Unit #2 – Unit #2 – Biological Molecules: Biological Molecules:

What are the building blocks of life?What are the building blocks of life?

On the following On the following slides, slides, the yellow the yellow sections are the sections are the main points; main points; summarize summarize the the slides in your slides in your notebooks.notebooks. Underlined Underlined wordswords = = vocabulary!vocabulary!

Levels of Molecular Levels of Molecular OrganizationOrganization

Types of Compounds Types of Compounds Txbk Ref pg. 157-158Txbk Ref pg. 157-158

Organic compounds - contain the element carbon (C) and are found in living things; with four valence electrons, carbon atoms can bond with numerous other atoms to create complex compounds.

Inorganic compounds without carbon and are associated with non-living things.

http://biobook.nerinxhs.org/bb/cells/biochemistry/1000px-Carbone_lewis.svg.png

waterwater

most important inorganic compound in living things

most cellular processes take place in water solutions

excellent solvent (many substances dissolve in

water)

CO2CO2

Examples of Examples of Inorganic Inorganic MoleculesMolecules

http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/images/molecul2.gif

Monomers vs. PolymersMonomers vs. Polymers Txbk Ref pg. 158 Txbk Ref pg. 158

The The biomoleculesbiomolecules found in living things are found in living things are composed of composed of hundreds of atomshundreds of atoms, sometimes more , sometimes more (AKA (AKA macromolecules). macromolecules).

CellsCells create these by joining smaller molecules in to create these by joining smaller molecules in to chains chains called called polymers.polymers. [Greek [Greek polyspolys = many, = many, merosmeros = = part]part]

A polymer is A polymer is a large molecule a large molecule composed of identical composed of identical subunitssubunits called called monomersmonomers. .

http://www.hsc.csu.edu.au/senior_science/options/polymers/2973/images/Fig_9513.jpg

lipidslipids

carbohydratescarbohydrates

proteinsproteins

nucleic acids

nucleic acids

Organic MoleculesOrganic Molecules

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Txbk Ref pg. 158-159Txbk Ref pg. 158-159

Contain Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms atoms in the in the ratio 1:2:1 (C:H:O)ratio 1:2:1 (C:H:O) are are made by plants made by plants (autotrophs)(autotrophs) are the body’s primary source of are the body’s primary source of energyenergy are made of are made of monomers called monomers called

monosaccharidesmonosaccharides (meaning “1” + “sugar”). (meaning “1” + “sugar”). Two basic forms: Two basic forms:

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides Polysaccharides Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates Cont. Carbohydrates Cont. MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides (simple sugars) are easily (simple sugars) are easily

identified by their sweet taste.identified by their sweet taste. Glucose Glucose is a monosaccharide is a monosaccharide [C[C66HH1212OO66].].

Other monosaccharides:Other monosaccharides:galactose (milk sugar) galactose (milk sugar) and and fructose (fruit sugar)fructose (fruit sugar)

Note the Note the ring shape ring shape of the molecule.of the molecule.

Carbohydrates Cont. Carbohydrates Cont. PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides are are complex complex

carbohydratescarbohydrates made of long made of long chains of monosaccharideschains of monosaccharides.. StarchesStarches (found in roots (found in roots

[potatoes] [potatoes] and other tissues in and other tissues in plants) plants)

CelluloseCellulose (found (found in plant cell in plant cell wallswalls))

Glycogen Glycogen (found (found in the liver in the liver and muscles of animals)and muscles of animals)

Sucrose (table sugar) Sucrose (table sugar) is an is an example of a sugar with only example of a sugar with only two monosaccharides, a two monosaccharides, a disaccharidedisaccharide..

http://www.neocate.com/images/uploads/from_wordpress/Carbs-Pic.bmp

Carbohydrates ReviewCarbohydrates Review Remember that monomers make up polymers. What is the monomer (or subunit) for complex

carbohydrates? Observe the diagram and turn and talk to your

neighbor to answer the question. http://www.goldiesroom.org/Multimedia/Bio_Images/04%20Biochemistry/12%20Structure%20of

%20Glucose.jpg

Lipids Lipids Txbk Ref pg. 160Txbk Ref pg. 160

Chemically diverse organic compounds; contain C, H, O atoms Found within the cell membrane; used for long-term

energy storage Classified as hydrophobic (insoluble in water)

Insoluble in water Two basic forms:

Unsaturated liquid at room temperature w/ double bonds

Saturated solid at room temp, unhealthy

EX fats, waxes, also steroids (serve as chemical messengers)

Note the molecular structure

“E” shape

Note the molecular structure

“E” shape

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Made up of:Made up of:glycerolglycerol fatty acids chainsfatty acids chains++

Lipids Cont. Lipids Cont.

http://thescienceofeating.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Book-Fats-Butter-Oils-2.jpg

Lipids Review Lipids Review

The fatty acid chain of the lipids is often referred to as a hydrocarbon chain. Why?

Observe the diagram and turn and talk to your neighbor to answer the question.

ProteinsProteins Txbk Ref pg. 160-163 Txbk Ref pg. 160-163

Very complex organic compounds Very complex organic compounds made up of linked made up of linked amino acids amino acids (monomer); (monomer); containcontain C, O, H, N and C, O, H, N and usually S usually S atoms AKA polypeptideAKA polypeptide Needed for essential life activitiesNeeded for essential life activities in the body in the body

fight disease transport substances

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Proteins Cont. Proteins Cont. An An enzymeenzyme isis a protein a protein which functions to which functions to increase increase

rates in chemical reactions. rates in chemical reactions.

Proteins are found in Proteins are found in muscles, hair, cartilage, nails.muscles, hair, cartilage, nails.http://www.chem4kids.com/files/art/bio_enzyme1.gif

an amino groupan amino groupare made up of:are made up of:

and an “R” group which varies in the different

amino acids

and an “R” group which varies in the different

amino acids

a carboxyl group

a carboxyl group

Proteins Cont.Proteins Cont.

http://www.whitetigernaturalmedicine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/amino-acid-structure.jpg

http://media.coreperformance.com/images/411*308/knowledge-protein1.jpg

Proteins Review Proteins Review

There are 20 naturally-occurring amino acids, and each one only varies in the structure of the R side chain.

Two amino acids are shown in the diagram. What are the R side chains in each?

Talk to your neighbor to answer the question.

Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Txbk Ref pg. 163Txbk Ref pg. 163

Large, linear macromolecules made of linked nucleotides (monomer);(monomer); contain H, O, C, N, and P atoms. Store genetic

information in living things

Helps carry instructions for building proteins

EX DNA and RNA

http://knowgenetics.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Bio-1-e1354321656394.png

Nucleic Acids Cont. Nucleic Acids Cont. Nucleotides contain: Nucleotides contain:

A A sugarsugar A A phosphatephosphate A A nitrogenous basenitrogenous base, of which , of which there are four:there are four:

Adenine Adenine ThymineThymine CytosineCytosine GuanineGuanine

Chemical Reactions Chemical Reactions Txbk Ref pg. 147-148Txbk Ref pg. 147-148

A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set the breaking of chemical bonds and recombination of atoms in to different substances.

When you eat a burger, your body has to process and change the carbohydrates and other molecules into parts the body can use.

Reactants are the items that

you begin with (the left of the arrow).

Products are the items up end up with (the right of the arrow).

Enzymes Enzymes Txbk Ref pg. 161-163, 918-921Txbk Ref pg. 161-163, 918-921

An enzyme [typically ending in –ASE] is a protein that acts as a biological catalyst. They work in cells to speed up chemical reactions.

The enzyme attaches to a specific substrate and react to produce products.

Examine the graphic to the right which shows the digestion of proteins in the intestine. Specific enzymes work to break the peptide bonds between amino acids and then free amino acids can enter the blood stream. ht

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Factors that Factors that cancan affect enzymes affect enzymes are: are: TemperatureTemperature

pHpH

ConcentrationConcentration

Enzymes Cont. Enzymes Cont.

The Lock & Key ModelThe Lock & Key Model Txbk Ref Figure 6.23 pg. 162 Txbk Ref Figure 6.23 pg. 162

Specific enzymes will only work on specific substrates; enzymes attach at the “active site” that matches the substrate .

EX Salivary amylase attaches to starch Maltase attaches to the sugar maltose Pepsin attaches to proteins

http://stezlab1.unl.edu/reu1999/dputn226/ChemHelp/RET_Web_Pages/Enzymes/lock_key1.gif

http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/enzyme5.gif

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