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Review of Cells & Cell Structures

On the following slides, the yellow sections are the main points; summarize the slides for your notes. Underlined words = vocabulary!

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Cell Brainstorm Draw a large thunder cloud in your notebook.

Take a minute to brainstorm anything and everything that you know about cells within the “storm”.

The ThunderstormPhoto by Tez

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Theories vs Hypotheses – What is the difference?

A hypothesis is a tentative, testable statement for a specific problem or question.

A scientific theory and is well-established, highly-reliable explanations of events [natural and physical] from multiple, independent theorists. Atomic Theory Cell Theory Theory of Evolution

Theories may change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed, providing new information.

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Robert Hooke All living things are

composed of one or more cells.

In 1665, the scientist Robert Hooke first viewed plant cells in cork tissue.

Hooke coined the term "cells“ because the boxlike cells of cork reminded him of the cells of a monastery.

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke

Hooke, Robert: cork cell structure and sprig of sensitive plant. Photograph. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web.

26 Sep. 2010

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Antoine Leeuwenhoek Antoine van Leeuwenhoek designed an early first

compound light microscope (~1668). We use a microscope to study cells. Microscopes magnify cells to see more of the

structures and details within them.

Replica of the

microscope designed by Leeuwenhoe

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What is the Cell Theory? Years after Hooke, other scientists

continued to study cells and added new information to the initial observations.

The major concepts surrounding cells are now known as the cell theory.

The cell theory states: 1. All living things are composed of

cells.2. Cells are the basic units of structure

and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from

existing cells.

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Cells Venn Diagram

Prokaryote Eukaryote

Draw a Venn diagram within your notebooks; work with your group to sort the phrases in to the appropriate location.

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Cells Venn DiagramProkaryote Eukaryote

Contain DNA

Living

AKA bacteriaHas nucleus

Complex

Can be unicellular or multicellular

Found in Plants, Animals, Fungi

Organelles

Def: cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound

organelles

Def: cell that does not have a nucleus

or other membrane-bound organelles

Has no nucleus

Only found in bacteria

Only unicellular

Simplest cellular organisms

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Lynn Margulis Lynn Margulis is an American

Biologist known for her research on organelles, the tiny structures within some cells.

She graduated from the University of Chicago and gained a PhD from Berkeley. She teaches at UMASS.

Her research contributed to the theories of the history of cellular life and the origins of eukaryotic cells.

http://www.geo.umass.edu/margulislab/Margulis_Lab_Site/News_files/

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Organelles A structure

inside cells that is surrounded by a membrane that performs a specific function is called an organelle (“little organ”).

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Review of Organelles & Cellular Membranes The information on the following slides should

be held within three different diagrams; find the arrow to identify the organelle.

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Cell Membrane The AKA

plasma membrane is a complex layer of lipids and proteins (phospholipid bilayer) that surrounds cell and regulates materials that go in and out of the cell; maintains homeostasis.

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A Phospholipid Bilayer

Image Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies.

All rights reserved.

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Cell Wall The cell wall is

present in all plants, algae, fungi, and prokaryotes (bacteria!).

Its function is to provide support and protection; if present, it surrounds the cell membrane.

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Centrioles Centrioles

are cylindrical organelles found within animal cells that grow microtubules during the process of mitosis and help the cell to divide.

http://gardeningstudio.com/wp-content/uploads/animal-cells-107.jpg

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Chloroplasts Chloroplasts

also contain their own DNA and capture energy from sunlight and convert it to glucose (photosynthesis).

They are found in plants, algae, and some bacteria.

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The photo to the right shows leaf cells of an aquatic plant

called Elodea.

The lines are cell walls.  The green spots are

chloroplasts which move along the cell walls in this

plant. 

If a chloroplast appears to be blurry, it is because it is

moving within the cell. Image 

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Cilia & Pili Cilia and pili (1 cilium or

pilus) are tiny, hair like projections on the surface of some cells.

Some forms of single-celled life use for cilia for movement and pili to attach to surfaces for reproduction.

Cilia are found in the Fallopian tubes of mammals to move ova (egg cells) to the uterus. In the respiratory system, cilia clean debris and move fluid.

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“Our nasal passages are filled with cilia which are constantly in motion, sweeping particulates into gunk deposits that we get rid of later in various

ways.” Image

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Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is

the material between the cell membrane and nucleus.

It is a thick fluid made mostly of water; jelly like.

The function of the cytoplasm is to contain the organelles.

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Cytoskeleton The network of

thread-like protein fibers (microfilaments and microtubules) extending through cytoplasm is called the cytoskeleton.

This “skeleton” gives cell shape and support, helps transport materials, and sometimes enables cell to move.

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http://www.immediart.com/catalog/images/big_images/SPL_6_P780110-Fibroblast_cells_showing_cytoskeleton.jpg

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Endoplasmic Reticulum The ER is a folded

network of membranes. Rough ER –

studded with ribosomes

Smooth ER – no ribosomes

Both rough and smooth ER build lipids and remove toxins for the cell.

Because rough ER, has ribosomes, it can also synthesize proteins.

http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_cells_1.png

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Flagella (1 flagellum) are long, whip like structures that some cells used for movement.

Some forms of single-celled life use flagella that spin like a propeller.

Mammalian sperm have these flagella (long tails) to help them reach an ova.

Flagella

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Chytrids (Chytridiomycota)

These fungi are mostly aquatic, are notable for having a flagella on the

cells, and are thought to be the most primitive type of

fungi. Image

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Golgi The Golgi apparatus (AKA Golgi Body) is a series of flat, membrane-bound sacs.

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts and packages materials for storage or transport outside the cell.

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Lysosomes Lysosomes are

sac like organelles filled with enzymes and help to digest and recycle materials within the cell (to breakdown molecules in to atoms).

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lysosome: intracellular digestion. Art. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Web. 26 Sep.

2010

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Mitochondria Mitochondria

convert glucose into ATP for cell energy.

A mitochondrion contains its own DNA.

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Nucleolus The nucleolus is inside the nucleus and

produce ribosomes.

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Nucleus The nucleus

contains the genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell’s activities.

It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.

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Ribosomes Ribosomes are found loose in cytoplasm or

bound to other organelles. They produce proteins from instructions within

mRNA.

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Vacuole Vacuoles are the storage compartments within cells.

Plant cells often have large vacuoles, while animal cells have small ones, if any.

Some single-celled life forms use vacuoles to pump excess water out of the cell (contractile vacuole).

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Amoeba proteus a) contractile

vacuole b) food vacuole

c) nucleusImage