-2.jpg
What are lipids?Chemically diverse group of compounds; contain C,
H, O atoms - EX fats, waxes, also steroids Found within the cell membrane; used for long-
term energy storage Classified as hydrophobic (insoluble in water) Types:
Unsaturated liquid at room temperature w/ double bonds
Saturated solid at room temp, unhealthy
Note the molecular structure
“E” shape
Note the molecular structure
“E” shape
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Made of:Made of:glycerolglycerol fatty acids chainsfatty acids chains++
Lipids Cont.
Lipids Review
The fatty acid chain of the lipids is often referred to as a hydrocarbon chain. Why?
Observe the diagram and turn and talk to your neighbor to answer the question.
Knowledge Check
Turn and talk with your neighbor – what types of foods would be categorized as proteins?
http://media.coreperformance.com/images/411*308/knowledge-protein1.jpg
What are proteins? Contain C, O, H, N and
usually S atoms - AKA polypeptides Made of monomers
called amino acids Needed for essential
life activities in the body fight disease transport substances ht
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Proteins Cont. An enzyme is a protein which functions to increase
rates in chemical reactions.
Proteins are found in muscles, nails, cartilage, etc.http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/bio_enzyme1.gif
an amino groupan amino groupare made up of:are made up of:
and an “R” group which varies in the different
amino acids
and an “R” group which varies in the different
amino acids
a carboxyl group
a carboxyl group
Proteins Cont.
http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/amino-acid-structure.jpg
Proteins Review
There are 20 naturally-occurring amino acids, and each one only varies in the structure of the R side chain.
Two amino acids are shown in the diagram. What are the R side chains in each?
Talk to your neighbor to answer the question.
What are nucleic acids?Contain H, O, C, N,
and P atoms. Made of monomers
called nucleotides Store genetic
information in living things and carry instructions for building proteins EX DNA and RNA
http://knowgenetics.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Bio-1-e1354321656394.png
What is a nucleotide?Nucleotides contain:
A sugar A phosphate A nitrogenous base, of which there are four:
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
Review of Chemical Reactions
A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set and the recombination of atoms in to different substances.
When you eat a burger, your body has to process and change the carbohydrates and other molecules into parts the body can use.
Reactants are the items that
you begin with (the left of the arrow).
Products are the items up end up with (the right of the arrow).
Enzymes
Examine the graphic to the right which shows the digestion of proteins in the intestine. Specific enzymes work to break the peptide bonds between amino acids and then free amino acids can enter the blood stream.
An enzyme [typically ending in –ASE] is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst. They work in cells to speed up chemical reactions. The enzyme attaches to
a specific substrate and reacts to produce products.
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Enzymes Cont.
Factors that can affect enzymes are: Temperature
pH
Concentration
The Lock & Key Model Specific enzymes will only work on specific substrates;
enzymes attach at the “active site” that matches the substrate .
EX Salivary amylase attaches to starch Maltase attaches to the sugar maltose Pepsin attaches to proteins
http://stezlab1.unl.edu/reu1999/dputn226/ChemHelp/RET_Web_Pages/Enzymes/lock_key1.gif
K• List the things
you know about the 4 biomolecules:
• Carbohydrates• Lipids • Proteins and• Nucleic Acids
W• Review the
difference between inorganic and organic molecules.
• The meaning of monomer and polymer.
• The structure and function of the 4 biomolecules.
• Role of enzymes in cells and the body.
L• List the things
you have learned during this unit.