unesco executive summary of 2006 education study (english)

7/30/2019 UNESCO Executive Summary of 2006 Education Study (English)

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FTFBV]CUF RVIIKZS

R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co

Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko


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R}vmfo} kbcfufifo} coAk}co Kifzcbk kom }f Bkzcfko

Zfrva}r h }df Rfbhom Zfnchoka Bhipkzk}cuf

kom Ftpakok}hzs R}vms $RFZBF#

hznkoc|kbco mf akr okbchofr vocmkr pkzk ak fmvbkbco! ak bcfobck s ak bva}vzk

voc}fm ok}chor fmvbk}choka! rbcfo}ceb kom bva}vzka hznkoc|k}cho

hznkocrk}cho mfr ok}chor vocfr phvz amvbk}cho! ak rbcfobf f} ak bva}vzf

Zfnchoka Jvzfkv ehz Fmvbk}cho co Ak}co Kizcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko


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]kjaf h bho}fo}r

PZFRFO]K]CHO >

RFBHOM ZFNCHOKA BHIPKZK]CUF KOM FTPAKOK]HZS R]VMS 4

R]VMFO] KBDCFUFIFO] ;:

EKB]HZR KRRHBCK]FM ^C]D KBDCFUFIFO] =6

ECOKA ZFEAFB]CHOR =>


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Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs 6

VOFRBH dkr jffo bkaafm vpho }h nfofzk}f! }dzhvnd c}r ikomk}fm famr h kb}cho! bhomc}chor

}dk} nvkzko}ff comcucmvkar kom bhiivoc}cfr }df jfof}r h k nfovcof pfkbf kom hpphz}voc}s

hz mfufahpifo}/ Bhorcmfzcon }dk} phufz}s kom cof{vkac}s co }df zfncho bho}covf }h phrf ko ci)phz}ko} }dzfk} }h }df mcnoc}s kom rkf}s h }df phpvak}cho! }df co}fzok}choka bhiivoc}s rdhvam

kmhp} k dvikocrfm ucrcho h mfufahpifo} jkrfm ho zfrpfb} hz dviko zcnd}r! co}fzbva}vzka

mckahnvf kom }df pvzrvc} h lvr}cbf/ Co }df fam h fmvbk}cho! VOFRBH dkr fijzkbfm }dzff iklhz

hjlfb}cufr! okifas< pzhih}con fmvbk}cho kr k vomkifo}ka dviko zcnd}7 vz}dfzcon fmvbk}choka

{vkac}s kom coohuk}cho7 kom nfofzk}con goh~afmnf }h cohzi fmvbk}choka phacbs)ikgcon/

Co zfbfo} sfkzr! }df Ak}co Kifzcbko kom Bkzcjjfko bhvo}zcfr dkuf ikmf ciphz}ko} cozhkmr

co }df zfncho co }fzir h ftpkomcon bhipvarhzs fmvbk}cho kom cobzfkrcon }df rsr}fir bhufz)

knf! mfrcnocon of~ bvzzcbvak! cipzhucon }df pzhucrcho h mcmkb}cb ik}fzckar kom r}zfon}dfocon

rbdhha cozkr}zvb}vzf! kaa h }dcr kbbhipkocfm js rvjr}ko}cka coufr}ifo}r co }fkbdfz }zkcoconcoc}ck}cufr/ Ofufz}dfafrr! {vkac}s h fmvbk}cho kom c}r f{vc}kjaf mcr}zcjv}cho kbzhrr rhbcka nzhvpr

r}caa zfikcor ko vozfrhaufm crrvf/

VOFRBHr Zfnchoka Jvzfkv hz Fmvbk}cho co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko pzhphrfr! zhi

k dviko)zcnd}r kppzhkbd! k bhobfp} h {vkac}s }dk} co}fnzk}fr uf mciforchor< zfafukobf! hr)

}fzcon afkzocon }dk} }kgfr co}h kbbhvo} }df mfufahpifo}ka offmr h comcucmvkar kom rhbcf}cfr7

pfz}cofobf! }df offm hz fmvbk}cho }h jf ifkoconva hz pfhpaf h mcfzfo} rhbcka kom bva}vzka

r}zk}k7 f{vc}s! ncucon }h kaa pfzrhor }df kcm kom rvpphz} }dk} ~caa nvkzko}ff f{vka hpphz}voc}s }h

kbbfrr kom bhipaf}f }dfcz fmvbk}cho! kom vaas mfufahp }dfcz ph}fo}cka7 fbkbs! forvzcon }dk}

zfafukobf! pfz}cofobf kom f{vc}s)zfak}fm nhkar }zkorak}f co}h bhobzf}f kb}chor7 kom fbcfobs!}df pzhpfz krrcnok}cho kom vrf h zfrhvzbfr co }df {vfr} h }df pzhphrfm hjlfb}cufr/

Hof h }df bfo}zka kb}cuc}cfr h }df Zfnchoka Jvzfkv cr nfofzk}con kom mcrrficok}con

goh~afmnf }h cohzi mfbcrcho)ikgcon ho coc}ck}cufr }dk} pzhih}f fmvbk}choka phacbcfr kom

pzkb}cbfr kcifm k} r}zfon}dfocon }df {vkac}s h fmvbk}cho co }df ukzchvr bhvo}zcfr/ ^c}dco }dcr

zkif~hzg! }df Ak}co Kifzcbko Akjhzk}hzs hz Krrfrrifo} h }df [vkac}s h Fmvbk}cho $AAFBF#!

hvomfm co Iftcbh Bc}s co ;33=! kom vomfz }df bh)hzmcok}cho h HZFKAB(VOFRBH Rko}cknh!

zfpzfrfo}r k zfnchoka of}~hzg h fmvbk}cho fukavk}cho rsr}fir bhiic}}fm }h pzhucmf }fbdocbka

rvpphz} }h }df bhvo}zcfr h }df zfncho/ ]df AAFBF akvobdfm c}r Eczr} Zfnchoka Bhipkzk}cuf kom

Ftpakok}hzs R}vms $PFZBF# mvzcon }df ;336 ) ;33> pfzchm zfafkrcon c}r zfrva}r co Mfbfijfz;334/ Rvjrf{vfo}as! rfufo bhvo}zcfr pkz}cbcpk}fm co k {vkac}k}cuf zfrfkzbd r}vms h }df dcnd)

pfzhzicon rbdhhar cmfo}cfm co }df Eczr} R}vms/ ]df iklhz omconr h RFZBFr Rfbhom Zfnchoka

Bhipkzk}cuf kom Ftpakok}hzs R}vms $RFZBF! :00:):004#! kzf pzfrfo}fm co }dcr zfphz}/ ^f dhpf

}dfs ~caa kbcac}k}f mfbcrcho)ikgcon kom hr}fz }df cipafifo}k}cho h fmvbk}choka phacbcfr kom

pzkb}cbfr }dk} ikgf phrrcjaf k kr}fz kom ihzf krrfz}cuf }zkorc}cho }h {vkac}s fmvbk}cho ~c}d)

hv} ftbavrcho co }df zfncho/

Zhrk Jakobh

k/c/ Mczfb}hz!Zfnchoka Jvzfkv hz Fmvbk}cho co Ak}co

Kifzcbk kom }df BkzcjjfkoVOFRBH Rko}cknh


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Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs >

Pzfrfo}k}cho

Cipzhucon }df {vkac}s h fmvbk}cho cr r}caa }df iklhz bdkaafonf bhozho}fm js }df fmvbk}cho

rsr}fir h Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko/ Nhufzoifo}r r}zcuf }h cipafifo} phacbcfr

}dk} hr}fz {vkac}s fmvbk}cho! forvzf c} cr ikmf kukcakjaf }h kaa! kom f{vc}kjas mcr}zcjv}fm!

co ko k}}fip} }h jzfkg k~ks zhi }df rhbcka mf}fzicocri }dk} gffpr }df ah~fz cobhif

rfb}hzr kom }df icohzc}cfr ~c}dco }dfi k} k pfzikofo} mcrkmuko}knf/

]df cohzik}cho nfofzk}fm js fukavk}chor ho fmvbk}choka {vkac}s h ok}choka fmvbk}cho

rsr}fir dkr kaah~fm }df }fbdocbka kom phac}cbka kv}dhzc}cfr }h zfucf~ kom kokasrf ~dk} cr

jfcon }kvnd}! dh~ cr jfcon }kvnd} kom! hjuchvras! ~dk} kzf pzcikzs rbdhha nczar kom jhsrafkzocon co Ak}co Kifzcbko kom Bkzcjjfko rbdhhar/

Co ak}f :00:! ifijfz bhvo}zcfr h VOFRBHr Ak}co Kifzcbko Akjhzk}hzs hz Krrfrrifo}

h }df [vkac}s h Fmvbk}cho $AAFBF# afm js }df HZFKAB Rko}cknh Hbf! akvobdfm }df Rfbhom

Zfnchoka Bhipkzk}cuf kom Ftpakok}hzs R}vms $RFZBF# ~dcbd! mzk~con ho }df ftpfzcfobf kom

afrrhor afkzo} co k zr} rvbd r}vms $PFZBF! ;334#! }hhg zfafuko} r}fpr kcifm k} ftpkomcon }df

kokasrcr rh kr }h cobavmf k dcndfz ovijfz h bhvo}zcfr! nzkmfr kom kzfkr co c}r fukavk}chor/

]df ikco hjlfb}cuf h }df RFZBF cr }h nk}dfz ukacm! kbbvzk}f! kom zfackjaf mk}k ho ~dk}

kzf pzcikzs r}vmfo}r kb}vkaas afkzocon! kr ~faa kr zfafuko} cohzik}cho ho krrhbck}fm kb)

}hzr/ ]df ft}fo} }h ~dcbd }dfrf zfrva}r kzf mcrbvrrfm kom co}fnzk}fm co}h fmvbk}choka kom

rhbcka kb}chor(phacbcfr kcifm k} fodkobcon kom r}zfon}dfocon }df {vkac}s h pvjacb fmvbk)

}cho co pkz}cbcpk}con bhvo}zcfr! ~caa pzhucmf k ifkrvzf h c}r rvbbfrr/

]dcr mhbvifo} rviikzc|fr RFZBFr pzhbfrr kom kppacbk}cho! c}r omconr kom zfrva}r/ C}

hfzr ko hv}acof h c}r pvzphrfr! }df bhobfp}vka pfzrpfb}cuf vrfm co fukavk}con pfzhzikobf

co }df kzfkr h Pzcikzs Fmvbk}cho Ik}dfik}cbr! Zfkmcon kom Rbcfobf h r}vmfo}r ~dh mvzcon

}df pfzchm :006 (:005; k}}fomfm }dczm kom rct}d nzkmfr! iklhz kb}hzr krrhbck}fm ~c}d }dfrf

zfrva}r! kom }dfcz cipacbk}chor kom zfbhiifomk}chor }h rhbcka kom fmvbk}choka phacbcfr/

]df RFZBF cr }df zfrva} h }df fhz} kom bhiic}ifo} h ikos }fkir! hznkocrk}chor

kom ok}choka kom zfnchoka kv}dhzc}cfr/ ^f h~f k rpfbcka mfj} h nzk}c}vmf }h }df pfzrhor

~dh dfkmfm }df Hznkocrk}cho mvzcon }df ukzchvr r}knfr h }dcr R}vms! okifas! Kok Avc|k

Ikbdkmh hzifz HZFKAB(VOFRBH Mczfb}hz kom Zhrk Jakobh k/ c/ Mczfb}hz h }df Hznkocrk)

}cho7 }h }df ^hzam Jkog! }df Co}fz)Kifzcbko Mfufahpifo} Jkog! kom Ehzm Ehvomk}cho!

iklhz mhohzr! hz }dfcz rvpphz} co fkbd hof h }df pdkrfr7 }h Ok}choka AAFBF Bhhzmcok}hzr7

kom }h }df ok}choka mfafnk}fr kom }dfcz }fkir/ Hvz ihr} rcobfzf }dkogr }h }df pzcobcpkar!

}fkbdfzr! k}dfzr kom ih}dfzr! jhsr kom nczar h pkz}cbcpk}con rbdhhar! ~c}dhv} ~dhrf

bhaakjhzk}cho kom bhiic}ifo} }dcr zfrfkzbd ~hvam dkuf oh} jffo phrrcjaf/ ]dfrf kzfva}cik}fas }df ikco kb}hzr kom jfofbckzcfr h RFZBFr omconr/

; Jkrfm ho }df rbdhha bkafomkz h }df rvzufsfm bhvo}zcfr/


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R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko4

]df Rfbhom Zfnchoka Bhipkzk}cuf kom Ftpakok}hzs R}vms $RFZBF# zfpzfrfo}r }df ihr}

ciphz}ko} kom kijc}chvr r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf fukavk}cho pzhlfb} fufz akvobdfm co Ak}co

Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko/ Vomfz }df mczfb}cho kom bhhzmcok}cho h }df Akjhzk}hzs hz

Krrfrrifo} h }df [vkac}s h Fmvbk}cho $AAFBF#! }dcr R}vms hzir pkz} h VOFRBH Zfncho)

ka Jvzfkv hz Fmvbk}cho co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko $HZFKAB(VOFRBH Rko}cknh#

nahjka kb}chor kcifm k} nvkzko}ffcon }df zcnd} }h {vkac}s fmvbk}cho }h kaa Ak}co Kifzcbko

kom Bkzcjjfko r}vmfo}r/C}r hjlfb}cuf cr }h ncuf corcnd} co}h }df afkzocon kb{vczfm js Ak}co Kifzcbko kom

Bkzcjjfko ]dczm kom Rct}d Nzkmf Pzcikzs R}vmfo}r co }df kzfkr h Ik}dfik}cbr! Akonvknf

$Zfkmcon kom ^zc}con# kom Ok}vzka Rbcfobf mvzcon }dfcz rbdhha }zklfb}hzs/

Rfbhom Zfnchoka Bhikzk}cuf komFtakok}hzs R}vms


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Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs 3

Co kmmc}cho }h cmfo}cscon ~dk} nczar kom jhsr dkuf afkzofm! }df zfrva}r hj}kcofm kzf

kokasrfm kom ftpakcofm gfsfm }h kb}hzr zfak}fm }h r}vmfo}r! bakrrzhhir! kom rbdhhar! pakb)

con rpfbcka fipdkrcr ho }dhrf kb}hzr }dk} iks jf bdkonfm }dzhvnd }df cipafifo}k}cho h

zfafuko} pzhnzkiifr kom phacbcfr/

RFZBF zfpzfrfo}r k bhaafb}cuf fhz} ho }df pkz} h pkz}cbcpk}con bhvo}zcfr! mvas kz)

}cbvak}fm js k bfo}zka AAFBF }fki! kom rvpphz}fm js k ]fbdocbka Kmucrhzs Bhiic}}ff kom

pkofar h ftpfz}r co fufzs kzfk/ ]df R}vms ~kr akvobdfm co Efjzvkzs :00= kom c}r ikco

r}knfr ~caa ft}fom }dzhvnd }df rfbhom rfifr}fz h :004/

NZKpd ; FO]C]CFR PKZ]CBCPK]CON CO RFZBF

Rct}ffo bhvo}zcfr kom }df Iftcbko R}k}f h Ovfuh Afho kzf }kgcon pkz} co }dcr rvzufs/

]dczm kom Rct}d Nzkmf Pzcikzs R}vmfo}r h kaa pkz}cbcpk}con bhvo}zcfr ~fzf fukavk}fm co

Ik}dfik}cbr kom Akonvknf! ~dcaf rct}d nzkmfzr h ocof bhvo}zcfr kom }df R}k}f h Ovfuh

Afho ~fzf fukavk}fm co Ok}vzka Rbcfobf/ K }h}ka h 2/056 rbdhhar fobhipkrrcon =/5:>


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R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko;0

]dczm Nzkmf bakrrzhhir kom =/::> Rct}d Nzkmf bakrrzhhir ~fzf rvzufsfm/ ]dcr zfpzfrfo}r

k }h}ka he ;00/>6: ]dczm Nzkmf kom 36/:44 Rct}d Nzkmf Pzcikzs rbdhha r}vmfo}r:/ ]dcr

rkipaf cr zfpzfrfo}k}cuf he kppzhtcik}fas fafufo icaacho }dczm nzkmfzr kom }fo icaacho

rct}d nzkmfzr co }df zfncho/

Co }fzir he fukavk}con pfzehzikobf kom krrhbck}fm ekb}hzr! RFZBF vrfr k rf} he cor}zv)

ifo}r rpfbckaas mfrcnofm ehz }dcr pvzphrf/

Fkbd he }df fukavk}fm r}vmfo}r }hhg }df Ik}dfik}cbr! Zfkmcon kom Rbcfobf }fr}r ho

mceefzfo} mksr kom ~kr kaah}}fm k }cif bhorcr}fo} ~c}d }df ok}vzf he }df }fr}r/

Bho}ft}vka! rhbch)mfihnzkpdcb! ekicas kom pfzrhoka mk}k! co kmmc}cho }h coehzik}cho kr)

rhbck}fm ~c}d rbdhha pzhbfrrfr kom msokicbr! ~fzf bkp}vzfm }dzhvnd }df mczfb} kmicocr}zk)

}cho he {vfr}chookczfr }h r}vmfo}r! }fkbdfzr! pzcobcpkar! kom pkzfo}r he }df rkipafm rbdhhar/

]df hjlfb}cufr he fkbd he }dfrf cor}zvifo}r kzf rviikzcrfm co }df ehaah~con }kjaf/

]KjAF ; RSO]DFRCR HE RFZBFR MK]K BHAAFB]CHO COR]ZVIFO]R

Kb}hz Cor}zvifo} Hlfb}cuf

R}vmfo}r R}vmfo}[vfr}chookczf

Co{vczf kjhv} }df kicas kom rhbch)bva}vzka fouczhoifo}!bakrrzhhi msokicbr kom co}fzkb}cho! mfnzff hrk}crkb}cho ~c}d }df rbdhha! bakrrik}fr kom }fkbdfzr!

kihon h}dfz }hpcbr/

]fkbdfzr ]fkbdfz[vfr}chookczf

Co{vczf kjhv} rhbch)mfihnzkpdcb krpfb}r! pzhfrrchoka}zkcocon! akjhvz bhomc}chor! }fkbdcon ftpfzcfobf kom mfnzffh rk}crkb}cho ~c}d }df rbdhha! kihon h}dfz }hpcbr/

[vfr}chookczf ho}fkbdcon pzkb}cbfr

Ahhg co}h pfmknhncbka pzkb}cbfr k} }df bhzzfrphomconnzkmf kom kzfk! rvbd kr }cif ikoknfifo}! kukcakjcac}s hfmvbk}choka zfrhvzbfr! ftpfb}k}chor }fkbdfz hzi h }dfczr}vmfo}r! }spfr h kb}cuc}cfr! bvzzcbvakz cipafifo}k}cho!fukavk}cho r}zk}fncfr! kihon h}dfz }hpcbr/

Pzcobcpkar [vfr}chookczf hz

Pzcobcpkar

Bkp}vzf mk}k zfak}cuf }h pfzrhokar }zkc}r! pzhfrrchoka

pzhaf kom }zklfb}hzs! ikoknfifo} ihmfa kmhp}fm!ftpfb}k}chor! mfnzff h rk}crkb}cho ~c}d }df rbdhha kombh)~hzgfzr! co kmmc}cho }h h}dfz krpfb}r h rbdhha acf/

[vfr}chookczfho RbdhhaBdkzkb}fzcr}cbr

Bhaafb} cohzik}cho ho rbdhha ahbk}cho! f{vcpifo} komcozkr}zvb}vzf/

Pkzfo}r Ekicas[vfr}chookczf

Co{vczf kjhv} }df rhbch)mfihnzkpdcb bdkzkb}fzcr}cbrh }df kicas! }df kukcakjcac}s h rfzucbfr kom pdsrcbkakifoc}cfr co }df dhif! couhaufifo} co kom rvpphz}h }df fmvbk}choka pzhbfrr h }dfcz bdcamzfo! mfnzff h

rk}crkb}cho ~c}d }df rbdhha! kihon h}dfz krpfb}r/

: R}vmfo} rkipaf mk}k bhzzfrphom }h }df }h}ka ovijfz h r}vmfo}r ~dh }hhg k} afkr} hof h }df }fr}r/ ]dcr }h}kamcfzr zhi }df }h}ka ovijfz h r}vmfo}r fukavk}fm co fkbd kzfk/


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Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs ;2

~dcbd bhobfp}vka mhikcor ~fzf bhiiho }h }df pzcikzs fmvbk}cho r}vmfo}r h pkz}cbcpk})

con bhvo}zcfr2/

]df cmfo}cbk}cho h bhiiho bho}fo}r! }df kppzhkbdfr vrfm js pkz}cbcpk}con bhvo}zcfr

}h fukavk}f }dfcz r}vmfo}r pfzhzikobf! kom }df hznkocrk}cho h }dcr pfzhzikobf! ~fzf

}df bzc}fzck nvcmcon }df bvzzcbvakz kokasrcr ho ~dcbd }df fakjhzk}cho h }fr}r ~kr jkrfm/

Ehz c}r pkz}! }df acef)rgcaar kppzhkbd fr}kjacrdfr }df kjcac}cfr! pzcobcpafr! ukavfr kom

k}}c}vmfr }dk} Ak}co Kifzcbko r}vmfo}r rdhvam afkzo }h mfufahp co hzmfz }h forvzf }dfcz

vaa kom kb}cuf pkz}cbcpk}cho co rhbcf}s! jh}d kr kb}hzr kom bc}c|for/ ]dcr ifkor! mfkacon

~c}d rc}vk}chor! ikgcon mfbcrchor jkrfm ho kukcakjaf cohzik}cho! rhaucon pzhjafir! kom

rvpphz}}con }dfcz phco}r h ucf~! kihon h}dfzr/

Mfrcnocon }fr}r }dk} corpczfm ho k bhiiho bvzzcbvakz zkif~hzg karh pakbf fipdkrcrho acf)rgcaar! bdkaafonfr fmvbk}cho }h nh jfshom kbkmficb rvbbfrr js hfzcon r}vmfo}r

afkzocon rpkbfr }dk} pzhih}f kom forvzf k jf}}fz {vkac}s h pfzrhoka kom rhbcka acf/

]df }fr}r kmicocr}fzfm js RFZBF fukavk}f oh} hoas }df goh~afmnf kb{vczfm js ]dczm

kom Rct}d Nzkmf pzcikzs fmvbk}cho r}vmfo}r! jv} karh dh~ }dfrf r}vmfo}r vrf hz kzf

bkpkjaf h vrcon rvbd goh~afmnf }h vomfzr}kom kom co}fzpzf} }df ~hzam vomfz ukzchvr

mkcas)acf bczbvir}kobfr kom bho}ft}r/

]df {vfr}chor kmicocr}fzfm mvzcon }df }fr}r ~fzf mcr}zcjv}fm co}h rct mcfzfo} jhhg)

af}r! }dvr forvzcon bhufzknf h kaa mhikcor bho}kcofm co }df }fr} zffzfobf zkif~hzg/

]df cobavrcho h hpfo)fomfm {vfr}chor! kaah~fm r}vmfo}r }h bhor}zvb} }dfcz h~o zf)

rphorfr kom! jkrfm ho }dk} bhor}zvb}cho! }df r}zk}fncfr vrfm js }df r}vmfo}r }h zfrphom

bhvam jf cofzzfm/ ]dcr }spf h {vfr}cho karh pzhucmfm corcnd} co}h }df mfnzff }h ~dcbd }df

r}vmfo}r dkuf kb{vczfm k}}c}vmfr! ukavfr kom pzhbfmvzfr! kom mfufahpfm }dfcz h~o ~ksr

h }dcogcon/

]df {vfr}chor krgfm ukzs rvjr}ko}ckaas co }fzir h dh~ }df cohzik}cho cr pzfrfo}fm6/5=&

Pfzbfo}knf h zfrphorfr couhaucon mcr}zkb}hzr J< 3/0;&B< 5/;5&M< 5/0:&

Pfzbfo}knf h oho)ukacm zfrphorfr 2/;>&


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Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs ;>

Afufa CC ) 5} Nzkmf Zfkmcon

Ftkiaf 2/ ]df pfzfb} dhzrf

Rviikzs bkzm hz ftkiaf 2

Nzkmf 5}d Nzkmf

Pfzhzikobf afufa CC

Mhikco Afon}d< Bhipaf}f }ft}

]spf h }ft} kom nfozf< Okzzk}cuf7 co}zhmvb}cho)bacikt)zfrhav}cho

Pzhbfrr Nfofzka< Cmfo}cscon rfbhomkzs cohzik}choRpfbcb< Cmfo}cscon uhcbfr co }df okzzk}cufIf}kaconvcr}cb< Ohof

Zf{vczfm kb}cho (}krg Zfbhnocrcon k bdkzkb}fzr k}}zcjv}f jkrfm ho }df rkscon hk }dczm pkz}s

Gfs J< rikz}

Mcbva}s afufa =25/53

Pfzbfo}knf h bhzzfb} zfrphorfr >=/36&

Pfzbfo}knf h zfrphorfr couhaucon

mcr}zkb}hzr

K< 6/=6&

B< 5/03&

M< ;;/:4&

Pfzbfo}knf h oho)ukacm zfrphorfr :/:2&


17/52

R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko;4

Afufa CU) 5} Nzkmf Zfkmcon

Ftkiaf =/ ]c}af kom pkrrknfr h k okzzk}cuf

Rviikzs bkzm hz ftkiaf =

Nzkmf 5}d Nzkmf

Pfzhzikobf afufa CU

Mhikco Afon}d< K zfak}cufas afon}ds }ft}/

]spf h }ft} kom nfozf< Ftpakok}hzs(okzzk}cuf< afnfomPzhbfrr Nfofzka< Krrhbck}con k rso}dfrcr ~c}d }dk} rso}dfrcrfm

Rpfbcb< Cmfo}cscon ~dcbd pkz} h }df okzzk}cuf }ft} crrso}dfrcrfm co }df }c}afIf}kaconvcr}cb< Goh~con }df ifkocon h }c}af kom }dfmcfzfo} okifr h }df pkrrknfr

Zf{vczfm kb}cho (}krg Cmfo}cscon ~dcbd pkz} h }df }ft} cr rso}dfrcrfm co }df}c}af! mcr}convcrdcon }dfi zhi h}dfz pkrrknfr }dzhvnd }dfvrf h if}kakonvknf

Gfs J< ]df bhoecb}

Mcbva}s afufa 633/5:2

Pfzbfo}knf h bhzzfb} zfrphorfr 26/>>&Pfzbfo}knf h zfrphorfr couhauconmcr}zkb}hzr

K< ::/33&

B< ;4/5>&

M< ;4/36&

Pfzbfo}knf h oho)ukacm zfrphorfr 2/5:&


18/52


19/52

R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko:0

Afufa CU ) 5} Nzkmf Rbcfobf

Ftkiaf 5/ ]df Ihho

Rviikzs bkzm hz ftkiaf 5

Nzkmf 5}d Nzkmf

Pfzhzikobf afufa CU

Mhikco Fkz}d kom fouczhoifo}

Pzhbfrr Pzhjafi Rhaucon

Zf{vczfm kb}cho (}krg Dkomacon bhobfp}r zfak}fm }h }df hzbf h nzkuc}s kom }dfczbhzzfb} kppacbk}cho }h rhauf }df pzhjafi k} dkom

Gfs M< }dfzf cr ac}}af nzkuc}choka hzbf

Mcbva}s afufa 4::/=6

Pfzbfo}knf h bhzzfb} zfrphorfr ;4/2>&

Pfzbfo}knf h zfrphorfr couhauconmcr}zkb}hzr

K< 20/23&

J< ;2/32&

B< 22/3>&

Pfzbfo}knf h oho)ukacm zfrphorfr 2/2=&


20/52


21/52


22/52

Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs :2

]KjAF 2 MFRBZCP]CHO HE ]DCZM NZKMF IK]DFIK]CBR PFZEHZIKOBF AFUFA KOM

PFZBFO]KNF HE R]VMFO]R HBBVPSCON FKBD AFUFA

AfufaBv})h

rbhzf& R}vmfo}r Mfrbzc}cho

CU

5:;/54

;;/:2& R}vmfo}r zfbhnocrf k ovifzcbka rf{vfobf zvaf kom cmfo}cs c}/ R}vmfo}r rhauf iva}cpacbk}cho pzhjafir ~c}d hof vogoh~o

hz pzhjafir ~dcbd zf{vczf }df vrf h f{vcukafobfr jf}~ffobhiihoas vrfm ifkrvzfr h afon}d/

R}vmfo}r cmfo}cs ko fafifo} ho k jc)mciforchoka pakof kom }dfpzhpfz}cfr h }df rcmfr h k r{vkzf hz zfb}konaf co hzmfz }h rhauf kpzhjafi/

CCC

664/6=

;=/20& R}vmfo}r rhauf iva}cpacbk}cho pzhjafir hz pzhjafir ~dcbd zf{vczf}df vrf h ko kmmc}cho f{vk}cho hz }~h rfpkzk}f hpfzk}chor/

R}vmfo}r rhauf kmmc}cho pzhjafir couhaucon ifkrvzfifo} voc}rkom }dfcz f{vcukafobfr hz pzhjafir ~dcbd zf{vczf vrcon bhiihozkb}chor/

R}vmfo}r ivr} cmfo}cs }df nzkpdcb hz kmmc}cho ovifzcbka rf){vfobf zvaf jfcon vrfm co hzmfz }h bho}covf c}/

R}vmfo}r cmfo}cs }df fafifo}r h vovrvka nfhif}zcbka rdkpfr komco}fzpzf} mcfzfo} }spfr h nzkpdr co hzmfz }h zf}zcfuf cohzik}chokom rhauf pzhjafir }dk} couhauf hpfzk}con ~c}d }df mk}k/

CC

=43/0;

:4/:5& R}vmfo}r zfbhnocrf }df hznkocrk}cho h }df mfbcika)phrc}choka ov)

ifzka rsr}fi kom cmfo}cs }df bhor}c}vfo} fafifo}r h nfhif}zcbkardkpfr/ R}vmfo}r cmfo}cs k }zklfb}hzs ho k pakof kom }df ihr} rvc}kjaf

ifkrvzfifo} voc} hz cor}zvifo}! co hzmfz }h ifkrvzf k goh~ohjlfb}r k}}zcjv}f/

R}vmfo}r co}fzpzf} }kjafr kom bdkz}r co hzmfz }h hj}kco cohzik)}cho kom bhipkzf mk}k/

R}vmfo}r rhauf kmmc}cho hz iva}cpacbk}cho pzhjafir couhauconpzhphz}choka zfak}chordcpr! vrcon ok}vzka ovijfzr/

C

23;/60

25/02& R}vmfo}r zfbhnocrf }df zfak}chordcp jf}~ffo ok}vzka ovijfzr kombhiiho jc)mciforchoka nfhif}zcb rdkpfr co rcipaf mzk~conr/

R}vmfo}r ahbk}f zfak}cuf phrc}chor h ko hjlfb} co k rpk}cka zfpzf)

rfo}k}cho/ R}vmfo}r co}fzpzf} }kjafr kom nzkpdr co hzmfz }h hj}kco mczfb}

cohzik}cho/

Jfah~ C ;0/;3& R}vmfo}r k} }dcr afufa dkuf oh} jffo kjaf }h kb{vczf }df kjcac}cfrzf{vczfm co Afufa C/

Kr rdh~o co ]kjaf 2! ;0/:& h kaa r}vmfo}r kzf oh} bkpkjaf h bhipaf}con }df }krgr mf)

rcnofm hz }df ah~fr} afufa/ ]dcr nzhvp h nczar kom jhsr ~dcbd }h}ka hufz k icaacho hz kaa }df

bhvo}zcfr rvzufsfm mfikomr vznfo} kom kppzhpzck}f dfap ncufo }dfcz ah~ afufar h afkzocon/

]kjaf = rdh~r r}vmfo} mcr}zcjv}cho js pfzhzikobf afufar hz fkbd pkz}cbcpk}con bhvo}zs/Bvjk ftdcjc}r }df dcndfr} pfzhzikobf afufar! ~c}d 6=/25& h c}r r}vmfo}r hbbvpscon

Afufa CU/

Co Bdcaf! Bhr}k Zcbk! Iftcbh! Vzvnvks kom Ovfuh Afho! hufz k }dczm h }dfcz r}vmfo}r

hbbvps Afufar CCC kom CU/


23/52


24/52

Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs :6

]KjAF 6 KUFZKNF RBHZF MCEEFZFOBFR JF]^FFO VZJKO KOM ZVZKA RBDHHAR! KOM

JS NFOMFZ/ ]DCZM NZKMF IK]DFIK]CBR

Bhvo}zs Vzko( Zvzka Mcfzfobf Ncza( jhs Mcfzfobf

Kznfo}cok =0/03, );/=:

Jzk|ca 5:/;>, ;/3;

Bdcaf 22/:3, );2/2>,

Bhahijck :5/:3, )4/:5,

Bhr}k Zcbk :3/:6, );0/40,

Bvjk >/>3 =/=>

Fbvkmhz :0/>0, 0/66

Fa Rkaukmhz 23/3:, );0/30,

Nvk}fikak =0/0>, )5/34,

Iftcbh =2/0;, 0/03

Ocbkzknvk );/;6 );:/>:,

Pkokik ::/=;, 6/62

Pkzknvks ;>/3; :/2;

Pfzv 53/44, )3/:0,

Mhicocbko Zfp/ ;>/50, ;:/55,

Vzvnvks 2;/>:, 0/:4

Ovfuh Afho :4/54, )2/3:

]h}ka ) );/:6

, Rcnocbko} k} k 6& bhomfobf afufa/

Co }fzir hnfomfz! k} }df zfnchoka afufa! ifmcko rbhzfr hz ]dczm Nzkmf Ik}dfik}cbr

mh oh} zfufka rcnocbko} mcfzfobfr/ Dh~fufz! }dcr hufzkaa zfrva} bhobfkar ciphz}ko} mc)

fzfobfr kihon bhvo}zcfr& h }df

bhvo}zcfr kufzknf pfzhzikobf ukzckobf/

]df zfak}chordcp jf}~ffo zfrva}r kom }df Ncoc Comft kr cobhif mcr}zcjv}cho comcbk)

}hz cr f{vkaas rcnocbko}! ka}dhvnd coufzrf/ Co h}dfz ~hzmr! }df nzfk}fz }df cof{vkac}s


25/52


}df ah~fz }df zfrva}r hj}kcofm co ]dczm Nzkmf Ik}dfik}cbr/ ]df Ncoc Comft bko kbbhvo} hz

;>/05& h }df bhvo}zcfr kufzknf pfzhzikobf ukzckobf co Ik}dfik}cbr/

Zfkmcon

Kr ~c}d Ik}dfik}cbr! ciphz}ko} mcfzfobfr kzf fucmfo} kihon pkz}cbcpk}con bhvo}zcfr/

]dvr! }df mcfzfobf jf}~ffo }df bhvo}zcfr ~c}d dcndfr} kom ah~fr} pfzhzikobfr cr :/2

r}komkzm mfuck}chor! }dk} cr }h rks! kjhv} :20 phco}r/ Dh~fufz! }df mcfzfobf jf}~ffo }df

rfbhom kom oft} }h akr} bhvo}zs cr ;/;6 r}komkzm mfuck}chor! ~dcbd zfufkar k rhif~dk}

ihzf dhihnfofhvr mcr}zcjv}cho h zfrva}r/

Jkrfm ho }df dcnd mcrpkzc}s kom co}fzoka mcrpfzrcho h ok}choka kufzknfr! uf nzhvpr h

bhvo}zcfr ~fzf cmfo}cfm zfak}cuf }h }df kufzknf pfzhzikobf h }dfcz r}vmfo}r/ Bhvo}zcfr ~dfzf kufzknf pfzhzikobf cr ikzgfmas dcndfz }dko }df ifmcko h RFZBF

pkz}cbcpko}r js ihzf }dko hof r}komkzm mfuck}cho/ ]dcr bkrf cr caavr}zk}fm js

Bvjk/

Bhvo}zcfr ~dfzf kufzknf pfzhzikobf cr dcndfz }dko }df kufzknf h RFZBF pkz}cbc)

pko}r js afrr }dko hof r}komkzm mfuck}cho/ ]dcr nzhvp cr bhipzcrfm h Kznfo}cok!

Bdcaf! Bhahijck! Bhr}k Zcbk! Iftcbh! Vzvnvks! kom }df Iftcbko R}k}f h Ovfuh

Afho/

Bhvo}zcfr ~dfzf pfzhzikobf ftdcjc}r k ifko rbhzf r}k}cr}cbkaas cmfo}cbka }h }df

zfnchoka kufzknf< Jzk|ca kom Fa Rkaukmhz/

Bhvo}zcfr ~dfzf pfzhzikobf ftdcjc}r k ah~fz rbhzf }dko }df kufzknf h RFZBF

pkz}cbcpko}r h afrr }dko hof r}komkzm mfuck}cho/ ]dcr cr }df bkrf h Fbvkmhz! Nvk)

}fikak! Ocbkzknvk! Pkokik! Pkzknvks! Pfzv kom }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb5,/

5, Rcnocbko} mcfzfobfr $6& fzzhz# jkrfm ho k } }fr} hz ifmcko bhipkzcrho/


26/52

Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs :>

NZKpd 2 IFKO KOM UKZCKJCAC]S HE ]DCZM NZKMF ZFKMCON RBHZFR CO FKBD

RVZUFSFM BHVO]ZS

AKB }h}ka< Ak}co Kifzcbko kom Bkzcjjfko bhvo}zcfr }h}ka/BCAA< Bhomfobf co}fzuka ah~fz acic} $k 9 0/06#/BCVA< Bhomfobf co}fzuka vppfz acic} $k 9 0/06#/Jkzr mfpcb} zfrva}r hj}kcofm js 40& h }df r}vmfo}r jf}~ffo }df ;0}d kom 30}d pfzbfo}cafr cofkbd bhvo}zs/ ]dk} cr }h rks! }df kz)zcnd} rfnifo} h fkbd jkz zfpzfrfo}r }df rbhzfr h r}vmfo}rco }df 30}d pfzbfo}caf kom }df af} }dhrf h r}vmfo}r co }df ;0}d pfzbfo}caf/ ]df nzfk}fz }df mcr)}kobf jf}~ffo }dfrf }~h phco}r! }df nzfk}fz }df r}vmfo}r pfzhzikobf ukzckjcac}s/]df ~dc}f ufz}cbka acof zvoocon }dzhvnd }df bfo}zf h fkbd jkz cmfo}cfr }df ifko! ~dcaf }dfbhomfobf co}fzuka cr rdh~o kr k mkzg kzfk kzhvom c}/ ]df ~cm}d h }dcr mkzgfofm kzfk caavr}zk}frc}r phrrcjaf ukavfr/

Co }fzir h ]dczm Nzkmf Zfkmcon }fr}r! pfzhzikobf mcfzfobfr jf}~ffo pfzbfo}caf

;0}d kom pfzbfo}caf 30}d r}vmfo}r co fkbd bhvo}zs evb}vk}f jf}~ffo :04 kom :=: phco}r!

~c}d }df ftbfp}chor h Bvjk kom Ocbkzknvk/

Bvjk rdh~r }df nzfk}fr} mcrpfzrcho h zfrva}r! rcobf }df mcr}kobf jf}~ffo r}vmfo}r

h }df pfzbfo}cafr vomfz bhipkzcrho cr :36 phco}r/ Dh~fufz! }df ah~fz pfzhzicon

Bvjko r}vmfo}r hj}kco rbhzfr }dk} kzf rcicakz }h }df bhvo}zcfr kufzknf/

Ehz c}r pkz}! Ocbkzknvk rdh~r k ah~ mcrpfzrcho h zfrva}r ~c}d mcfzfobfr jf}~ffo

r}vmfo}r k} jh}d ft}zfifr }dk} rbkzbfas ftbffm ;42 phco}r/ Nvk}fikak! Pfzv kom Fa Rkaukmhz! rdh~ k ihmfzk}f mcrpfzrcho ~c}d mcfzfobfr

jf}~ffo ft}zfifr evb}vk}con co }df :04 ) ::0 phco} zkonf/

]df }~fauf zfikcocon bhvo}zcfr zfufka mcfzfobfr jf}~ffo }dfcz zr} kom akr}

mfbcafr co }df ::= kom :=; phco} zkonf/


27/52


]KjAF 5 MFRBZCP]CHO HE ZFKMCON PFZEHZIKOBF AFUFAR HE ]DCZM NZKMF R]VMFO]R

AfufaBhhz}rbhzf

& r}vmfo}r Mfrbzc}cho

CU

52>/=3

4/=;& Co}fnzk}f kom nfofzkacrf cohzik}cho ncufo co k pkzknzkpd hz co}df ufzjka bhmfr kom nzkpd7

Zfpakbf oho)ftpacbc} cohzik}cho7 Zfkm }df }ft} cmfo}cscon of~ cohzik}cho7 ]zkorak}f zhi hof bhmf }h koh}dfz $zhi ovifzcb }h ufzjka! kom

ufzjka }h nzkpdcb#

CCC

66:/;=

:;/52& Ahbk}f cohzik}cho mcrbzcicok}con c} zhi kmlkbfo} cohzik}cho7 Co}fzpzf} zfhzivak}chor }dk} rso}dfrcrf rfufzka mk}k7

Cofz cohzik}cho jkrfm ho goh~afmnf kjhv} }df ~hzam7 Mcrbzcicok}f! jkrfm ho }df }ft}! }df ifkocon h ~hzmr }dk} dkufrfufzka h}dfz ifkoconr/

CC

=5;/2:

2>/>=& Ahbk}f cohzik}cho co k jzcf }ft} }dk} ivr} oh jf mcr}convcrdfmzhi h}dfz bhobfp}vkaas rcicakz cohzik}cho7

Mcrbzcicok}f ~hzmr ~c}d k rconaf ifkocon7 Zfbhnocrf rcipaf rfo}fobf zfhzivak}chor7 Zfbhnocrf zfmvomkobcfr jf}~ffo nzkpdcb kom ufzjka bhmfr

C

25>/25

:6/6;& Ahbk}f cohzik}cho ~c}d k rconaf ifkocon! co k pzhicofo} pkz}h }df }ft}! zfpfk}fm ac}fzkaas hz rsohosihvras! kom crhak}fm zhih}dfz cohzik}cho/

Jfah~ C 5/>;& R}vmfo}r k} }dcr afufa dkuf oh} jffo kjaf }h kb{vczf }df kjcac}cfrzf{vczfm co Afufa C/

Co }fzir h zfkmcon kbdcfufifo}! 5/>& h }df }h}ka ovijfz h ]dczm Nzkmf Pzcikzs

Fmvbk}cho r}vmfo}r co }df zfncho rbhzfm jfah~ Afufa C/ ]dcr ifkor }dk} r}vmfo}r kcafm

}h ahbk}f cohzik}cho! ~c}d k rconaf ifkocon! ~dcbd cr zfpfk}fm co }df }ft} kom crhak}fm

zhi h}dfz cohzik}cho/ ]kjaf > rdh~r pfzhzikobf afufar js bhvo}zs! kom bhozir }df

kb} }dk}< ==/2& h ]dczm Nzkmf Bvjko r}vmfo}r rbhzfm }df dcndfr} co Zfkmcon! haah~fm js

r}vmfo}r h Ovfuh Afho $;4/=! Bhr}k Zcbk $;4/:! kom Bdcaf $;>/4/

2;/=& h }df r}vmfo}r h Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb rbhzfm jfah~ Afufa C! rcicakzas }h

ihzf }dko ;=& h }df hofr h Fbvkmhz kom Nvk}fikak! kom kppzhtcik}fas ;;& h

}dhrf h Pkokik kom Pkzknvks/

Co }fzir h Zfkmcon! zvzka rbdhha r}vmfo}r pkz}cbcpk}con co RFZBF hj}kcofm ah~fz rbhzfr

}dko }dfcz bhvo}fzpkz}r k}}fomcon vzjko rbdhhar>6/ ]dcr cr rdh~o co ]kjaf 4 ~dfzf }df mcfzfobfr

co }df zfrva}r hj}kcofm js vzjko rbdhha r}vmfo}r ufzrvr zvzka rbdhha r}vmfo}r kzf mfrbzcjfm/

6 ]df mfoc}cho h zvzka kzfk cr oh} ftkb}as bhipkzkjaf kihon bhvo}zcfr/ ]df cmfo}cbk}cho h zvzka rbdhhar ~krjkrfm ho }df mfoc}cho pzhucmfm js fkbd bhvo}zs/ Bhorf{vfo}as! }h}kar hz Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfkozfpzfrfo} k zhvnd ifkrvzf }dk}! ncufo }df ukzchvr mfoc}chor h zvzkac}s! rdhvam jf }kgfo ~c}d bkv}cho/


28/52


29/52

R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko20

]df nzfk}fz }df cobhif mcr}zcjv}cho cof{vkac}s! }df ah~fz }df kufzknf Zfkmcon pfzhz)

ikobf hjrfzufm kihon ]dczm Nzkmf r}vmfo}r/ ]df Ncoc Comft! hz c}r pkz}! kbbhvo}r hz

;:/5& h }df ukzckjcac}s mf}fb}fm co }df ok}choka pfzhzikobf ifmcko/

]KjAF 4 MCEEFZFOBF CO KUFZKNF RBHZFR JF]^FFO VZJKO KOM ZVZKA RBDHHAR! JS

NFOMFZ/ ]DCZM NZKMF ZFKMCON


Kznfo}cok 2=/62, ;>/>=

Jzk|ca 5:/5>, ;4/6>

Bdcaf 2=/54, :/=5Bhahijck 60/3:, =/5=

Bhr}k Zcbk =;/:=, =/53

Bvjk ;6/3=, ;2/2=

Fbvkmhz =:/42, 3/0:

Fa Rkaukmhz 6>/:3, ;/23

Nvk}fikak 5=/0>, ;/5>

Iftcbh 5:/=>, ;2/:0

Ocbkzknvk :3/=:, ;/>>

Pkokik 6=/>0, ;=/3=

Pkzknvks 25/=6, ;6/53Pfzv >3/20, 0/>5

Mhicocbko Zfp/ ;3/=6, ;2/06

Vzvnvks :4/65, ;:/>2

Ovfuh Afho 2>/:=, 3/06

]h}ka ) ;:/>=

, R}komr hz 6& bhomfobf afufa/


30/52

Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs 2;

Afkzocon co Rct}d Nzkmf

Ik}fik}cbr

]df kokasrcr h Rct}d Nzkmf Ik}dfik}cbr ifko rbhzfr rdh~r ikzgfm mcfzfobfr/ ]df

mcfzfobf jf}~ffo }df kufzknf rbhzfr h dcndfr} kom ah~fr} pfzhzicon bhvo}zcfr $Bvjk

kom }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb! zfrpfb}cufas# zfkbdfr ::0 phco}r! }dk} cr }h rks! ihzf }dko :

r}komkzm mfuck}chor/ Dh~fufz! }df mcfzfobf jf}~ffo }df rfbhom kom oft} }h akr} bhvo)

}zcfr cr ;/:5 r}komkzm mfuck}chor/

NZKpd = IFKO KOM UKZCKJCAC]S HE RCT]D NZKMF IK]DFIK]CBR IFMCKO RBHZFR COFKBD RVZUFSFM BHVO]ZS

AKB }h}ka< Ak}co Kifzcbko kom Bkzcjjfko bhvo}zcfr }h}ka/BCAA< Bhomfobf co}fzuka ah~fz acic} $k 9 0/06#/BCVA< Bhomfobf co}fzuka vppfz acic} $k 9 0/06#/Jkzr mfpcb} zfrva}r hj}kcofm js 40& h }df r}vmfo}r jf}~ffo }df ;0}d kom 30}d pfzbfo}cafr cofkbd bhvo}zs/ ]dk} cr }h rks! }df kz)zcnd} rfnifo} h fkbd jkz zfpzfrfo}r }df rbhzfr h r}vmfo}rco }df 30}d pfzbfo}caf kom }df af} }dhrf h r}vmfo}r co }df ;0}d pfzbfo}caf/ ]df nzfk}fz }df mcr)}kobf jf}~ffo }dfrf }~h phco}r! }df nzfk}fz }df r}vmfo}r pfzhzikobf ukzckjcac}s/]df ~dc}f ufz}cbka acof zvoocon }dzhvnd }df bfo}zf h fkbd jkz cmfo}cfr }df ifko! ~dcaf }dfbhomfobf co}fzuka cr rdh~o kr k mkzg kzfk kzhvom c}/ ]df ~cm}d h }dcr mkzgfofm kzfk caavr}zk}fr

c}r phrrcjaf ukavfr/


31/52


32/52


33/52


34/52

Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs 26

]KjAF ;; MCEEFZFOBF CO KUFZKNF RBHZFR JF]^FFO VZJKO KOM ZVZKA RBDHHAR! JS

NFOMFZ/ RCT]D NZKMF IK]DFIK]CBR


Kznfo}cok =0/:;, )6/>3

Jzk|ca =:/>=, );0/0:,

Bdcaf 25/6;, )5/4=,

Bhahijck :3/02, );=/62,

Bhr}k Zcbk :2/2=, ):0/5>,

Bvjk =/34 4/:=,

Fbvkmhz =:/4;, 0/:3

Fa Rkaukmhz ==/>5, )3/=4,

Nvk}fikak 24/23, )5/3;,

Iftcbh 6;/=:, 5/26

Ocbkzknvk ;0/:=, );0/;5,

Pkokik 2>/22, :/4;

Pkzknvks 2;/;4, )0/63

Pfzv 4>/02, );4/3=,

Mhicocbko Zfp/ 3/0;, 0/35

Vzvnvks 6:/=6, 0/;4

Ovfuh Afho 26/>3, 0/:>

]h}ka ) )5/;>,

, R}komr hz 6& bhomfobf afufa

Ak}co Kifzcbko kom Bkzcjjfko Rct}d Nzkmf r}vmfo}r k}}fomcon vzjko rbdhhar hv}pfz)

hzi zvzka rbdhha r}vmfo}r co Ik}dfik}cbr/

Co }fzir h vzjko ufzrvr zvzka rbdhha zfrva}r! Pfzv rdh~r }df akznfr} nkpr ftbffm)

con ko 4> phco} mcfzfobf! ho kufzknf/ Vzvnvks kom Iftcbh haah~ ~c}d mcfzfobfr

co }df ofcndjhvzdhhm h 6: phco}r/ Js bho}zkr}! Bvjk kom }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb rdh~ }df rikaafr} mcfzfobfr jf)

}~ffo zvzka kom vzjko rbdhhar $6 kom 3 phco}r! zfrpfb}cufas#/

K RFZBFrnfomfz)jkrfmkokasrcr zfufkar }dk}! k} }df zfnchoka afufa! jhsr rbhzf rhif 5

phco}r dcndfz }dko nczar co Rct}d Nzkmf Zfkmcon }fr}r/ Evz}dfzihzf! jkrfm ho h}dfz ciphz)

}ko} mcfzfobfr mf}fb}fm kihon bhvo}zcfr! }dzff nzhvpr bko jf fr}kjacrdfm6 r}komkzm mfuck}chor/ Dh~fufz! jf}~ffo }df

rfbhom kom oft} }h akr} bhvo}zcfr }dcr mcfzfobf cr zfmvbfm }h hoas ;/;5 r}komkzm mfuck)

}chor/

Jkrfm ho r}vmfo}r kufzknf pfzhzikobf bhvo}zcfr iks jf bakrrcfm co uf nzhvpr

NZKpd 6 IFKO KOM UKZCKJCAC]S HE ZFKMCON RBHZFR HJ]KCOFM JS RCT]D NZKMF

R]VMFO]R CO FKBD RVZUFSFM BHVO]ZS

AKB }h}ka< Ak}co Kifzcbko kom Bkzcjjfko bhvo}zcfr }h}ka/BCAA< Bhomfobf co}fzuka ah~fz acic} $k9 0/06#/BCVA< Bhomfobf co}fzuka vppfz acic} $k 9 0/06#/Jkzr mfpcb} zfrva}r hj}kcofm js 40& h }df r}vmfo}r jf}~ffo }df ;0}d kom 30}d pfzbfo}cafr cofkbd bhvo}zs/ ]dk} cr }h rks! }df kz)zcnd} rfnifo} h fkbd jkz zfpzfrfo}r }df rbhzfr h r}vmfo}rco }df 30}d pfzbfo}caf kom }df af} }dhrf h r}vmfo}r co }df ;0}d pfzbfo}caf/ ]df nzfk}fz }df mcr)}kobf jf}~ffo }dfrf }~h phco}r! }df nzfk}fz }df r}vmfo}r pfzhzikobf ukzckjcac}s/]df ~dc}f ufz}cbka acof zvoocon }dzhvnd }df bfo}zf h fkbd jkz cmfo}cfr }df ifko! ~dcaf }dfbhomfobf co}fzuka cr rdh~o kr k mkzg kzfk kzhvom c}/ ]df ~cm}d h }dcr mkzgfofm kzfk caavr}zk}frc}r phrrcjaf ukavfr/

Ahhgcon k} }df ukzckjcac}s kbzhrr r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf kbcac}k}fr ko kokasrcr h }df

afkzocon cof{vkac}cfr }dk} bdkzkb}fzcrf fkbd bhvo}zs/ Pfzhzikobf mcfzfobfr jf}~ffo

r}vmfo}r co }df ;0}d kom 30}d pfzbfo}cafr h }df ukzchvr bhvo}zcfr evb}vk}f co }df ;4:

}h :3= phco} zkonf $:== phco}r k} }df zfnchoka afufa#/ Co Fa Rkaukmhz! Ocbkzknvk kom }df

Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb! r}vmfo}r co }dfrf pfzbfo}cafr kzf rfpkzk}fm js afrr }dko :00 phco}r/

]dcr cr oh} }df bkrf h Kznfo}cok! Jzk|ca! Bdcaf! Bhahijck! Bhr}k Zcbk! Fbvkmhz! Nvk}fikak!

Iftcbh! Pkokik! Pkzknvks! Pfzv! Vzvnvks kom }df Iftcbko R}k}f h Ovfuh Afho! ~dfzf }df

mcfzfobf jf}~ffo }df ;0}d kom 30}d pfzbfo}cafr kaa co }df :05 }h :63 phco} zkonf/ Akr}as!

Bvjk ftdcjc}r }df nzfk}fr} mcfzfobf co rbhzfr! ~c}d k :3= phco} nkp jf}~ffo ;0}d kom

30}d pfzbfo}cafr/


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Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs 23

]KjAF ;2 PFZBFO]KNF HE RCT]D NZKMF R]VMFO]R JS ZFKMCON PFZEHZIKOBF AFUFA

CO FKBD RVZUFSFM BHVO]ZS

Bhvo}zs jfah~ C C CC CCC CU

Kznfo}cok ;/>4 ;>/32 26/63 :6/=4 ;3/::

Jzk|ca 0/6> ;=/46 2=/56 :>/=> ::/=5

Bdcaf 0/20 4/0: 20/05 2:/2> :3/:5

Bhahijck 0/23 ;2/;> 24/:6 20/=0 ;>/40

Bhr}k Zcbk 0/:: 6/00 :2/=6 25/>2 2=/63

Bvjk 0/20 6/:5 ;3/6> :=/:0 60/54

Fbvkmhz =/=> 22/53 23/=4 ;5/52 6/>2

Fa Rkaukmhz 0/36 :;/=3 ==/0: :2/33 3/6=

Nvk}fikak :/45 22/05 =2/25 ;6/>2 =/33

Iftcbh 0/:2 ;:/:2 22/=0 :3/>6 :=/23

Ocbkzknvk ;/0: ::/04 60/64 :;/;0 6/::

Pkokik ;/36 :4/3> 24/>5 :0/>> 3/66

Pkzknvks 2/30 22/=5 25/4; ;4/50 >/:2

Pfzv :/:= :=/04 =;/56 ::/6> 3/=5

Mhicocbko Zfp/ =/04 =>/4= 2>/60 3/;3 ;/23

Vzvnvks 0/=> 3/50 20/40 :3/54 :3/=6

Ovfuh Afho 0/:; 3/;: :3/33 2:/2> :4/2;

]h}ka 0/32 ;5/6; 26/=5 :5/>3 :0/20

Mk}k ho pfzhzikobf js rbdhha }spf zfufka ikzgfm mcfzfobfr jf}~ffo }df afkzocon

kb{vczfm js r}vmfo}r co vzjko kom zvzka kzfkr5 ;0kr rdh~o co ]kjaf ;=/

Ak}co Kifzcbko kom Bkzcjjfko Rct}d Nzkmf r}vmfo}r k}}fomcon vzjko rbdhhar hv}pfz)

hzi zvzka rbdhha r}vmfo}r co Zfkmcon/

Bvjk cr }df hoas bhvo}zs }dk} mhfr oh} rdh~ rcnocbko} pfzhzikobf mcfzfobfr

jf}~ffo vzjko kom zvzka rbdhha r}vmfo}r/

Co }fzir h rbdhha ahbk}cho! Ocbkzknvk kom }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb rdh~ }df rikaa)

fr} mcfzfobfr ) :; kom := phco}r! zfrpfb}cufas/

Js bho}zkr}! Pfzv rdh~r }df nzfk}fr} mcfzfobfr kzhvom 40 phco}r jf}~ffo

vzjko kom zvzka rbdhha r}vmfo}r! haah~fm js Iftcbh! Pkokik kom Pkzknvks ~c}d

mcfzfobfr kppzhkbdcon 6> phco}r/

5 ]df mfoc}cho h zvzka kzfk cr oh} ftkb}as bhipkzkjaf kihon bhvo}zcfr/ ]df cmfo}cbk}cho h zvzka rbdhhar ~krjkrfm ho }df mfoc}cho pzhucmfm js fkbd bhvo}zs/ Bhorf{vfo}as! }h}kar hz Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfkozfpzfrfo} k zhvnd ifkrvzf }dk}! ncufo }df ukzchvr mfoc}chor h zvzkac}s! rdhvam jf }kgfo ~c}d bkv}cho/


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Ftfbv}cuf rviikzs =2

Mk}k ho Rbcfobf pfzhzikobf afufar pzhucmf }df nzhvomr hz nzhvpcon bhvo}zcfr kzhvom

}dzff phrrcjaf rbfokzchr/>2 =2/0= ;:/>2 ;/;>

Bhahijck :/5: 2;/54 6;/03 ;2/63 ;/0:

Bvjk 0/:5 4/>4 :6/3: 20/2; 2=/>2

Fa Rkaukmhz 2/>4 ==/>2 =:/66 4/:2 0/>;

Pkokik 5/2= ==/50 23/43 4/=0 0/>>

Pkzknvks >/:0 =5/;4 24/;; >/6: 0/33

Pfzv 5/3> =5/32 23/25 5/2> 0/25

Mhicocbko Zp/ ;=/:3 5:/4: :;/60 ;/2> 0/02Vzvnvks ;/53 ::/>5 =4/=> :=/0; 2/05

Ovfuh Afho :/63 20/34 =>/>4 ;5/24 :/:4

]h}ka 6/;4 24/>: =:/:= ;;/=0 :/=5

Co }fzir h Rbcfobf! r}vmfo}r k}}fomcon vzjko rbdhhar hv}pfzhzi }dfcz zvzka rbdhha

bhvo}fzpkz}r>;:/

Pfzv ftdcjc}r }df nzfk}fr} mcfzfobf co ftbfrr h 6> phco}r co Rbcfobf pfzhzikobf

jf}~ffo vzjko kom zvzka rbdhhar/ Fa Rkaukmhz kom Pkokik haah~ ~c}d ko kppzhtcik}f =0phco} mcfzfobf/

Ahbk}fm k} }df hpphrc}f ft}zfif cr Bvjk ~dfzf oh rcnocbko} pfzhzikobf mcfzfobfr

jf}~ffo vzjko kom zvzka rbdhha r}vmfo}r kzf fucmfo}/ Ehz c}r pkz}! }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb

rdh~r icocika mcfzfobfr }dk} evb}vk}f kzhvom ;; phco}r/

> ]df mfoc}cho h zvzka kzfk cr oh} ftkb}as bhipkzkjaf kihon bhvo}zcfr/ ]df cmfo}cbk}cho h zvzka rbdhhar ~krjkrfm ho }df mfoc}cho pzhucmfm js fkbd bhvo}zs/ Bhorf{vfo}as! }h}kar hz Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfkozfpzfrfo} k zhvnd ifkrvzf }dk}! ncufo }df ukzchvr mfoc}chor h zvzkac}s! rdhvam jf }kgfo ~c}d bkv}cho/


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R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko==

]KjAF ;> MCEEFZFOBF CO KUFZKNF RBHZFR JF]^FFO VZJKO KOM ZVZKA RBDHHAR! JS

NFOMFZ/ RCT]D NZKMF RBCFOBF

Bhvo}zs Vzko( Zvzka Mcfzfobf Ncza(jhs Mcfzfobf

Kznfo}cok ;3/>=, )6/05

Bhahijck ::/42, );4/32,

Bvjk ;;/25 >/=;

Fa Rkaukmhz =;/3;, );0/;5,

Pkokik 24/:>, ;/:5

Pkzknvks 20/:2, ;/44

Pfzv 65/;4, );5/;:,

Mhicocbko Zfp/ ;;/;=, )0/56

Vzvnvks :3/:4, )=/==

Ovfuh Afho :5/56, );:/>>,

]h}ka ) );;/6:,

, Rcnocbko} $6& bhomfobf afufa#

Nfomfz)jkrfmbhipkzcrhor co }df zfncho zfufka }dk} jhsr dkuf k ikzgfm kmuko}knf

hufz nczar! hj}kcocon kufzknf rbhzfr }dk} kzf ;;/6 phco}r dcndfz/

Co Bhahijck! Fa Rkaukmhz! Pfzv kom }df Iftcbko R}k}f h Ovfuh Afho! jhsr Rbcfobfrbhzfr kzf rcnocbko}as dcndfz }dko nczar/

Js bho}zkr}! co Kznfo}cok! Bvjk! Pkokik! Pkzknvks! }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb kom

Vzvnvks! oh r}k}cr}cbkaas rcnocbko} mcfzfobfr jf}~ffo nczar kom jhsr ~fzf mf)

}fb}fm/

R}vmfo} pfzhzikobf kom }df co}fzoka pzhmvb}cho h k bhvo}zs kzf mczfb}as zfak}fm/

Ok}chokapfz bkpc}k NMP kbbhvo}r hz ;;/6>& h }df ukzck}chor hjrfzufm co Rbcfobf pfz)

hzikobf/

Mk}k rffi }h comcbk}f }dk} }dfzf cr ko coufzrf zfak}chordcp jf}~ffo }df afkzocon h

Rbcfobf kom cobhif mcr}zcjv}cho cof{vkac}cfr/ Co kb}! }df Ncoc Comft kbbhvo}r hz 20/54&

h }df ok}choka ifko ukzckobfr hjrfzufm co Rbcfobf pfzhzikobf/


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R}vmfo} kbdcfufifo} co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko6:

bhvo}zs/ Mvf }h }df vokukcakjcac}s h zfafuko} mk}k! Bvjk kom }df Iftcbko R}k}f h Ovfuh

Afho dkuf oh} jffo cobavmfm co }dcr kokasrcr/

Mk}k bhozi }df ftcr}fobf h k phrc}cuf bhzzfak}cho jf}~ffo }df kufzknf rbhzfr h

k ncufo bhvo}zs kom c}r pfz bkpc}k NMP/ Dh~fufz! ikos bhvo}zcfr hj}kco zfrva}r jfshom

~dk} }dfcz co}fzoka pzhmvb}cho ~hvam dkuf pzfmcb}fm! ~dcbd comcbk}fr }dk} ~dcaf zfrhvzb)

fr kzf ciphz}ko} }dfs kzf oh} }df hoas kb}hzr }dk} mf}fzicof r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf/

Bhvo}zs js bhvo}zs kokasrcr h kufzknf pfzhzikobf ufzrvr }df Ncoc Comft! rdh~r ko

f{vkaas rcnocbko} jv} coufzrf zfak}cho/ Co h}dfz ~hzmr! }df dcndfz }df cobhif mcr}zcjv)

}cho cof{vkac}s }df ah~fz }df kufzknf r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf ftdcjc}fm js Ak}co Kifzcbko

kom Bkzcjjfko r}vmfo}r/

# R}vmfo} nfomfz kr ko cikb} ho RFZBFr zfrva}r

Bhorcr}fo} ~c}d h}dfz r}vmcfr ho nfomfz)jkrfm r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf! }df pzfrfo}

R}vms bhzzhjhzk}fr mcfzfobfr co ihr} bhvo}zcfr kuhvzcon nczar co Zfkmcon kom jhsr co

Ik}dfik}cbr/ Ftbfp}chor bko jf hvom co }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb kom Bvjk ~dfzf nczar

hv}pfzhzi jhsr co ]dczm Nzkmf kom Rct}d Nzkmf Ik}dfik}cbr/ Co }fzir h Rbcfobf! hvz

pkz}cbcpk}con bhvo}zcfr rdh~ mcfzfobfr rgf~fm co kuhvz h jhsr! ~dcaf co }df zfikco)

con rct bhvo}zcfr oh rcnocbko} nfomfz)jkrfm mcfzfobfr kzf fucmfo}/

b# Rbhha ahbk}cho covfobfr r}vmfo} kbcfufifo}

^c}dco }df zfncho! }df ahbk}cho h rbdhhar cr karh zfrphorcjaf hz nfofzk}con mcfz)

fobfr co r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf/ Co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko! zvzka rbdhha jhsr

kom nczar rdh~ ah~fz afufar h pfzhzikobf ~dfo bhipkzfm }h }dfcz vzjko rbdhha bhvo)

}fzpkz}r/

]dfrf cof{vkac}cfr jfbhif rdkzpfz co rhif bhvo}zcfr/ ]df nzfk}fr} mcfzfobfr co

pfzhzikobf kuhzcon vzjko rbdhha r}vmfo}r co jh}d kzfkr kom nzkmfr rvzufsfm bko

jf hvom co Pfzv! ~dcaf }df rikaafr} mcfzfobfr k}}zcjv}kjaf }h }df nfhnzkpdcb ahbk}cho

h rbdhhar ~fzf fucmfo} co }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb kom Bvjk/ Co }fzir h Rbcfobf! }dfnzfk}fr} cof{vkac}cfr zfak}fm }h ahbk}cho kzf hvom co Fa Rkaukmhz kom Pkokik/ Bhoufzrf)

as! Pfzv kom }df Mhicocbko Zfpvjacb! rdh~ }df rikaafr} mcfzfobfr/

Ko kokasrcr h r}vmfo} mcr}zcjv}cho js pfzhzikobf afufar bhzzhjhzk}fr }df ftcr}fobf

h }dfrf nkpr/ ]dfzf kzf bafkz mcfzfobfr! jh}d k} }df zfnchoka afufa kom ~c}dco }df

bhvo}zcfr! zfak}cuf }h }df pfzbfo}knf h r}vmfo}r hbbvpscon fkbd h }dfrf pfzhzikobf

afufar }dk} mfpfom kaihr} ftbavrcufas ho ~df}dfz }df r}vmfo} cr k}}fomcon ko vzjko hz

zvzka rbdhha/ Ihzfhufz! co vzjko rbdhhar! pfzhzikobf mcr}zcjv}cho rffir }h dkuf rdc}fm

}h }df oft} vppfz afufa! ucr))ucr zvzka rbdhhar/ Kr k zfrva}! }df pfzbfo}knf h r}vmfo}rpfzhzicon k} Afufar CC! CC kom CU cr rsr}fik}cbkaas dcndfz co vzjko rbdhhar! ~dcaf k} }df

ah~fz afufar $C kom jfah~ C# }dfzf cr k akznfz pfzbfo}knf h zvzka r}vmfo}r zfpzfrfo}fm/


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]df rbdhha mhfr ikgf k mcfzfobf

Co ~dk} vomhvj}fmas bhor}c}v}fr ko fobhvzkncon ifrrknf }h kaa fmvbk}cho rsr}fir! RFZBF

dkr jffo kjaf }h bhzzhjhzk}f }dzhvnd c}r r}vms h krrhbck}fm kb}hzr }dk} rbdhhar bko! co

kb}! bho}zcjv}f ciphz}ko}as }h r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf/ ^dcaf rhbch)fbhohicb kb}hzr kzf

goh~o }h dkuf k rcnocbko} ffb} ho pfzhzikobf! rbdhha)zfak}fm ukzckjafr bko dkuf k

rvjr}ko}cka cipkb} ho zfmvbcon }df afkzocon cof{vkac}cfr krrhbck}fm ~c}d rhbcka mcrpkzc)

}cfr/

Co acof ~c}d PFZBFr omconr!rbdhha bacik}f ~kr hvom }h jf }df rconaf ihr} ciphz)

}ko} ukzckjaf bhomc}chocon r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf/ Dfobf! nfofzk}con k zcfomas kom phrc}cuf

fouczhoifo} jkrfm ho iv}vka zfrpfb} jfbhifr ko frrfo}cka r}zk}fns }h hr}fz r}vmfo}afkzocon/

Kr k ~dhaf!rbdhha zfrhvzbfr ukzckjafr karh bho}zcjv}f phrc}cufas }h r}vmfo} pfzhzikobf/

^dcaf }df bho}zcjv}chor ikmf js rbdhha cozkr}zvb}vzf! kukcakjcac}s h jkrcb rfzucbfr! ovi)

jfz h jhhgr bhipzcrcon }df rbdhha acjzkzs! kom }df }fkbdcon ftpfzcfobf h fmvbk}hzr cr!

k} jfr}! ihmfr} ~dfo }kgfo comcucmvkaas! bhaafb}cufas }dfrf ukzckjafr zfpzfrfo} k ukavkjaf

dfap }h r}vmfo} afkzocon/ ]df gfs ifrrknf mfzcufm zhi }dcr omcon cr }dk} zfrhvzbfr kzf

comffm ofbfrrkzs }h mzcuf pfzhzikobf/

Rbdhha rfnzfnk}cho jkrfm ho }df r}vmfo}r rhbch)fbhohicb kom bva}vzka r}k}vr cr }df

rfbhom ihr} ciphz}ko} pfzhzikobf bhomc}chocon ukzckjaf/ Rfnzfnk}cho dkr jffo rdh~o }h

dkuf k r}zhonfz cipkb} ho Zfkmcon kr hpphrfm }h Ik}dfik}cbr kom Rbcfobf! kom ka}dhvnd

}dcr cr oh} ko fmvbk}choka ukzckjaf pfz rf! kos fhz}r kcifm k} zfmvbcon c} ~caa nzfk}as

coevfobf r}vmfo} afkzocon kom kbdcfufifo}/

Bafkzas! }df Rfbhom Zfnchoka Bhipkzk}cuf kom Ftpakok}hzs R}vms bhomvb}fm js }df

Ak}co Kifzcbko Akjhzk}hzs hz Krrfrrifo} h }df [vkac}s h Fmvbk}cho! dkr bho}zcjv}fm

ciphz}ko} cohzik}cho kom goh~afmnf }h cohzi }df mfbcrcho)ikgcon pzhbfrr co ik}}fzr

bhobfzocon rhbcka kom fmvbk}choka phacbcfr co Ak}co Kifzcbk kom }df Bkzcjjfko/ Fkbd h

}df bhvo}zcfr pkz}cbcpk}con co }df R}vms ivr} oh~ zf}zcfuf }df ikco afrrhor mfzcufm zhi

}dcr ciphz}ko} co{vczs/

unesco executive summary of 2006 education study (english)

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