unep 2011 annual report

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RIO

2012

STOCKH

OLM

1972

ANNUAL

REPORT

2011

United Nations Environment Programme


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To view current and past issues o the UNEP Annual Report online, please visit www.unep.org/annualreport

Published: February 2012

2012 United Nations Environment Programme

ISBN: 9789280732443

DCP/1492/NA

* All dollar $ amounts reer to US dollars.

* The term one billion in this report reers to one thousand million

* All World Wide Web addresses are prefixed http://

Cover Photo: Getty Images

ANNUAL REPORT 2011The mission o the United Nations Environment Programme is to provide leadership and encourage partnershipin caring or the environment by inspiring, inorming and enabling nations and peoples to improve their

quality o lie without compromising that o uture generations.

UNEP promotes

environmentally sound practices

globally and in its own activities. This

report is printed on paper rom sustainable

orests including recycled fbre. The paper is

chlorine ree and the inks vegetable-based.

Our distribution policy aims to reduce

UNEPs carbon ootprint.

This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form foreducational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright

holder provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate

receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this

publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever

without prior permission in writing from UNEP. The designation of geographical

entities in this report, and the presentation of the material herein, do not imply the

expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the publisher or the participating

organizations concerning the legal status of any country, territory or area, or of its

authorities, or concerning the delimination of its frontiers or boundaries.

Director of Publication: Nick Nuttall

Writer and Project Coordinator: Richard Crompton

Design and Layout: Amina Darani

Cover: Enid Ngaira

Produced by: UNEP Division of Communications and Public Information

Printed by: UNON/Publishing Section Services/Nairobi, ISO 14001:2004-certified


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02 Message rom the UN SecretaryGeneral

04 Introduction by the Executive Director

08

A tribute to Wangari Maathai

by the Deputy Executive Director

10Chapter 1:

2011: A year o transormation and progress

22Chapter 2:

Climate Change

34 Chapter 3:Disasters and Conlicts

44Chapter 4:

Environmental Governance

54Chapter 5:

Ecosystem Management

62Chapter 6:

Harmul Substances and Hazardous Waste

74Chapter 7:

Resource Eiciency

82Chapter 8:

UNEP in the UN

87 UNEP proiles

96 2011 UNEP publications

102Chapter 9:

Organizational Structure and Finance

107 UNEP senior sta 2011

108 UNEP Organogram

109 Index

112 Glossary

CONTENTS


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Addressing inequalities, overcoming poverty,

maintaining peace and building prosperity

or the entire human amily depend on

rejecting the old economics o heedless

pollution and the excessive exploitation o

the worlds natural capital.

The global population has reached 7 billion

people. In just five years, we will add another

hal billion people all needing ood, jobs,

security and opportunity. Environmental,

economic and social indicators tell us

that our current model o progress is

unsustainable. Ecosystems are under

stress. Economies are altering. We need to

chart a course that strengthens equality and

economic growth while protecting

our planet.

In less than six months, leaders rom

governments, business and civil society willmeet in Rio de Janeiro or the UN Conerence

on Sustainable Development. Rio+20 is a

onceinageneration opportunity to put

the world on a more sustainable path to

unep annual report 20112

MESSAGE FROM THEUNITED NATIONSSECRETARY-GENERAL

BAN KI-MOONUN SECRETARY-GENERAL


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expand on the blueprint provided by the 1992

Earth Summit and create the uture we want.

I expect UNEP to play a central role in helping

to deliver on the promise o Rio+20 by

continuing to provide the cuttingedge ideasthe world needs. UNEP is a pioneer o the green

economy, which is one o the themes o Rio+20.

It is also responsible or much o the science

on which a sustainable uture will be built

rom its involvement in the Intergovernmental

Panel on Climate Change to its own Global

Environment Outlook amily o assessment

reports. It is essential that we act on the science

o sustainability.

This Annual Report shows the ull range

o UNEPs work or environment and

development. It also illuminates how the UN

system as a whole is increasingly Delivering

as One with respect to sustainability. Anyoneinterested in making green economy and

sustainability principles an integral part o their

decision making will find this volume rich in

theory and practice. I commend it to a wide

global audience.

unep annual report 2011 3

MESSAGEFROMTHEUNITED

NATIONSSECRET

ARY-GENERAL

The global population has

reached 7 billion people

We need to chart a course

that strengthens equality

and economic growth while

protecting our planet.

UN


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INTRODUCTIONBY THE EXECUTIVE

DIRECTOR

ACHIM STEINERUNEP EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

Propelled by the global preparations or Rio+20,

set against the backdrop o the ongoing

economic and emerging employment crisis, 2011

marked a year o reflection and reengagement

on resh ways o scalingup and accelerating

sustainable development.

UNEP, through its Green Economy work

involving partners worldwide, provided to

the Rio+20 regional preparatory meetings

compelling analysis indicating investing two

per cent o global GDP in 10 key sectors o the

economy couldbacked by the right kinds o

creative policy switchesgrow economies and

generate jobs but in ways that keep humanitys

ootprint within ecological boundaries.

Indeed as the year closed, support or taking

orward the Green Economy in the context o

sustainable development and poverty eradication

at Rio+20 had gained traction across the vastmajority o member states.

The work also acted as a catalyst or improved

coordination within the United Nations System

in part via the Environmental Management

Group, which as UNEP Executive Director, I have

the honour to chair.

The EMGs two landmark reports in 2011one

on desertification and the other on the Green

Economyunderpinned a resh and evolving

determination o a One UN to put environmental

sustainability at the centre o its work. 2011 also

witnessed rapidly intensiying


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INTRODUC

TIONBYTHEEXECUTIVEDIRECTOR

debate among governments, civil society

and the private sector on the second major

theme o Rio+20an institutional ramework

or sustainable developmentwith UNEP

providing advice and support on the options

in respect to the international environmentalgovernance dimension.

The message rom the UNEP Governing Council

earlier in the year, and echoed through the

Rio+20 preparatory meetings, was that the

status quo is not an option.

The structures, architecture and deliverysystems ounded in a previous century need a

resh sense o realism and direction i the aims,

ambitions and opportunities o a new century

are to be realized.

In terms o strengthening UNEP as it stands

today, 2011 also marked a moment when many

o the reorm measures introduced in 2008really began to flourish.

An internal evaluation,

drafted in 2011, concludes that

out of 21 expected accomplishmentsin t he UNEP Programme of Work,

15 are fully achieved,5 part ially achievedand

The Multilateral Organization Perormance

Assessment Network MOPAN review was also

supportive o what UNEP has achieved so ar in

terms o, or example, resultsbased management

and project accomplishments.

This years annual report is also rich in cutting

edge assessments and projects, some o which

were launched several years ago but reached

completion or took on resh relevance in 2011.

Let me perhaps single out some o special

relevance and resonance or UNEP.

In August, we handed over the Environmental

Assessment o Ogoniland to Nigerian President

Goodluck Jonathanthe first report ever to

provide to the government and to the public

systematic and scientific evidence on the nature,

extent and impacts o oil contamination dating

back over hal a century.

We believe that the findings can catalyse not

only significant environmental and social

improvements in the region but a strategic

policy on how the oil industry there will

unction in a way that truly benefits the

lives and livelihoods o these communities

now and in the uture. The decoupling report

by the UNEPhosted International Resource

Panel estimated that the consumption o

natural resources will triple by 2050 to some

140 billion tonnes while highlighting some

countries that are starting to delink GDP

growth rom resource use.



At the World Summit on Sustainable

Development in 2002, nations demonstrated

orward-looking leadership and governance

by requesting UNEP to spearhead a broad

partnership to phase out lead in petrol across

the developing world.

In 2011 UNEP supported a peer-reviewed paper

by scientists on the value to the global economy

o the phase-out: the answer, annually over 1.2

million less premature deaths and savings o

$2.4 trillion a year in terms o reduced health

costs to declines in criminality.

In a sense this brings the work o UNEP in

2011 ull circle, back to the Green Economy

with its potential to deal with multiple

challenges and assist the international

community realize and implement sustainable

development while ullling the promise and

the intent o world leaders when they met in

Rio nearly 20 years ago.

The environmental changes that have

swept the planet over the last twenty years

were spotlighted in a new compilation o

statistical dataKeeping Track of our Changing

Environment: From Rio to Rio+20.

The worrying decline in bee colonies in many

parts o the world, and the links to agricultural

productivity in respect to lost pollination

services, was also brought into sharp ocus

through a UNEP-led assessment that highlighted

12 possible actors rom losses o owering

plants to insecticides and air pollution.

UNEPs two assessment reports on the health,

agricultural and climate benets o ast action

on short-lived climate orcers were also in

many ways special, building on over a decade's

worth o work on black carbon and other

non-CO2 pollutants.

They and the emissions gap report or theDurban climate conerence ofer additional

shining examples o how the organizations

science base is responding to new challenges

and resh opportunities or member states

alongside the maturing and evolving

partnerships being orged with research

centres world-wide.

Oten, when environmental proposals are

made, there can be those registering concern

that the costs may be high or heavyyet oten

environmental action can trigger cost savings,

innovation and technology leaps.


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International Children's Painting Competition on the Environment 2011

The theme o the competition was "Lie in the Forests".

Gloabl winner by Trisha Co Reyes 13 rom the Philippines.

www.unep.bayer.com/en/international-children_s-painting-competition.aspx




A TRIBUTE TOWANGARI MAATHAIIt was during the 1993 Vienna World Conerence

on Human Rights that I first met Wangari

Maathai. Our paths would cross many times in

the ollowing years.

She was a woman o great integrity, who set and

achieved high standards in all aspects o her lie.

Women today are striving to meet these kinds

o standards.

She was a trailblazer in so many ways:

becoming the first woman in East and Central

Arica to obtain a PhD and, in 2004, becoming

the first environmentalist to receive the Nobel

Peace Prize or, in the words o the Nobel

Committee, standing at the ront o the fight

to promote ecologically viable social, economic

and cultural development.

Throughout her work, she devoted just as muchtime to her role as a mother, bringing up her

children well.

So numerous were her achievements, I oten

wondered i she had more hours in the day than

the rest o us.

Wangari was the first to roll up her sleeves andget her hands dirty, whether or tree planting

or at demonstrations to ree political prisoners.

She was an unflinching champion o

democracy and was thorough, consistent and

unwavering in her belies and convictions.

AMINA M OHAMEDUNEP DEPUTY EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR


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For UNEP, she was an excellent partner who

never tired o supporting the organization'sideals, such as her copatronage o the Billion

Tree Campaign. She represented UNEP with

grace and conviction when requested.

Yet despite her heavy workload and long string

o commitments, you would never hear her

complain. Wangari took all the challenges o

her work in her stride. For her, nothing wasa burden.

Throughout her lie, people rom all

backgrounds would seek her counsel on issues

relating to the environment, development or

democracy. She always made time or them.

She is one o a small handul o individuals

whose legacy will truly be elt on local,

national and international scales. In Kenya, the

Greenbelt Movement she ounded continues

her work o championing womens rights and

the environment. The 30 million trees the

organization has planted to date across Arica

will stand tall in her memory.

Elsewhere in Arica, she championed the

continents tropical orests, calling or better

government management o natural resources,

such as in the Congo Basin.

The tributes that continue to be paid to her work

by presidents, prime ministers and other leadersare testament to the great impact she made

beyond her native Kenya.

Above all, Wangari will be remembered as

a great listener, an excellent teacher, a wise

counselor and a aithul riend.

TRIBUTET

OWANGARIMAATHAI

Ricardo Medina/ The Green Belt Movement


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2011 proved a landmark year in which many o the transormational reorms, launched in 2008,

really began to bear ruit in terms o a transition to a resultsbased, more efective and moreresponsive UNEP.

Strategies to increase regional stang and unding under the theme o strategic presence also

registered wins as did the move to restructure and integrate the institutions work with the Global

Environment Facility GEF, within UNEP's divisions.

Meanwhile, the analysis and policy options to realize a sustainable century through the lens o a

Green Economy, in the context o sustainable development and poverty eradication, gained almostuniversal support as preparations or Rio+20 in June 2012 entered into high gear.

As the debate and discussion on Rio+20s other key themean institutional ramework or

sustainable developmenttook of, member states including their representatives at the UN in

New York, increasingly looked to UNEP to provide expert advice on how such a ramework

might be evolved and structured, particularly in respect to the International Environmental

Governance dimension.

The science base was strengthened through more ocused convening and partnerships in areas

such as keeping the global environment under review. Emerging issues and climate research

blossomed in 2011 through processes including the developing o the state o the planet Global

Environment Outlook-5 report; cuttingedge climate studies such as Bridging the Gap and the

Foresight Process chaired by the UNEP chie scientist.


12011: A year o transormation

and progress

Corbis


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12011:AYEAROFTRANS

FORMATIONAND

PROGRESS


As UNEP enters 2012, governments and the

secretariat o the environment programme o

the UN can take credit or the act that 40 years

ater the Stockholm Conerence on the Human

Environment the organization has never been

better placed to meet the challenges and realizethe opportunities emerging our decades ater

its ounding.

It is also better equipped to meet the very real

economic challenges which have marked the

past three years due to the ongoing financial

and economic crisis, as a result o eciency

gains achieved in 2011, including among

others rationalizing stang levels in line with

government requests.

PERFORMANCEAn internal review completed in 2011 bythe new Oce or Operations in consultation

with the Committee o Permanent

Representatives has brought into sharp ocus

where important managerial improvements

have been made and the way orward

corporately as well as across the six sub

programmes that underpin UNEPs Programme

o Work PoW and its Medium Term Strategy

20102013.

Out o the 21 expected accomplishments

in the PoW, 15 have been ully achieved

including in respect to clean energy;

capacities to integrate ecosystem

management into development;

strengthening environmental law;

policy and control systems or harmul

substances, and stimulating demand orresource eciency.

Five expected accomplishments were

partially achieved including work on

climate adaptation, scientific knowledge

and outreach and seizing investment

opportunities or resource eciency.

One expected accomplishment was

insuciently met which was ecosystem

services and financing.

EXPECTED ACCOMPLISHMENTS


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Gender integration has also been scaledup

since the gender programme was introduced

in 2006.

Close to 75 projects now have gender

integrated in their activities or have

genderspecific activities.


UNEPs main delivery vehicles are projects:

in 2011 there were over 150 active ones.

The results o around 115 are already being

monitored through the new Programme

Inormation Management System PIMS.

Out o these 115 projects, just over 50, or45 per cent, are on track with some o the

best perorming in the climate change

and environmental governance portolios.

14, or 12 per cent, are partly on

track with several o these in the

disasters and conflicts and resource

eciency portolios.

46, or 40 per cent, are behind schedule

and thus the object o priority corrective

management actions during the course o

the biennium.

Marine Current Turbines

PROJECT PORTFOLIO DELIVERY


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PERFORMANCE:CLIMATE CHANGESupporting the UN Framework Conventions

processes and decisions has been one o the

core activities, as has building the capacity

o member states in areas ranging rom

technology needs, accessing carbon markets,science, strengthening the ability to participate

in the negotiations and outreach.

Over the biennium, UNEPs climate change

work has urther ocused on flagship areas

Ecosystem Based Adaptation; Clean Tech

Readiness and readiness or taking part in

Reduced Emissions rom Deorestation andForest Degradation REDD+ initiatives.

By 2011, UNEP was assisting 20 countries

to implement clean energy and energy

e cient policies and activities including

Argentina, Bangladesh and Vietnam

exceeding the indicator target by 4 and up

rom 8 in 2009.

In 2011, UNEP had mobilized over

$200 millionworth o clean energy

investments, up rom $100 million in 2009

and exceeding the indicator target.


Corbis

Total UNEP spending on t his

sub-programme was

$84 mil lionor just over

80 per centof t he allocation in 2010-2011



UN-REDDwhich involves UNEP, UNDP

and FAOhas expanded beyond Bolivia,

Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of

Congo and the other nine pilot countr ies to

provide support in over a dozen nations.

related web sites has grown from 45,000 in 2009 to close to 170,000 in

The number of UNEP climate assessments cited as being incorporated int o

development plans has climbed from 5 in 2009 to 12, slight ly falling shortof the indicator target of 14.

The number of countr ies now having concrete adaptation plans is 4

realism in terms of pin-point ing where UNEP has actually int ervened.

The African Carbon Asset Development Facility, founded by UNEP in 2009 and it s Risoe

government, had by 2011 approved over a dozen projects ranging from a cement fuel switching

project in Kenya to a solar l ighting one in Rwanda.

To date, over 70 high-quality project applications and expressions of interest have been submit ted

from 20 Afr ican countr ies including 14 Least Developed Countries to the Facilit y.

of Nationally Appropriate M it igation Actions, is supporting well over 30 developing countries

Funding mobilized for emissions cuts from land use and forestry including via the UNs capacity-

building and technical assistance programme Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest

Degradat ion (UN-REDD) was $150 mill ion in 2011, exceeding the $50 mil lion t arget and up from

$25 million in 2009.


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DISASTERSAND CONFLICTS

In 2011, UNEP continued to expand the deliveryo stateotheart assessments and fieldbased

capacity building and technical support covering

countries including Aghanistan and Haiti.

Total spending was $36 million or 95 per cent o

the 20102011 allocation.

The amount o international unding

pledged to UNEP or activities in which the

environment is used to reduce conflict and

disaster risk totalled just under $10 million

in 2011, up rom $2.6 million in 2009an

increase o over 250 per cent.

UNEP is assisting 16 countries o which 12

have adopted policies to mitigate postconflictand postdisaster environmental risks

this amounts to 75 per cent o the 16

countries concerned, 15 per cent below the

indicator target.

The percentage o interagency post crisis

needs assessments and early recovery plans

actoring in and pricing environmentaldamage has grown rom 75 per cent to

100 per cent, 10 per cent more than the

target indicator.

The Environment and Security Initiative, a broad

partnership to which UNEP is the secretariat,

is also assisting 20 countries in the broader

European region, including Central Asia.

Total unding between 20102011 was around

$8.7 million

ECOSYSTEMMANAGEMENT

Mainstreaming the ecosystem approach intonational planning and budgets through UNEP

projects and building on some o the pioneering

work o the UNEPhosted project, The Economics o

Ecosystems and Biodiversity, proved one o the more

challenging exercises or UNEP in 20102011.

Indicator targets set in areas such as ecosystem

services and financing may have, in hindsight,

been overambitious and several key projects in the

subprogramme also sufered rom a lack o unding.

Total expenditure or ecosystem management in

20102011 was $66 million or just over 90 per cent o

the allocation.

UNEP asssted in increasing the number

o national development plans integrating

ecosystem services as an important

component to 14 in 2011exceeding the

indicator target by 4.

The number o countries with assessment

capabilities to identiy changes in ecosystem

services has grown rom 25 in 2009 to 29 in

2011, two short o the indicator target.

The goal o assisting six countries to actor

priority ecosystem services into medium term

budget allocations was insu ciently met with

only one country achieving this.

the Consolidated Appeal Process in South Sudan

of UNEPs support .

UNEP has screened over 820 projectsin Sudan and provided guidance to t he

UN system on over 480in order to mit igateenvironmental impacts.


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ENVIRONMENTALGOVERNANCEAreas such as assisting governments to

achieve their environmental goals;

incorporating the environment into UN

Development Assistance Frameworks UNDAFs;

supporting the work o the Multilateral

Environment Agreements MEAs and

boosting coherence; and a One UN approach

in respect to the environment, met and in

many cases exceeded the indicator targets set

by the institution.


The evolving role and increasing relevance and effectiveness of t he UNs Environmental

Global Drylands aimed

and the other, Work ing Towards a Balanced and Inclusive Green Economy.

Total expenditure was$95 mill ionor over 90 per cent of the2010-2011 allocation.

The number of envir onmental policy issues tar geted by UNEP that are now

addressed in a complementary manner by other UN ent it ies and MEAs rose from 6

in 2009 t o 10 exceeding the target for 2011 by 2.

The number of policies and legislative act ions draf ted by governments as a result

of UNEP support rose fr om 12 in 2009 to 24 in 2011 8 more than thetarget indicator.

The number of inter national organizations, operating sub- regionally, regionally or

globally, applying UNEP guidance has climbed fr om 10 in 2009 to 16.

By 2011,50 countr ies requested support fr om UNEP with national developmentplans that include envir onmental sustainabilit y up from 18 in 2009.

17countr ies have included environmental sustainabilit y in t heir developmentpolicies wt h support fr om the Povert y and Envir onment Initiative and the numberof UNDAFs incor porating envir onmental issues in count r ies where UNEP has

14 more than the target indicator and30 more than in 2009.


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HARMFULSUBSTANCESAND HAZARDOUS

WASTEThe strong perormance o the subprogramme

is evidenced by the increasing number o

countries engaging in the various chemicals

and waste MEAsnotably the Stockholm,

Rotterdam and Basel conventionsas well as

in the Strategic Approach to International

Chemicals Management.

Meanwhile, the wide range o guidance and

tools relating to harmul substances and

hazardous wastes that have been successully

prepared and deployed by UNEP and its

partners resulted in multiple requests or urther

assistance and support.

Total expenditure was $52 million or

100 per cent o the 20102011 allocation.

By 2011, the number o countries and

businesses which have strengthened their

ability to better manage chemicals and

hazardous wastes through the SAICMreporting process stood at 162, 92 more

than in 2009 and more than 60 above the

target indicator.

Over 140 projects in 103 countries have

been approved or unding under the

SAICM Quick Start programme, up rom

75 in 2009 and over 40 more than the

target indicator or 2011.

Nearly 50 countries have adopted

incentives and other marketbased

policies to promote environmentally

riendly products and processes that

reduce releases o and exposure to harmul

chemicals and hazardous wastesup rom

just over 30 in 2009.

The number o governments and other

stakeholders applying UNEP policy advice,

guidelines and tools rose to just under 100 in

2011, up rom 50 in 2009 and well above the

indicator target.

By 2011, 10 additional hazardous substances

were put on the international chemicals

agenda against an indicator target o 3.

RESOURCEEFFICIENCYThe Resource Eciency and Sustainable

Consumption and Production subprogramme

made good progress on mainstreaming resource

eciency, including sustainable consumption

and the Green Economy. Good progress was

made in working with business and the financial

community and in promoting the liecycleapproach including capacitybuilding work

on ecolabelling.

The International Resource Panel launched

two assessment reports, one on decoupling

natural resource use and environmental impacts

rom economic growth; and one on recycling

rates o metals.

At a global level, the consensus reached on a

10 year Framework o Programmes on Sustainable

Consumption and Production during CSD 19

though not ormally adoptedis the result o

UNEP and partners eforts that have worked or



global recognition o sustainable consumption

and production practices as an objective or

sustainable development.

Total expendit ure was

$59 mil lion or 97 per centof t he 2010-2011 allocation.

The number of nati onal and local governments

support ed to adopt policies, regulat ions, or

economic instruments promot ing resource

production was46, exceeding thetarget of 20

The number o businesses supported in

adopting resourcee cient management

practises was 330, exceeding the target o 300.

30 governments exceeding the target and

216 largescale businesses more than double

the target were supported to make investments

and are adapting technologies avouring

resource e ciency or sustainable productionand consumption.

The number o national cleaner production

centres adding the business case or

resource e ciency and / or sustainable

consumption and production to their portolio

o activities and advisory services was 14, one

short o the target.

17 national and local governments exceeding

the target o 15 and 242 businesses ar

exceeding the target o 100 have adopted

regulations, economic instruments or voluntary

measures influencing customer purchases.

UNEP GEF

RESTRUCTURINGUNEPs Division o the Global Environment

Facility DGEF was disbanded at the

beginning o 2011 as part o a key reorm

aimed at mainstreaming, anchoring and

making the institutions GEFunded activities

more relevant and responsive to UNEPs

overall activities.

The decision is already delivering positive

results, improved perormance and positively

changing the way UNEP works.

By the end o 2011, 60 per cent or nearly

$96 million o the $170 millionworth o

projects submitted to the GEF or supportwere blended with UNEPs cross divisional

activities a rise rom an average o around

11 per cent over previous years.

12 staf rom across UNEPs divisions

are now collaborating with GEF staf

in order to prepare projects in areas

rom disasters and conflicts to

chemicals and access and benefit

sharing o genetic resources.

The ormer Directorate o the

DGEF consisted o 11 staf: the

new GEF Coordination O ce

employs seven which represents a36 per cent reduction.

In 2011 several key UNEP/GEF unded

projects were completed.


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12011:

AYEAROFTRANS

FORMATIONANDPROGRESS


Water unds or improved management

o ecosystems have been established

between communities and municipalities

in Latin America.

In partnership with the GLOBE

International Commission, a capacity

building project has led to increased

commitment to legislative change among

parliamentarians in 40 countries in

respect to global environmental issues.

A project in the Bahamas has increasedmarine protected areas including the new

Westside National Park by 250 per cent

to over 550,000 hectares in support o

global targets under the Convention on

Biological Diversity.

The Arica Cogeneration project, aUNEP and Arican Development Bank

initiative, has made investments worth

close to $21 million and realized over

20 Megawatts o cogeneration.

SCIENCE

THE FORESIGHTPROCESS:21 EMERGING ISSUES

FOR THE 21ST CENTURYIn 2011, UNEP undertook a significant

consultative exercise to more comprehensively

identiy and rank areas o likely uture

environmental change and ones which need to

be firmly on the radar o policymakers.

The Foresight Process brought together a panel

o 22 distinguished scientists drawn rom

developed and developing countries to review an

initial list o 95 emerging issues.

The process was inormed by experts withinUNEP and close to 430 external scientists who

responded to a questionnaire.

The 21 issues identified and rated by the Panel

will now inorm UNEPs current and uture PoW.

They include:

Aligning governance to the challenges o

global sustainability.

New challenges or ensuring ood saety

and ood security or 9 billion people.

Managing the unintended consequenceso climate change mitigation and

adaptation.

The new rush or land: responding to new

national and international pressures.

Solving the impending scarcity o strategicminerals and avoiding electronic waste.

The decommissioning o nuclear reactors

and their environmental consequences.

Coping with migration caused by new

aspects o environmental change.

Consequences o glacier retreat: economic

and social impacts.

www.unep.org/publications/ebooks/

ForesightReport/



STRATEGICPRESENCEEVOLVING UNEP DELIVERYIN THE REGIONS

Significant progress has been made in realizing

the strategic presence policy adopted in 2009.

The financial and human resources o the

UNEP regional and country o ces have

been increased in order to assist regions

and countries in areas such as enhanced

capacitybuilding and technology support;

execution o projects including ones supported

by GEF and implementation o MEA policies,

targets and timetables.

The strategic presence policy has also assisted

UNEP make important strides in building

One UNEP and the UNs Delivering as Onethrough or example working with a wider

number o UN Country teams and contributing

to UNDAFs.

In 20082009, the number o staf working

in the regions stood at 240,

up 22 per cent rom 20062007.

By the end o 2011, that number had

increased to close to 260a urther

rise o 8 per cent.

The largest increase in sta ng numbers,

achieved mainly through outposting rom the

centralized divisions, has occurred in Arica, AsiaPacific and Latin America and the Caribbean.

Since 2006 the funding rom the

Environment Fund to the regional o ces,

excluding staf costs, has grown rom $10

million to around $15 million in 2011.

Over the same period, extra budgetary

allocations have climbed by around a

third rom just under $40 million to over

$60 million.

HUM AN RESOURCES :

+32 per centOverall regional human resource increase

+30 per cent

4 to 45Increase in number of professional out -posted

staff fr om Divisions

+20 per centProfessional project staff increase:

14

Support staff increase:

+7 per cent

+17 per centfor out posted support staff


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12011:

AYEAROFTRANS

FORMATIONANDPROGRESS


PERFORMANCE

THE INDEPENDENTMOPAN REVIEWIn 2011, the Multilateral Organization

Perormance Assessment Network MOPAN,

led by Switzerland and the UK, assessed

UNEP based on inormation collected at

its headquarters and in eight countries:

Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Ecuador,

Nepal, Peru, and Tanzania.

The survey targeted UNEPs direct partners,

peer organizations and MOPAN donors based

incountry and at headquarters.

SOME KEY MOPAN FINDINGS

UNEP has made considerable progress inbecoming a more results-orientedorganization.

UNEPs new matrix management approach also

provides a more coherent and resultsoriented

approach to programming.

UNEP was rated highly or mainstreaming

environmental governance and integratinggender equality as thematic priorities in to

policies, projects and programmes.

UNEP is highly valued by its stakeholders or

its contributions to policy dialogue, its respect

or partner views and perspectives and its

significant inluence on environmental policies.

UNEPs Programme Perormance Reports

present generally clear inormation on

progress toward expected accomplishments

but UNEP needs to strengthen the use o

perormance inormation.

The organization could strengthen and make

more evident its process or resource allocation.

UNEP has developed a partnership strategy to

institutionalize and enhance its engagement

and collaboration with partners.

It manages relationships with a complex

array o partners: governments; businesses

and industries, academic and research

institutions, local authorities, parliamentarians,

international nongovernmental organizations,and intergovernmental organizations, including

UN agencies.

UNEPs Evaluation O ce works independently

rom programmatic divisions and meets UN

norms and standards or independence. It has

also established acceptable approaches to

ensure the quality o evaluations.

Many stakeholders agree that UNEP ofers

a global reerence point on a wide range o

critical environmental issues o concern or the

international community and commended the

organization or the way it uses its normative

role and related scientiic expertise.

UNEP has integrated a ocus on human well-

being in a number o initiatives such as its

Green Economy Initiative and the Poverty and

Environment Initiative. However, there is no

evidence o a wider programmatic approach or

organizational policy in this area.

Many respondents mentioned UNEPs

contributions to policy dialogue and its

significant influence on environmental

policies. Its contributions to policy dialogue

also received the highest score o all key

perormance indicators in the survey.


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2 ADDRESSING THE CLIMATECHANGE CHALLENGEThe climate change subprogramme ocuses onstrengthening the ability o countries, particularlydeveloping countries, to integrate climate change responses

into national development processes.

RESULTS TARGETEDMitigating Climate Change

UNEP supports countries in making sound policy, technology

and investment choices that lead to greenhouse gas emission

reductions, with a ocus on scaling-up clean and renewable

energy sources, energy eiciency and energy conservation.

Reducing Emissions rom Deorestation and Forest

Degradation (REDD)

UNEP supports developing countries to reduce

emissions rom deorestation and degradation throughthe development o REDD+ strategies, including the

consideration o parallel beneits such as biodiversity

and livelihoods. UN-REDD is the vehicle or this initiative,

in partnership with the United Nations Development

Programme (UNDP) and the Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO).


CLIMATE CHANGE

TOTAL EXPENDITURE 2011

CLIM ATE CHANGE

$50,965,000

000s

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2CLIMATECHANGE


Adapting to Climate Change

UNEP assists countries reduce their vulnerability

and use ecosystem services to build natural

resilience against the impacts o climate change.

Enhancing scientiic knowledgeand communication

UNEP works to improve understanding o climate

change science and raise awareness o the

impacts o climate change among policy-makers

and the public.

2011THE YEAR INCLIMATE CHANGE

The findings o the twopart study, REDDy

Set Grow: Opportunities and Roles

o Financial Institutions in Forest-Carbon

Markets, stressed that the financial sectormust step up its engagement in the

emerging green market, and made the case

or its improved regulation to acilitate

this, as well as calling or Forestrybased

Carbon Markets.

UNEP released a Guide or Practitioners on

Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation

into Development Planning. Drawing

on experience and lessons learned by

the UNEPUNDP PovertyEnvironment

Initiative, the guide provides practical

guidance on how governments and

other national agencies can mainstream

climate change adaptation into nationaldevelopment planning.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, established by UNEP and WMO,

launched its Special Report on Renewable

Energy Sources and Climate Change

Mitigation (SRREN). The report indicated

that under the most optimistic scenario

close to 80 per cent o the world's energy

supply could be met by renewables

by midcentury i backed by the right

enabling public policies.

A UNEPWorld Meteorological

Organization report Integrated

Assessment o Black Carbon and

Tropospheric Ozone, launched in

midJune, revealed that ast action on

pollutants such as black carbon and

methane may help limit near termglobal temperature rise and significantly

increase the chances o keeping

temperature rise below 2 Celsius, and

perhaps even 1.5 degrees.

Under the Caring or Climate initiative,

UNEP, UN Global Compact, Oxam and

the World Resources Institute launched ajoint report entitled Adapting or a Green

Economy: Companies, Communities

and Climate Change, highlighting the

importance o climate change adaptation

to companies and identiying how

climate adaptation ofers competitive

advantages to businesses worldwide. With

nearly 400 signatories, Caring or Climate

is the worlds largest voluntary business

and climate initiative.

In the run up to the UN climate convention

in Durban, South Arica, UNEP launched

the report HFCs: A Critical Link in Protecting

Climate and the Ozone Layer. The reportprojects that by 2050 HFCs could be

responsible or emissions equivalent

to 3.5 to 8.8 Gigatonnes Gt o carbon

dioxide Gt CO2eq comparable to total

current annual emissions rom transport,

estimated at around 67 Gt annually.



The report Bridging the Emissions Gap

was launched in the run up to Durban and

became an important reerence point or

the negotiations. It showed that cuttingemissions by 2020 to a level that could

keep a global, 21st century, temperature

rise under 2 Celsius is technologically

and economically easible, but that

current pledges and ambitions let a gap

o 6 to 11 gigatonnes. Accelerated uptake

o renewable energy, uel switching and

energy e ciency improvements candeliver a large slice o the necessary

cuts. Other measures include sectoral

improvements ranging rom increased

penetration o public transport and

more uele cient vehicles to ones in

areas, such as, agriculture and waste

management. The report cites aviation

and shipping as a special but importantcase, as currently these international

emissions all outside the Kyoto

Protocolthe emission reduction treaty.

The report Actions or Controlling

Short-Term Climate Forcers was the

last preCOP17 report to be launched.

It presented a package o 16 measures

which could, i ully implemented across

the globe, save close to 2.5 million lives

a year; avoid crop losses amounting to

32 million tonnes annually and deliver

nearterm climate protection o about hal

a degree C by 2040.

During the Durban Climate meeting,

UNEP launched Women at the Frontline

o Climate Change. According to the

report, women, particularly those living

in mountain regions in developing

countries, are acing disproportionately

high risks to their livelihoods and health

rom climate change, as well as associated

risks such as human tra cking.

The Durban climate talks ended with hope

or a new more comprehensive legally

binding agreement. Several important

steps orward were agreed on including an

agreement to negotiate a new and more

inclusive treaty and the establishment o

a Green Climate Fund. The outcome inDurban however has let the world with

some serious and urgent challenges i a

global temperature rise is to be kept under

2 Celsius in the 21st century.

UNEP successully set up climate change

networks in SE Asia and Latin America

and the Caribbean, with work under wayto launch similar networks in Arica and

West Asia. The Southeast Asia Network o

Climate Change Focal Points SEAN-CC

will improve the development and

exchange o knowledge among experts

and proessionals in members o the

ASEAN regional group. The Regional

Gateway or Technology Transer and

Climate Change Action in Latin America

and the Caribbean REGATTA aims to

improve efectiveness and cooperation in

existing networks in the region.

In association with the Frankurt School o

Finance & Management, UNEP launcheda new Collaborating Centre or Climate &

Sustainable Energy Finance. Its goal is to

work with financial institutions to develop

costefective ways to reduce energy

related carbon emissions through access

to energy investments and markets.


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2CLIMATECHANGE

CLIMATE CHANGEHIGHS AND LOWS

PERUIts oten sealevel communities who are seen as

the most threatened by climate change.

But those at altitude are at risk too. Indeed, it is

at the extremes o human settlement that the

first indications o how climate change afects

peoples lives are being elt.

Peru will have increased temperatures, reduced

rainall, rising sea levels and increased requencyo extreme weather due to climate change.

In Peru, UNEP is working with UNDP, FAO and

PAHO/WHO to monitor and mitigate the efects

o climate change among the communities o

the High Andes.


Part o this involves helping communities to

work together. A series o Municipal

Environmental Commissions MECs have

been created to harmonise local environmental

policies and to promote dialogue andcooperation between public, private and civil

society on environmental issues.

UNEP has been involved in training the MECs,

and also in running workshops on socio

environmental conflicts. Where communities,

land and resources come under threat rom

climate change, the danger o conflict isnever ar away. In the Andes, the issue is

complicated by the presence o ormal and

inormal mining. UNEP helped develop a

training guide and ran a series o workshops

on mediation and conflict resolution to provide

communities the skills and resources to head of

problems beore they arise.

While local issues such as orest fires

and overgrazing remain the most visible

environmental challenges in the Andes,

climate change is never ar away. UNEP

trained educators have been addressing local

populations though drama productions,

schools outreach and urther education

programmes2011 saw the graduation o the

second year o the UNEPdesigned Diploma

in Adaptation to Climate Change and Adaptive

Management o Environmental Resources in

High Mountain Areas, with 30 students

awarded their diplomas.

Monitoring the efects o climate changeis another vital part o UNEPs work in the

High Andes. UNEP has been advising the

Peruvian government on their acquisition

and management o two meteorological

stations and working to ensure the widespread

dissemination o the data gathered.

Cinthia Soto



ECOSYSTEM-BASED ADAPTATION

These projects will now be complemented by

the UNEP, UNDP and IUCN ecosystembased

adaptation programme in Peru. Warming in theAndes is damaging high mountain ecosystems,

including the drying o wetlands and the

disappearance o snowcapped terrain.

Many Andean glaciers are retreating, and this

could seriously afect seasonal water flows and

the availability o water or human consumption,

hydropower, and agriculture.

The UNEP collaborating project is promoting

improved natural resource and arming

management to help people and ecosystems

to adapt.

CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION IN

MOUNTAIN REGIONS

Under a major part nership programme on Ecosystem

Based Adapt at ion in Mount ain Ecosystems, UNEP

is helping to improve understanding and build t he

resilience and int egri t y of mountain ecosystems in

Nepal, Peru and Uganda. The project is a joint effort

of UNEP, UNDP and IUCN and is support ed by t he

government of Germany. The successful part nership is

now being expanded into ot her countr ies and regions.

UNEP, in par tnership w it h t he EU, also complet ed

two successful projects in t he Alps. Work ing across

nat ional borders, Climate Change and Spat ial Planning

in the Alpine Space (CLISP) and Climate Change and

Touri sm in t he Alpine Space (ClimAlpTour) bot h

aimed to bring together nat ional and regional

government s and stakeholders to address t he risks ofclimate change.

The lessons learned f rom t hese project s wi ll be shared

wi th other mountain regions.

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29/116

2CLIMATECHANGE

proved costly and they consumed ossil

uel, resulting in the emission o more

greenhouse gases.

The Climate Change & Development Adapting by Reducing Vulnerability

Programme (CC DARE) project is a collaboration

between UNEP, UNDP, and the government

o Denmark, with involvement rom UNICEF,

WMO, national governments, NGOs and civil

society organizations.

CC DARE, in collaboration with the Danish

International Development Agency DANIDA,

piloted a rainwater harvesting project at eight

schools. The resultant water bill savings have

been reinvested in education. Meanwhile, the

success o the project has provided a template

or new building design. The government o the

Seychelles has decided to integrate rainwaterharvesting into the national building code. This

recognition through legislation is a testament

that small but welltimed and targeted

interventions can have significant impact: an

important aspect in the transition rom practical

demonstration to arreaching policy actions.


SEYCHELLES

From the heights o the Alps and the Andes, to

the lowlying islands o the Indian Ocean, the

Seychelles have been identified as particularly at

risk rom rising sea levels. But its a lack, rather

than an abundance o water, which is one o

the Republics most pressing concerns. The

archipelago o over 100 islands has experienced

changes in rainall patterns over recent years,

with short periods o heavy rainall punctuated

by long, severe dry seasons. Drought hasbecome a regular occurrence, especially with a

rise in urbanisation and population growth.

Various solutions have been tried, such as

increased reservoir capacity and the use o

desalination plants. But these, in particular,

Corbis

PRESIDENTJAMES ALIXMICHEL

PRESIDENT OFTHE REPUBLIC OFTHE SEYCHELLES

This UNEP/UNDP CC DARE is a worthwhile

project which I fully endorsed. It is the way

forward. If we all do our part in harvesting

rainwater and are serious about i t, we could

all contribute to alleviating the serious

shortages we face in the dry season.


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PROMOTING LOW CARBONTRANSPORT IN

INDIAIndia is currently the ourth largest greenhouse

gas GHG emitter in the world, with its

transport sector being the second largestcontributor o CO

2emissions. The sector

also exacerbates road congestion, local air

pollution, noise and accidents, particularly

in urban areas.

UNEP and partners in India have embarked

on a new initiative to support a low carbon

transport pathway in India. The threeyear

2.49 million Euro project is unded under

the International Climate Initiative o the

German Government, and is designed in

support o Indias National Climate

Action Plan.

The expected outcome o the threeyear project

will be the creation o a National Transport

Action Plan or India; specific LowCarbon

Mobility Plans or up to our cities; and the

development o an inormation sharing and

coordination website.

The greatest challenges in the transport sector

are establishing the right policy ramework,

legal and regulatory aspects, inrastructure

and services to manage the growing demand

or mobility, while reducing negative impacts

locally and globally. As in the case o India,

interventions such as enhancing public

transport and nonmotorised transport systemsrequire surmounting institutional, financial and

social barriers. This project will help improve

the understanding and enhance institutional

capacity or charting a sustainable lowcarbon

transport development and provide a ramework

or similar interventions in other countries.

UNEP


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2CLIMATECHANGE


UN-REDDUNREDD is a Collaborative Programme

between the FAO, UNDP and UNEP on Reducing

Emissions rom Deorestation and Forest

Degradation in Developing Countries.

Having grown to over $100 million in unding,

the UNREDD Programme has not only been

a model o interagency collaboration and UNDelivering as One but it has also surpassed its

original direct support to 9 countries to

14 countries and now has an additional

21 partner countries that benefit rom work at

the global level. At the international level, the

UNREDD Programme seeks to build consensus

and knowledge about REDD+ and raise

awareness about the importance o including

a REDD+ mechanism in a post2012 climate

change agreement. The UNREDD Programme

is undertaking a variety o activities rom

awareness raising to capacity building to ensure

that countries are ready or REDD+ and that

more unding becomes available as the demand

or REDD+ Readiness support continues

to increase. UNEP's contributions towards

realising REDD+ as an opportunity to

simultaneously combat emissions, spurdevelopment and secure conservation is

helping countries like Indonesia, the DRC and

Panama, to name just three, identiy means

to saeguard these multiple benefits, and turn

them into opportunities or a

green economy.

In the Democratic Republic o Congo, a highlevel meeting in November, supported by

UNREDD and UNEP, has come to a similar

conclusion about REDD+ and development,

based on the ongoing work by the UNREDD

Programme. UNEP, through the UNREDD

Programme launched a policy brie in late

November titled "REDD+ and a Green Economy:

Opportunities or a mutually supportiverelationship," which has resonated positively

with Parties at the recently concluded UNFCCC

COP 17. In this regard, Indonesia and Norway

acknowledged the importance o linking REDD+

to the green economy and UNEP's contributions

to this. The UNREDD Programme also worked

to ensure that its activities contribute efectively

to promoting social and environmental benefits

and minimise potential risk rom REDD+. To

this end, a set o Social and Environmental

Principles and Criteria SEPC are being

developed. Broad consultations on the drat

have included engagement with the Convention

on Biological Diversitys regional workshops on

REDD+ saeguards and consultations at nationallevel. The latest version is currently open or

public consultation. These outcomes are now

a concrete ocus o work with Indonesia and

the Democratic Republic o Congo, as well as

work that is commencing in a number o

other countries.

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REDD+ IN

INDONESIA

Indonesia is at the oreront o international

eforts to develop REDD+ as a viable opportunity

or climate change mitigation and sustainable

development particularly in the countrysKalimantan region.

Significant areas o Kalimantans orests have

been cleared or cash crops such as cofee

and palm oil. But ongoing research led by the

National REDD+ Task Force in partnership


with the United Nations, supported by UNEP

and other stakeholders, indicates that this is

coming at a cost to other productive sectors

such as mining, fisheries and the livelihoods o

local people as well as challenging Indonesias

biodiversity including the iconic orangutan. As

part o its REDD+ Programme, Indonesia plans

to plant palm oil and other crops on degraded

lands rather than clearing virgin orest.

Overall the REDD+ unding, backed by

smart public policies and both direct oreign

investment and private sector unding, shouldassist Indonesia in its stated aims o realizing

7 per cent GDP growth per annum by 2014;

reducing unemployment to between 5 and 6

per cent and achieving a 2641 per cent

reduction in the emissions o greenhouse gases

by 2020. UNEP and other UN agencies have

been requested to advise on a number o areas

or intervention in Kalimantan, that would helprealize multiple benefits rom REDD+ or these

stated goals.

The Heart o Borneo project, supported by the

World Wildlie Fund WWF, aims to protect

biodiversity by creating a network o protected

orest areas.

DR. KUNTOROMANGKUSUBROTO

HEAD OF THE PRESIDENTS DELIVERY UNIT FORDEVELOPMENT MONITORING AND OVERSIGHTAND THE CHAIR OF THE NATIONAL REDD+ TASK

FORCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

A green economy t ranstion is worth pursuing

not only because it is the best way forward,

but also for what i t does to bring millions

of people out of poverty while conserving

their ecosystems, improving their lives and

enhancing their livelihood opportunities.

CARBON BENEFITS PROJECT

Measurement and Moni toring has developed a set ofint ervent ions. The online tools are designed to est imate

emissions under present and alt ernat ive management,and measure and monit or carbon changes under

The approach allows for large area landscapeassessments of above and below ground carbon f or plansto mit igate climat e change thr ough REDD policies.


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2CLIMATECHANGE

COOLING THE USE OF

HCFCsChina is the largest producer and consumer

o Hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs, whichare used as a coolant, solvent and propellant.

These substances damage the ozone layer and

contribute to global warming.

In 2011, $265 million was granted to China by

the Multilateral Fund or the implementation

o the Montreal Protocol. The grant aims to

help China eliminate 3,320 tonnes o HCFCconsumption by 2015. It will also yield a

cumulative CO2equivalent emission reduction

o about 672 million tonnes by 2015. The

Multilateral Fund also approved a $5.24 million

component or UNEP or the Rerigeration

Servicing Sector.

Also in 2011, more countries were added tothe list o those preparing action plans or the

phaseout o HCFCs. The total worldwide is

now 75.

RENEWABLES INVESTING IN THE FUTURE

economy. But one sector bucked the t rend:

Renewable Energy. In 2011, investors pumped

a record $211 bil lion into renewable energy.

That s about one-third more than t he $160

bil lion invested in 2009, and a 540 per cent

rise since 2004.

Wind f arms in China and small -scale solar

panels in Europe were the key dri vers of the

ri se, according to UNEPs report , Global Trends

in Renewable Energy Investment 2011.


SOUTH EAST ASIAUNEP ACTS ON IMPROVINGAIR CONDITIONERS

UNEPs South East Asian network o Climate

Change ocal points SEANCC have developed

a Strategic Framework on Energy E ciency

Harmonisation or room air conditioners

across the ASEAN member states Brunei,

Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,

the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and

Vietnam. The strategic ramework will allow

better sharing o best practises between

manuacturers and designers in reducing

emissions rom this energyhungry sector.

The potential or total electricity saving rom

harmonization o standards or ACs in ASEAN

countries is 5.374 terawatt hours per year. This

would result in reduction in Green House Gas

emissions amounting to 3.401 million tonnes.

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UNEPs Technology Needs Assessment (TNA)

project helps countries identiy their most

urgent technological needs and provide policy

makers with the research and resources they

need to make the change.

2011 saw the project move into a new phase with

the number o participating countries more

than doubling rom 15 to 36.

There was also a substantial acceleration in

the pace o implementation, due to lessons

learned rom the first round o participants. A

series o new guidebooks prepared by UNEPand the online support portal www.tech-action.

org, backed up national and regional capacity

building workshops. As a result, the project

has seen a strengthening o government

commitment and more e cient working o

national TNA teams.

DR. REN CASTRO

MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT, ENERGY ANDTELECOMMUNICATIONS, COSTA RICA

Technology Needs Assessment (TNA) has come

to be a methodological guide for conducting

mitigation and adaptat ion t echnologies

to their deployment in the market.


TECHNOLOGYMATTERSMITIGATINGCLIMATE CHANGETHROUGH INNOVATION

UNEP, on behal o GEF, has been at

the oreront o promoting technological

solutions to mitigate the causes and efects o

climate change.

But this can be a challenge, especially or

developing countries which ace considerable

barriers to the rapid adoption o such

technologies, including high costs and a

skills deficit.

EMERGING WORLD INVESTMENTIN RENEWABLES

China$48.9bn up 28 per cent

South and Central America$13.1bn up 39 per cent

Middle East & Afr ica

$5bn up 104 per cent

India$3.8bn up 25 per cent

Asian developing states(exc. China and India)

$4bn up 31 per cent


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TECHNOLOGY NEEDSTECHNOLOGY ACTION

The next stage, once the findings o the TNA

are in place, is the development o a nationalTechnology Action Plan TAP that prioritises

technologies, recommends an enabling

ramework or the difusion o these

technologies and acilitates identification o

good technology transer projects and their

links to relevant financing sources. The TAP

aims to systematically address practical actions

necessary to reduce or remove policy, finance

and technology related barriers.

In 2011, drat TNA reports were produced in ten

countries and drat TAP reports produced in

our: Morocco, Mali, Thailand, and Costa Rica.

2CLIMATECH

ANGE

Part nership Programme was launched

in 2011 to provide an opport unity for

count ries around the wor ld t o achieve a

light ing. Over 55 countries have signed

phase-out of incandescent bulbs is

one of the easiest ways to reduce CO2

An ambit ious target date of 2016 has

been set to phase-out incandescent

lamps globally.

www.enlighten-initiative.org

IRAQTACKLINGCLIMATE CHANGE

Iraq is emerging rom nearly three decades ointernational isolation and recovering rom

war and its atermath. It is just now turning its

attention to environmental issues.

In 2009, Iraq ratified international standards

on climate change set by the UNFCCC.

The ramework, among other goals, set

requirements or emission reduction targets.

In the past two years, UNEP has worked with

the UNDP as part o the ONE UN programme

to help the countrys fledgling environmental

ministry kickstart climate change initiatives.

As a result o UNEPs coordinated eforts, Iraqis already looking into emission management

plans or oil companies and considering climate

change as it tackles water and agriculture

development issues.

In 2011 Iraq has:

Created three new climate changeprojects that have received unding

or are being considered or unding.

The projects promote renewable

energy and clean development, bolster

wetlands initiatives, and set up national

communication with the United Nations

Climate Change convention.

Paved the way or national emission

reduction requirements. For example,

Iraqs oil ministry has started developing

GHG emission management plans or

oil companies.


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RESULTS TARGETEDEnhancing the environmental management

capacity o member states to reduce the risks o

man-made and natural disasters.

Conducting rapid and reliable environmental

assessments ollowing conlicts and disasters,

as requested.

Contributing to improved environmental

management and sustainable use o natural

resources through assessment and recovery

eorts in post-crisis situations.

2011THE YEARIN DISASTERSAND CONFLICTS

UNEP played an active role in reducingthe risk o disasters and conflicts and

addressing postconflict environmental

challenges in more than 30 countries,

both through its ongoing country

based operations and environmental

assessments, and ollowing requests

or technical assistance during disaster

recovery eforts in such countries asJapan, Thailand and Kenya.

Natural disasters caused a record $366

billion damage in 2011, with the Great East

Japan Earthquake and major floods in

Thailand accounting or more than

two thirds o this total. Also according toUN figures, some 29,700 people lost their

lives in 302 disasters during the year.

Yet in countries that have been proactive

in taking adaptation and preparedness

measures, such as Bangladesh, the

death toll rom comparable disasters

was considerably lower than it was

20 years ago. UNEP continued to

advocate or greater understanding

o the critical role o ecosystems in

reducing the risk and impact o natural

hazards. Through its role in the global

Partnership or Environment and Disaster

Risk Reduction (PEDRR), UNEP deliveredtraining on the environment and disaster

risk reduction in Sri Lanka, India and

Thailand. This included the first ever

Training o Trainers course to enable

staf rom regional and national disaster

management training institutions and

universities in more than 10 Asian

countries to integrate the NationalTraining Course on Ecosystembased

Disaster Risk Reduction into their

ongoing training programmes.

A major UNEP environmental

assessment Rwanda: From Post-

Conlict to Environmentally SustainableDevelopment provides a critical

analysis o environmental issues acing

Rwanda and proposes solutions. The

report recommends reinorced policies

and investments in largescale ecosystem

rehabilitation, renewable energy,

3DISASTERSANDCO

NFLICTS


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sustainable agriculture and regional

environmental cooperation, including

natural resource trade initiatives.

To mark 25 years o UNEPs Awareness

and Preparedness or Emergencies at

Local Level (APELL) programme, a global

orum was held in China, attracting

participants rom 17 countries. As aresult, the University o Bahia Blanca in

Argentina and Tsinghua University in

China are to become new APELL

Research Centres.

A UN review o civilian capacity in postconflict settings, Independent Report

o the Senior Advisory Group to the

Secretary General on Civilian Capacity in

the Atermath o Conlict February 2011,

identified natural resources as a priority

area and nominated UNEP as the sub

cluster lead on the issue based on its

track record or conducting postconflictenvironmental assessments and recovery

work. This is a major recognition o

UNEPs eforts to integrate environmental

considerations into UN conflict

prevention and peacebuilding operations.

Fieldwork began in the border zone oHaiti and the Dominican Republic or

a new UNEP study examining potential

sources o transboundary tensions

and opportunities or cooperation over

the use o water, timber and other

natural resources.

In Sierra Leone, 93 barrels o toxic waste

were removed rom a disused oil refinerynear a densely populated neighbourhood

near the capital, Freetown. With technical

assistance and unding rom UNEP, the

national Environment Protection Agency

supervised the cleanup o almost 12,000

litres, or 19 metric tonnes, o tetraethyl

lead TEL. Training covered techniques

or extracting toxic substances and the saestorage and containment o chemicals.

Under the Environment and Security

Initiative ENVSEC, Georgias capital,

Tbilisi, was the ocus o the latest Global

Environment Outlook at the municipal

level. Released in December, the GEO-Cities Tbilisi report recommends increased

environmental monitoring, a greater

emphasis on renewable energy and

modernizing waste treatment, and a shit

to an integrated riverbasin approach to

water resource management.


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unep annual report 2011 37unep annual report 2011 37

OGONILAND

NIGERIAA major independent scientific assessment,

completed by UNEP in 2011, shows thatpollution rom over 50 years o oil operations

in the region has penetrated urther and deeper

than previously thought.

It is UNEPs hope that its findings will help break

the decades o deadlock in the region and lead

to the environmental restoration o Ogoniland,

and catalyse improved environmentalstandards or the oil industry in Nigeria and

around the world.

Drawing on the best available science and

expertise, the Ogoniland project is a key step in

helping the government take action to clean up

contaminated areas and restore peoples lives

and livelihoods in the region.

It could take 25 to 30 years to bringcontaminated drinking water, land, creeks and

important ecosystems such as mangroves back

to ull, productive health.

The scale and scope o UNEPs assessment has

been unprecedented see box.

The report discovered that some areas, whichappear unafected at the surace, are in reality

severely contaminated underground and

action to protect human health and reduce the

risks to afected communities should occur

without delay.

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UNEP OgonilandAssessment

24months durati on

200+locati ons examined

122kmof pi peline rights of way surveyed

5,000+ medical records reviewed

23,000+att endees at local communit y meetings

69sites investi gated i n detail for soil

and groundwater contaminati on

1,300m -790,000msize-range of sit es invest igated

4,000samples analysed

142groundwater wells drilled for t he study

780boreholes examined


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CHINA:BUILDING BACK BETTER

Contaminated site assessment and remediation

was also the ocus o a study tour by a Chinese

delegation to Switzerland and Germany,

hosted by UNEP. Further to its postearthquake

recovery support to China since 2008, UNEP

responded to a government request or

technical assistance to inorm the development

o standards or contaminated site management

in China.

The tour ocused on European approaches to

site and risk assessments, cleanup standards

and the varying scale and cost o environmental

remediation projects. It included presentations

rom UNEP experts and visits to remediated

sites and specialised laboratories.


In one community, at Nisisioken Ogale, in

western Ogoniland, amilies were discovered

to be drinking water rom wells contaminatedwith benzenea known carcinogenat levels

over 900 times above WHO guidelines.

UNEP scientists ound an 8cm layer o refined

oil floating on the groundwater which serves

the wells. This was reportedly linked to an oil

spill which occurred more than six years ago.

This was the most severe example, and

prompted the State Government to begin

deliveries o potable water to the

afected communities.

Among other findings, the report noted that

mangrovesan essential coastal habitat

have been disastrously hit. That when oilspills occur on land, plant growth is stifled,

oten under a crust o tar. Fires are a regular

occurrence. Air pollution impacts the lives

o an estimated one million people.

According to the report, all sources o ongoing

contamination must be brought to an end

beore the cleanup o the creeks, sediments

and mangroves can begin.

The report recommends establishing three

new institutions in Nigeria to support a

comprehensive environmental restoration

exercise, and an initial capital injection

o $1bn, contributed by the oil industryand the government, to cover the first

five years o the cleanup project.

Reorms o environmental government

regulation, monitoring and enorcement are

also recommended in the report.

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The scope o the mission was to provide

scientific inormation on the extent and nature

o pollution and to assist the decisionmaking

and prioritysetting by the authorities and

other actors or ollowup activities on the

afected site.

The main conclusion o the mission was that

the fire was not caused by a pipeline explosion

as reported initially in the media, but by an

industrial accident that caused a large amount

o petrol to enter a storm water drainage system.

A urther conclusion was that a repetition o

a similar type o accident is considered as

highly likely.

As an investigation which was mobilised and

in situ within days o a request rom a national

government, the joint UNEP/OCHA mission

will provide a model or uture interagency

cooperation and rapid response.


These beoreand ater imagescaptured by theUN's satelliteimaging servicehow the extent

o the disaster

in Nairobi.

UNITAR/UNOSAT

BEFORE

AFTER

NIGERIA:LEAD POISONING INZAMFARA STATE

Also in Nigeria, abnormally high rates odeath and illness among children since early

2010 caused alarm in Zamara State in the

north o the country. Over 18,000 people were

afected and 200 children reportedly died

as a result o acute lead poisoning rom the

processing o leadrich ore or gold extraction

taking place inside houses and compounds.

Investigation by the joint UNEP/OCHAEnvironment Unit detected high levels o lead

in groundwater, surace water and soil, and

mercury in the air.

The multiagency response involved intensive

treatment or the most severe cases o

children under five, the decontamination o

homes and villages, and the remediation o

afected wells.

NAIROBIPIPELINE DISASTER

On 12th September 2011, over 100 people

perished and a similar number were

hospitalised with serious wounds when an

explosion and fire ripped through the slum o

MukuruSinai in Nairobi, Kenya.

The Kenyan government made an urgent

appeal to the UN or environmentalemergency response services. UNEP and the

United Nations O ce or the Coordination

o Humanitarian Afairs OCHA, through

their Joint Environment Unit, subsequently

compiled an expert team to undertake a rapid

environmental emergency assessment.


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opportunities to restore livelihoods, promote

good governance and support the sustainability

o the DRC's postconflict economic

reconstruction, and reinorce ongoing

peace consolidation.

Providing a strong oundation or UNEPsrecovery programme in the DRC, the report

advocates a Green Economy transition

whereby sustainable reconstruction includes

capitalising on the countrys emerging social

economy to create green jobs, including or

ormer combatants.

Among the ocus areas recommended or

UNEPs ongoing support to the government

were overcoming the environmental liabilities

o a century o mining by modernising the

sector, including ormalising artisanal mining,

and promoting greater transboundary

collaboration or sustainable fisheries

management in the Great Rit Valley Lakes.

Strengthening institutional capacities or

disaster preparednesssuch as epidemics,

volcanic eruptions, floods and orest fires

including early warning systems, was also

singled out.


DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OFCONGO

With hal o Arica's orests and water resourcesand trilliondollar mineral reserves, the

Democratic Republic o the Congo DRC could

become a powerhouse o Arican development.

But such a goal will only be attained i the

intensive pressure on the countrys natural

resources is urgently addressed.

That was the conclusion o a major Post-

Conlict Environmental Assessment o

the DRC completed by UNEP in 2011. The

twoyear assessment highlighted increasing

deorestation, species depletion, heavy metal

pollution and land degradation rom mining, as

well as an acute drinking water crisis which has

let an estimated 51 million Congolese withoutaccess to potable water.

Conducted in conjunction with the DRC's

Ministry o Environment, Nature Conservation

and Tourism, the assessment also hails

successul initiatives and identifies strategic

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41

SUDANIn July, UNEP rea rmed its longterm

commitment to assisting the people o Sudan

and South Sudan. In conjunction with its

major donor, UKaid rom the Department or

International Development, UNEP realigned

its plans or both countries, ocusing on policy

reorm and partnerships.

Ahead o the Darur International Water

Conerence in June, UNEP joined an

international call or urgent action to addresscritical water issues in Darur. Groundwater

tables in many urban areas and IDP camps had

dropped dramatically by up to 710 metres

and UNEP voiced its concern that orthcoming

periods o belowaverage rainall could cause

even more severe shortages in the region.

A breakthrough was achieved in influencing

government policy with a decision to proceed

with Integrated Water Resource Management as

a national policy, in collaboration with UNEP.

With UNEPs technical assistance, Sudans

Higher Council or Environment and Natural

Resources made significant progress in

preparing the countrys Second National

Communication under the UNFCCC. By the end

o 2011, data collection was under way in each

o the 15 states or a major national vulnerability

and adaptation assessment.

Seven villages in North Darur became the first

pilot sites or a UNEPDarur Development

and Reconstruction Agency project aimed at

empowering communities to assess and solve

local environmental issues.

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SOUTH SUDAN

2011 saw the birth o a new nation, and a newmember state o the UN: The Republic o South

Sudan. Thanks to the strong relationship

ostered between UNEP and the new

government, environmental considerations

were included in all five pillars o the South

Sudan Development Plan, a blueprint or the

new country.

UNEP has long had a presence in Juba, one

o the worlds astestgrowing cities. Waste

management is one o the biggest challenges

the municipality aces, and UNEP assisted

with drawing up a masterplan. An estimated

420,000 o 1.2m residents now benefit rom

regular solid waste collection.

Forests provide an important development

opportunity or South Sudan, yet deorestation

continues at alarming levels. UNEPs

ongoing technical assistance supported

progress with the enorcement o logging bans.


UNEP

ENVIRONMENTALCOOPERATION FOR

PEACEBUILDINGDuring the Durban climate meeting, UNEP and

its partners released new evidence o changing

climate trends in the Sahel and West Arica and

their potentially proound implications or ood

security and regional stability.

Livelihood Security: Climate Change, Migration

and Conlict in the Sahel analyses regionaltrends in temperature, rainall, droughts and

flooding over the past 40 years and their

implications or the availability o natural

resources, livelihoods, migration and conflict in

17 countries in the Sahel and West Arica. The

study was conducted by UNEP in cooperation

with the IOM, OCHA, the United Nations

University UNU, the Permanent InterstateCommittee or Drought Control in the Sahel

CILSS and the University o Salzburg.

The analysis detected significant changes in

regional climatic conditions, including an

overall rise in mean seasonal temperature rom

1970 to 2006 o approximately 1C, with a greater

increase o between 1.5C to 2C observed in ar

eastern Chad and northern Mali and Mauritania.

According to the study, the requency o

floods and the area covered by flooding have

increased in parts o the region over the past

24 years. An innovative mapping process

identified 19 "climate hotspots" where climaticchanges have been the most severe and which

warrant ocused adaptation planning and other

ollowup activities. Many o the hotspots are in

the central part o the Sahel, in Niger, Burkina

Faso, northern and coastal Ghana, as well as

northern Togo, Benin and Nigeria.


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