about unep
TRANSCRIPT
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
1/23
About UNEP
Executive Office
Executive Director
Meet the Deputy Executive Director
UNEP Senior Management Team
Regional Directors & Representatives
Secretariat of the Governing Bodies
UNEP Annual Reports
UNEP Medium Term Strategy 2010-2013
UNEP Milestones
UNEP National Committees (NATCOM)
UNEP Organigram
UNEP Baobab Awards
Greening the UN
UNEP Offices
UNEP Functional Structure
Functional Programmes
Convention Secretariats
Governing Bodies
Governing Council/Global Ministerial Environment Forum
Committee of Permanent Representatives
Former Executive Directors of the United Nations Environment Programme
United Nations Inter-Agency Cooperation
Environment Management Group
The United Nations Development Group
Scientific Advisory Groups
The Ecosystem Conservation Group (ECG)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
The Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection (GESAMP)
The Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel (STAP)
The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)
International Resource Panel
Partnerships
Global International Waters Assessment (GIWA)
Commission on Sustainable Development
The Olympic Movement and the Environment
Collaborative Partnership on Forests
Google Inc.
Evaluation and Oversight Unit
Resource Mobilization
Financing of UNEP
Projects
How to Contribute Donate Now
Environmental Education and Training at UNEP
Employment at UNEP
Environmental Awards
Environmental Events and Meetings
Sergio Vieira de Mello Library - The United Nations Library in Nairobi
Online Access to Research in the Environment (OARE)
United Nations Office in Nairobi - UNON
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3301&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1550&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5798&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1551&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4565&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4636&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=6071&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3305&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5802&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=250&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3363&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5512&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5770&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=6423&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3438&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=215&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=218&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=234&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=27&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=28&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=32&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5253&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4325&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4326&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4532&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=201&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=204&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=206&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=205&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=203&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5031&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=6920&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=6920&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=249&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1817&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1756&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=2573&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4874&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5580&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5580&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4908&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3155&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4398&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4399&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4400&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4402&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3672&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5535&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3278&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5536&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3663&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3663&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5537&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=2106&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1550&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5798&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1551&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4565&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4636&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=6071&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3305&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5802&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=250&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3363&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5512&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5770&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=6423&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3438&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=215&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=218&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=234&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=27&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=28&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=32&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5253&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4325&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4326&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4532&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=201&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=204&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=206&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=205&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=203&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5031&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=6920&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=249&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1817&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=1756&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=2573&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4874&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5580&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4908&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3155&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4398&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4399&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4400&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=4402&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3672&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5535&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3278&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5536&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3663&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=5537&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=2106&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=3301&l=en -
7/31/2019 About Unep
2/23
Staff Directory
Other Official Documents
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
http://www.sari-energy.org/index.asp
Pakistan
Energy Sector Overview
The power sector in Pakistan is a mix of hydel and thermal units dominated by two vertically integrated
(in generation, transmission and distribution) public sector utilities, Water and Power Development
Authority (WAPDA) and Karachi Electric Supply Corporation (KESC). In addition, there are two nuclear
power plants KANUPP and CHANUPP, and a number of independent power producers (IPPs) and
small power producers (SPPs) established since 1994. In June 2004 the total installed capacity in the
country was 19522 MW.
Installed capacity of the system as at June 2004
Fuel Total (MW) Available (MW)
Thermal 12567 10592
Hydro 6493 4727
Nuclear 462 360
http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=252&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=8698&l=enhttp://www.sari-energy.org/index.asphttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=252&l=enhttp://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=43&ArticleID=8698&l=enhttp://www.sari-energy.org/index.asp -
7/31/2019 About Unep
3/23
Total 19522 15679
Breakdown of capacity by operator as at June 2004
Besides these utilities, there are five central government agencies with responsibilities in the power
sector, as given below in the table.
Government agencies in the power sector
Government Agencies
Their Responsibilities
Ministry of Water and Power Take care of the sectors affairs and manage issues of energy policy.
Private Power and
Infrastructure Board (PPIB)
To facilitate private investors in the power sector; provide
guarantees on behalf of government; assists the regulatory authority
in determining and approving tariffs; and also an implementing
agency for power policy.
National Electric Power
Regulatory Authority
(NEPRA)
To ensure fair competition and consumer protection.
Alternative Energy
Development Board (AEDB)
To promote the exploitation of alternative energy resources such as
small scale hydro plants, wind power and off grid generation plants.
Privatisation Commission Deals with privatisation issues.
Post 1958
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
4/23
The electricity sector in Pakistan in the post-1958 period was dominated by two vertically integrated
publicly owned utilities, WAPDA and KESC (Government being the operator as well as the regulator).
The former has a national coverage, whilst the latter serves only the Karachi division and adjacent
areas. WAPDAs power plants are a mix of hydel and thermal units, whilst KESCs are mostly thermal.
The performance of these two remained satisfactory until the early 1980s. Afterwards the situation
started deteriorating. Severe constraints in the availability of capital led to inadequate generationcapacity and transmission infrastructure. Power supply lagged behind demand resulting in excessive
shortage of electricity especially for the industrial and commercial consumers. Growth in power
generation has been very substantial with an increase in aggregate supplies of approximately 12
percent annually from 1960 to 1995. However, over the same period per capita power availability has
increased from 28 KWh to 444 KWh. The economy, in general, and the manufacturing sector in
particular, were adversely affected.
Post 1980
Like many other developing countries, Pakistan announced a policy shift towards the private sector in
early 1980s which was later enhanced by the structural adjustment programme under the supervision
of the IMF and the World Bank. Consequently, private sector investment increased from 26 percent to
51 percent of total investment during 1978-88. However, most of the privatized companies were in
manufacturing industry. Privatization in the banking, electricity, telecommunications and transport
sectors was delayed because of lack of procedural clarity, fear of unemployment among workers and
the consequential emergence of private monopolies resulting in increase in prices.
Mid & late 1990s
However, during mid and late 1990s, Pakistan expanded the scope of its privatization programme to
include infrastructure also with electric power sector at the top of the agenda. As it was realised thatpower generation and transmission capacity expansion and efficiency could only be achieved with the
involvement of the private sector. The government in 1992 prepared the strategic plan for the
privatisation of the power sector. The Policy objective was to improve efficiency by establishing a
healthy and competitive infrastructure sector. Privatization of electric power sector was expected to
spur economic growth and reduce fiscal deficits. However this has been argued in a number of
studies.
By late 1990s an autonomous regulatory agency, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority
(NEPRA) was created to introduce transparent and judicious economic regulation in the sector.
NEPRA came into existence in December 1997. However, the situation so far has barely changed.
WAPDA and KESC are still facing institutional and organisational weaknesses. The combined direct
and indirect losses incurred by these utilities during the period 1996-2007 have created large fiscal
deficits, being covered though taxpayers money and through borrowings [Kemal, et al. (2002)]. Given
the lack of funds, supply is also lagging behind demand that is increasing at the rate of 7 percent per
http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/Countries/Pakistan_Energy_detail.asp#_ftn1http://www.sari-energy.org/PageFiles/Countries/Pakistan_Energy_detail.asp#_ftn1 -
7/31/2019 About Unep
5/23
year, and the gap is going to increase in the years to come, as shown in the chart below.
The increase in the demand however, is an indication of the expansion in the Pakistan economy. Both
demand projections as well as international experience have suggested that power demand is likely to
grow faster than the economy in the years to come [Parish (2006)]. Growth in demand suggests that
substantial investment will be needed to maintain continuity of supplies. Not only in generation, the
most capital intensive segment in the sector, investments are also needed in the transmission and
distribution sectors to overcome the huge losses the sector is suffering for the last couple of years.
Time line of important developments in power sector has been provided in the table below.
Time line of important development in Power sector
Year Description
1975 The Pakistan Council of Appropriate Technology (PCAT) established.
1981 National Institute of Silicon Technology (NIST) established.
1988 Private sector investment increased from 26 percent to 51 percent of total investment.
1992 Government prepared the strategic plan for the privatization of the power sector
1992National Pakistan Conservation Strategy (PNCS) was enacted, which was subsequently
into the ninth Pakistani energy plan (1993-1998).
1994Government formulated a power policy and invited independent power producers (IPPs),
time, to invest in the generation part of the power sector.
1994 Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB) was established to facilitate private invest
1996 Kot Addu Power Plant (1638 MW) was the first to be privatized
December, 1997Autonomous regulatory agency, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA) w
created.
1998 Unbundling of WAPDAs, a vertically integrated Power Wing, into separate generation,
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
6/23
transmission, and distribution companies
1998 NEPRA prescribed in Tariff Standards and Procedures Rules (1998) for determining tariff
2000 NEPRA was directly attached with the Cabinet Division.
May, 2001NIST and PCAT merged to become the Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technol
(PCRET).
2001Automatic Tariff Adjustment (ATA) mechanism for fuel cost variations adopted and applie
three months.
2002NEPRA approved a framework of multi-year tariff for KESC, for seven years from its priva
view of its expected privatization in the near future).
May, 2003 The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) was established.
2004 NEPRA approved a CPI-X based MYT framework with an initial duration of five years for
2005 A majority stake (73 percent of shares) in KESC was sold to a private investor
Reforms in the Power Sector
The government in 1992 prepared a strategic plan for restructuring the electricity sector. In 1994, the
government formulated a power policy and invited for the first time, independent power producers
(IPPs) to invest in the generation part of the power sector. As a result of attractive government
incentives and generous tariff offers 19 IPPs started their operations in Pakistan. They brought over $3
billion to install about 3500 MW capacity. These IPPs were allowed to sell electricity to both WAPDA
and KESC under power purchasing agreements (PPAs). Hub Power Plant (HUBCO) was the first one
to start its operation in 1993, with a capacity of 1292 MW and a negotiated tariff based on a cost plus
approach. From 1998 onwards, Pakistan had excess capacity, as WAPDA and KESC were restricted
to purchase expensive IPPs electricity while their own plants were underutilised. Financial problems
instead of improving deteriorated even further. IPPs get involved in disputes and litigation with thegovernment over the rates set in their PPAs with WAPDA. In response to the Governments demand
for a rate reduction, IPPs demanded that prices for fuels be lowered. The government however later
resolved the IPP issues with the involvement of international donors and within the framework of
contractual agreements. The structural adjustment programme under the supervision of IMF and WB
later enhanced this policy shift.
Other steps taken as apart of the reform process included:
1. Establishment of National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA), under NEPRA Act
1997, an autonomous regulatory agency, to ensure transparent and judicious economic
regulation in the power sector.2. Private Power and Infrastructure Board (PPIB), was established in 1994, to facilitate private
investors.
3. Unbundling of WAPDAs vertically integrated Power Wing into separate generation,
transmission, and distribution companies (as in the 1998 WAPDA Act) in 1998. WAPDA has
now been reorganised into four thermal generation companies called GENCOs, nine
distribution companies called DISCOs, and one National Transmission and Dispatch Company
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
7/23
(NTDC). The hydroelectric power development and operation functions remain with WAPDA.
(Further details section 4)
Current market structure in Pakistan
1. Pakistan Electric Power Company Private Limited (PEPCO) a separate agency within WAPDA
is made responsible for the restructuring and preparation for privatisation for the generation
and distribution companies in due course through the Privatisation Commission. Private sector
participation is being encouraged to promote competition in the generation and distribution
parts of the industry, while, NTDC would remain under state control and be responsible for
national dispatch, transmission, and system planning as a single buyer.
2. Responsibility for the energy sector policy remains with the government.
The process of separating out various entities and corporatisation is in progress. While unbundling has
been completed, the various entities created from WAPDA still lack independence from WAPDA and
from one another. The distribution companies are still financially integrated with WAPDA, lack the
technical skills to operate independently, do not have notified tariffs and have managers that are
WAPDA employees [Parish (2006)]. However, in Pakistan the overall performance of the power sector
and its institutions in the last 15 years has been moderate.
Regulatory Framework
Initially, National Electric Power Regulatory Authority (NEPRA)-1997 was established as an
autonomous body without any administrative control from the government. However, for the sake ofinteraction with Federal and Provincial Governments it was initially attached to the Ministry of Water
and Power. Later it was linked with the government through the Ministry of Law and Justice. However,
in June 2000 NEPRA was directly attached with the Cabinet Division. Currently, NEPRA is working in
an extremely centralised manner. All the decisions regarding tariffs and standards need to be
approved by the government. It consists of a Chairman and four members (one from each province),
all appointed by the government.
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
8/23
The initial funding of NEPRA was provided through a grant from the Federal Government amounting to
Rs 100.5 Million. In addition, NEPRA is expected to meet its expenses from licensing fees on constant
basis and filling fees for tariff applications etc. Just like any regulatory system, the most important
regulatory functions of NEPRA are grouped in the following five main categories (details in Appendix
A).
1. Determination of tariff rates and terms and conditions
2. Grant of licenses, approval of power acquisition programmes
3. Setting and enforcement of quality-of-service standards, approval of operating codes and
investment standards
4. Industry structure/privatisation including the transition towards a competitive market where
feasible
5. Consumer rights and obligations, complaint redressal
NEPRAs broad policy guidelines for power sector reforms revolve around:
1. Tariff structure to ensure sufficient resources to cover costs and investment in the short term
2. Encourage generation, transmission and distribution capacities on a non-discriminatory basis
to meet the existing needs and growing demand in the long run
3. Quality of service to the consumers as well as ensuring network efficiency including reliability
and voltage disturbances
Privatisation as such is not directly the function or responsibility of the NEPRA. But NEPRA has to
facilitate the process to bring efficiency in the power sector and helps in ensuring competition where
feasible. The privatisation process started at a slow speed. Kot Addu Power Plant (1638 MW) was the
first to be privatised in 1996. Initially 26 percent of the shares were transferred to the private owner,
and then later on 10 percent more of the shares were transferred to the private owner. In December2005 a majority stake (73 percent of shares) in KESC was sold to a private investor. It is the major
step although the process took many years to materialise. Next in line is the distribution company,
FESCO. It was intended to sell 56 percent of its shared capital by the second quarter of 2006 but so
far nothing has happened. It is because of the delay in the notification of the tariff approved by
NEPRA. A multi year tariff has already been determined for JPC. All the short listed bidders for these
companies, who had invested their time and money in carrying out the due hard work, are waiting for
the resolution of the dispute between the Government and NEPRA. This is a major setback for the
companies waiting for their privatisation.
The Pakistan Development Review 38:1 (Spring 1999) pp 69-84
Utilities
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
9/23
A. WAPDA
The primary development role of WAPDA has been revived. It is now focusing only on hydel
development and water sector projects to support the national economy and poverty alleviation
through improved hydel-thermal mix of power generation, provision of electricity at affordable price and
most pertinently perspective planning and timely execution of projects to meet the water and powerdemand of the growing population, agriculture and industry of the country.
Installed Capacity of WAPDA System (as of June 2007)
Description
Capacity (MW)
Hydel 6444
GENCOs 4675
IPPs 5772 (including 30 MW Hydel)
Nuclear IPP (Chashnup) 325
Rental 150
Total 17366
WAPDA has now undertaken Vision 2025 Programme comprising a comprehensive integrated water
resources and hydro power development. Five Mega hydropower projects have been announced by
President of Pakistan which is to be completed by 2016 with generation capacity of 9,500 MW. The
total cost of these Projects will be US$ 20.3 Billion. Two projects are ready for awarding construction
works whereas three Projects are in the stage of feasibility studies and preparation of tender
documents. In addition to above, there are 14 new Projects which are under study for construction with
generation capacity of 20,770 MW with expected construction cost US$ 32.15 Billion. The Projects will
be located on river Indus and its tributaries.
Power wing of WAPDA comprising of Generation, Transmission and Distribution has been restructured
into fourteen (14) public limited companies, four power generation companies, one National power
dispatch company and nine distribution companies. Power wing is currently headed by Member
(Power). These fourteen (14) Corporate Entities are:-
1. Thermal Power Generation Companies (GENCOs)
I. Southern Generation Power Company Limited (GENCO-1) head quarter at Jamshoro districtDadu near Hyderabad Sindh.
II. Central Power Generation Company Limited (GENCO-2) head quarter at Guddu district
Jacobabad Sindh.
III. Northern Power Generation Company Limited (GENCO-3) head quarters at TPS Muzaffargarh
district Muzaffargarh Punjab.
IV. Lakhra Power Generation Company Limited (GENCO-4) Headquarter at WAPDA house
Lahore.
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
10/23
2. National Transmission & Power Dispatch Company (NTDC)
3. Distribution Companies (DISCOs) as under:
I. (LESCO) - Lahore Electric Supply Company
II. (GEPCO) - Gujranwala Electric Power Company
III. (FESCO) - Faisalabad Electric Supply CompanyIV. (IESCO) - Islamabad Electric Supply Company
V. (MEPCO) - Multan Electric Power Company
VI. (PESCO) - Peshawar Electric Power Company
VII. (HESCO) - Hyderabad Electric Supply Company
VIII. (QESCO) - Quetta Electric Supply Company
IX. (TESCO) - Tribal Electric Supply Company
B. KESC
The Karachi Electric Supply Company Limited was incorporated on 13th September 1913 under the
Indian Companies Act, 1882 as amended to date vide the Companies Ordinance 1984. The Company
is listed on Karachi, Lahore and Islamabad Stock Exchanges. The Government of Pakistan took
control of the Company by acquiring majority shareholding in 1952. The Ministry of Water and Power
looks after the affairs of the Company at Federal level.
The Company is principally engaged in generation, transmission and distribution of electric energy to
industrial, commercial, agricultural and residential consumers under the Electricity Act, 1910 as
amended to date and NEPRA Act 1997, to its licensed areas. The licensed area of KESC is spread
over entire Karachi and its suburbs up to Dhabeji and Gharo in Sindh and over Hub, Uthal, Vindhar
and Bela in Baluchistan. The total area covered is around 6000 square kilometers.
The privatization of the Company has been finalized in November 2005 with the transfer of 73%
shares of Government of Pakistan along with management control to the new owner viz M/s KES
Power & others. The new management has taken over the charge of the Company, with effect from
November 29, 2005. Further, an Implementation Agreement was entered into between the
Government of Pakistan and the Company, setting out the key terms and conditions of the take over.
New investors include KES Power Limited, Hassan Associates (Private) Limited and Premier
Mercantile Services (Private) Limited who hold 71.5%, 1.00% and 0.5% shares in the capital of
Company, respectively.
The new management has employed M/s. Siemens Pakistan Engineering Limited as the Operations
and Management (O&M) Contractor for the operation and management of the Company. The objective
was to make the Company a profitable entity within next two years. In this regard M/s. Siemens
undertook the process of updating and modernizing the infrastructure and operations of the Company.
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
11/23
i. Generation Expansion & Rehabilitation
Injection of efficient and economic generation in KESC system has been an integral component of the
turn around strategy pursued by the owners since privatization of the Company in disregard of its
unfavourable commercial impacts in the face of high system losses and mis-match between rising cost
of prime inputs and applicable tariff. The last addition in generating capacity of KESC was made backin 1997 when BQPS unit-6 of 220 MW was commissioned. Further, a 830 MW power plant at BQPS
was approved by the Board as early as June 2006, which contract unfortunately could not be finalized.
Contract for setting up 220 MW combined cycle power plant at KTPS was awarded in January 2007.
Gas Turbine Units-1 & 2 have already been synchronized with the system and are undergoing various
commissioning tests, whereas third and fourth GTs of identical generating capacity are likely to be
commissioned by November 2008 and Steam Turbine of 26.378 MW would be operative in July 2009.
Contract for setting up new power plant phase-II BQPS extension of 560 MW combined cycle project
has been awarded in June 2008. The project comprises of three-GTs of 128.90 MW each (ISO
capacity) and one (1) Steam Turbine of approximately 185 MW and the project is likely to be
commissioned in the year 2010-11. De-rating of the existing generating capacity spanning over last
couple of decades has been arrested through a systematic maintenance and rehabilitation plan as a
result of which generating capacity has been enhanced by approximately 190 MW.
ii. Transmission and Distribution Network Expansion & Rehabilitation
An outdated and dilapidated transmission and distribution infrastructure was inherited by the owners
and overloading of the twin networks was also responsible for high technical energy losses in the
transmission & distribution system in addition to administrative losses. Strategic Plan with
implementation mechanism was prepared for rehabilitation of transmission and distribution networkwhich has been under execution in a phased and prioritized manner. A number of critically important
projects have been commissioned or are in the final stage of completion which have relatively
improved network reliability and increased transmission & distribution capacity and reduced technical
losses. During the year under review the following four (4) GIS grid stations were completed and
commissioned:
1. 220 KV Baldia Grid Station (Extension)
2. 132 KV West Wharf Grid Station (New)
3. 132 KV Old Town Grid Station (New)
4. 220 / 132 KV KDA Scheme 33 Grid Station (Extension)
Whereas nine (9) 132 KV GIS Hybrid Grid Stations are in various stages of completion and shall be
commissioned in a phased manner by 17 November 2008 which would further improve network
reliability and capacity of the transmission network. However, considering the degree of fragile and
dilapidated T&D infrastructure inherited by the new management, the improved results in tangible form
such as improvement in system stability and voltage profile, enhanced transmission capacity &
flexibility, reduction in overloading of power transformers & 11KV feeders and load-shedding would be
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
12/23
more visible in the near future. 61 KM of 132 KV underground cables have been laid and energized
during the year under review, whereas another 117 KM is under execution which would further
augment and improve the transmission network. Establishment of computerized system for
management of generation, transmission and distribution known as SCADA had been planned and is
being executed as one of the prioritized projects, fifty percent (50%) progress has been achieved and
provisional taking over of the project is scheduled by 31 March 2009. The commissioning of thiscritically important project would significantly improve efficiency of power system control & monitoring,
facilitate timely operational decisions & economic dispatch of power and would minimize outages and
technical losses. During the FY 2008 review, distribution system has been augmented & expanded
through addition of 151,443 KM 11KV overhead & 334,972 KM underground lines and 889,101 KM
400V overhead & 85,790 KM underground lines and 2204 11KV distribution substations / PMTs. The
11KV distribution capacity has been increased by 127,375 MVA (3%) from 4,310,515 MVA to
4,437,890 MVA.
Demand and Supply
With the induction of IPPs, although Pakistan have been able to meet the electricity demands of the
country and getting rid of the load shedding, yet high tariff compelled the industry to install their own
captive power projects. This resulted in surplus power of approximately 2000 MW (1000 MW in peak
hours and 2000 MW in non-peak hours) during 1999-2000.
However, the surplus power disappeared during 2004-2005. There will be an additional demand of
5500 MW upto the year 2010, for which the power policy of 1998 is being reviewed to make it more
attractive sector investment.
Projection for Demand and Supply
S. No YearFirm Supply
(MW)
Peak Demand
(MW)Surplus/(Deficit) (MW)
1 1999-2000 13445 11296 2149
2 2000-2001 13716 11852 1864
2 2000-2001 13716 11852 1864
3 2001-2002 13693 12443 1250
4 2002-2003 14336 13071 1265
5 2003-2004 15046 13831 1215
6 2004-2005 15082 14642 440
7 2005-2006 15072 15483 (441)
8 2006-2007 15091 16548 (1457)
9 2007-2008 15055 17689 (2634)
10 2008-2009 15055 19080 (4025)
11 2009-2010 15055 20584 (5529)
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
13/23
Source: Ministry of Water and Power, Pakistan
Future Projects, following two major projects are under process for approval.
Following prospective hydel power potential can be implemented in future:
S.No. Projects Capacity Status
1 21-Projects 6035 MW Feasibility completed.
2 08-Projects 7569 MW Feasibility under completion
3 10-Projects 13114 MW Identified Projects
4 Total 39-Projects 26718 MW
Tariff Analysis
Tariffs or electricity pricing is an important regulatory component. NEPRA determines tariffs as
prescribed in Tariff Standards and Procedures Rules (1998), keeping in view the principle to cover
costs and reward investments as applicable on a case to case basis (for details see Appendix B). The
current tariff structure is based on rate of return or cost of service. It determines prices charged so as
to achieve revenues that cover all legitimate operating and capital costs while providing the firm with a
fair rate of return on its capital employed. This fair rate of return is related to the cost of capital and is
similar to delivering the economists normal profit.
Since March 2001, an Automatic Tariff Adjustment (ATA) mechanism for fuel cost variations has been
adopted, and applied every three months, i.e., adjusting consumer end tariff of the distribution
companies in order to account for variations in the price of fuel. The idea is to capture the volatility of
fuel price variations. NEPRA has decided the generation tariff for SPPs. Generation tariff to the three
generation companies unbundled from WAPDA has been granted after approval from the government.
NEPRA also granted NTDC with their use of system charge tariff and approved a list of generation
companies selling electricity to the Central Power Purchase Agency (CPPA) for onward sale to the
DISCOs according to their respective demands (same has been provided in the table below). Hydel
tariff for WAPDAs hydel generation plants has also been approved.
Merit order by NTDC
Based on the Present Net Heat Rate at 100% Plant Factor (as per June 22, 2005)
Sr No. Plant Groups Fuel TypeFuel Cost
Rs/kWh
O&M Cost
Rs/kWh
Specific Cost
Rs/kWh
1 Uch (Upto 152.375 GWh) GAS ( * ) 0.2948 0.10748 0.44088
2 Liberty (Upto 61.904 GWh) GAS 0.40577 0.14941 0.55518
3 Lakhra COAL 0.75798 0.09498 0.85296
4 AEL GAS 1.03124 0.30912 1.34036
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
14/23
5 Uch(+152.375 GWh) GAS ( * ) 1.3051 0.10748 1.45118
6 KAPCO-1 GAS 1.56596 0.1196 1.68556
7 Guddu CC 3 R. GAS 1.65871 0.05509 1.7138
8 Rousch Gas 1.65133 0.12623 1.77756
9 Guddu CC 1 & 2 R. GAS 1.7316 0.05509 1.7866910 HCPC GAS 1.60597 0.18984 1.79581
11 KAPCO-II GAS 1.7176 0.1399 1.8575
12 Muzaffargarh-4 GAS 1.93003 0.01747 1.9475
13 GTPS Kotri CC GAS 1.9333 0.03319 1.96649
14 Muzaffargarh 1 3 GAS 1.954 0.01747 1.97147
15 GTPS Faisalabad CC GAS 1.93944 0.03813 1.97757
16 Guddu-3 Steam R. GAS 1.98274 0.04246 2.0252
17 Guddu-4 Steam R. GAS 1.99794 0.04246 2.04041
18 KAPCO-III GAS 1.77642 0.26965 2.04607
19 Muzaffargarh 39604 GAS 2.05094 0.01747 2.06841
20 Jamshoro 39540 GAS 2.09069 0.04915 2.13984
21 Guddu CC -3 (OC) R. GAS 2.11078 0.05329 2.16406
22 Liberty (+ 61.904 GWh) GAS 2.02887 0.14941 2.17828
23 Guddu 39479 Steam R. GAS 2.17139 0.04246 2.21385
24 FKPCL GAS 1.88565 0.33797 2.22362
25 Guddu CC 1&2 OC R. GAS 2.19355 0.05329 2.24684
26 SPS Faisalabad GAS 2.53486 0.02989 2.56475
27 NGPS Multan 39541 GAS 2.63472 0.05219 2.68691
28 NGPS Multan 1 GAS 2.65999 0.05219 2.7121829 Guddu-3 Steam MIX.(**) 2.74466 0.04246 2.78712
30 GTPS Kotri 39541 OC GAS 2.76334 0.03262 2.79596
31 GTPS Kotri 39604 OC GAS 2.77229 0.03262 2.80491
32 Guddu-4 Steam MIX.(**) 2.76571 0.04246 2.80818
33 GTPS Faisalabad OC GAS 2.79688 0.03757 2.83446
34 Muzaffargarh-4 MIX.(**) 3.03747 0.01747 3.05493
35 Muzaffargarh-1-3 MIX.(**) 3.07519 0.01747 3.09266
36 GTPS Kotri 39479 OC GAS 3.18404 0.03278 3.21682
37 Muzaffargarh 39604 MIX.(**) 3.22775 0.01747 3.2452238 Jamshoro 39540 MIX.(**) 3.20919 0.04915 3.25834
39 Guddu-3 Steam FO 3.50659 0.04246 3.54905
40 Guddu-4 Steam FO 3.53348 0.04246 3.57595
41 KAPCO-1 FO 3.52175 0.20746 3.72921
42 NGPS Multan 39541 MIX.(**) 3.67767 0.05219 3.72986
43 NGPS Multan 1 MIX.(**) 3.71295 0.05219 3.76514
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
15/23
44 SPS Faisalabad MIX.(**) 4.05016 0.02989 4.08005
45 Jamshoro -1 FO 4.03751 0.04915 4.08667
46 AES Pak-Gen FO 4.07875 0.07703 4.15578
47 KAPCO-II FO 3.86518 0.29203 4.15721
48 Muzaffargarh-4 FO 4.1449 0.01747 4.1623749 Japan Power FO 3.95255 0.25633 4.20888
50 Muzaffargarh-1-3 FO 4.19638 0.01747 4.21385
51 HUBCO FO 4.15224 0.0786 4.23084
52 AES Lal-Pir FO (***) 4.07875 0.07703 4.30578
53 SEPCOL FO 3.91698 0.39234 4.30932
54 Saba Power FO 4.2457 0.0773 4.323
55 Kel FO (***) 3.88668 0.30432 4.341
56 Jamshoro 39540 FO 4.32769 0.04915 4.37684
57 Muzaffargarh 39604 FO 4.40457 0.01747 4.42203
58 NGPS Multan 39541 FO 4.72062 0.05219 4.77281
59 NGPS Multan 1 FO 4.7659 0.05219 4.81809
60 KAPCO-I HSD 5.05903 0.12026 5.17929
61 SPS Faisalabad FO 5.56547 0.02989 5.59536
62 KAPCO-II HSD 5.55235 0.16169 5.71404
63 KAPCO-III HSD 5.74231 0.40831 6.15062
* EXCISE DUTY (**) 50% FO 50 % GAS *** PREMIUM VALUE
# Cost of Ex-WAPDA Thermal Plants is based on 100% Plant Factor & cost of IPPs is as per PPA
Source: National Power Control Centre agency of NTDC
Merit Order Criteria Based on the Present Net Heat Rate for KESC
(As per June, 2005)
Sr No. Plant Groups Fuel TypeFuel Cost
Rs/kWh
O&M Cost
Rs/kWh
Specific
Cost
Rs/kWh
Thermal
1 Bin Qasim Thermal Power Station Gas/F. Oil 2.381 0.236 2.617
2 Korangi Thermal Power Station Gas/F. Oil 2.799 0.202 3.001
Gas Turbines
3 Site Gas Turbines Gas/HSDO 2.97 0.967 3.937
4 Korangi Gas Turbines Gas/HSDO 2.862 0.211 3.073
Total 2.481 0.223 2.705
Source: KESC
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
16/23
The average end user tariff in Pakistan for fiscal year 2005 is estimated to be around 3.93 Rs/KWh. It
involves significant cross subsidies, from industrial and commercial consumers to agricultural and
small (under 50 kWh per month) domestic consumers. Tariff structure is consistent throughout the
country but is (besides cross subsidies) divided by consumption levels (tariff slabs); and for industrial
consumers, it is divided into peak and off-peak charges.
The ATA for ex-WAPDA distribution companies was stopped from December 2003 as all distribution
companies have applied separately for their tariffs. Detailed determinations of tariff review motions
filed by the 8 DISCOs were issued in November 2004. As per the requirements in the determinations a
mid year review of the tariff was conducted and tariff adjustments were made in February 2005. The
increase in tariffs for IESCO, FESCO, LESCO, MEPCO, GEPCO, PESCO, HESCO and QESCO in
Ps/kWh was 13.25, 12.22, 8.98, 10.32, 15.15, 11.81, 5.95, and 12.99 respectively. However, this is still
waiting for government notification.
NEPRA has the credit to establish for the first time in South Asia a CPI-X based multi-year tariff (MYT)
regulatory framework. In 2002, NEPRA approved a framework of multi-year tariff for KESC, for seven
years from its privatisation (in view of its expected privatisation in the near future). Secondly, in June
2004, NEPRA approved a CPI-X based MYT framework with an initial duration of five years for
FSECO, in view of its expected privatisation. A multi year tariff has also been determined for JPC. This
new framework is a radical shift from the rate of return regulation regime to performance based
regulation in the power sector of Pakistan [Raza (2003, 2004)].
Some of the amendments made in the tariff rate structure are: cross subsidies have been reduced by
increasing the rates of subsidised classes; flat rates have been abolished; consumer bills have been
simplified to include all the surcharges and additional surcharges in the overall rates in such a manner
that only fixed and energy charges are reflected in consumer bills; consumers have been protected
from frequent price variation by allowing only quarterly adjustment for fuel price adjustment; andunjustified demands of the utility such as charging on the basis of connected load and increase of
rates to cover for inefficiencies has not been allowed.
Another issue is current tariff levels and structures involving significant cross subsidies, from industrial
and commercial consumers to agricultural and small (under 50 kWh per month) domestic consumers.
Although tariff increase for domestic and agriculture consumers exceeded that for the CPI (consumer
price index), and other consumer categories in the period from 1991 to 2005, limited progress has
been made in reducing cross-subsidies. The largest percentage increase in the revenue collected per
kWh occurred in the agriculture sector, followed by the domestic sector. The revenues collected in
these two sectors are still considerably lower than for other consumers, and less than one half of those
for commercial users. In this period from 1991 to 2005, the rate of power tariff increase outstripped
inflation (as shown in table below). While tariff charged to the domestic consumers is cross-subsidised
from industrial and commercial consumers, the share of electricity sold to domestic consumers has
increased from 31.6 percent in 1988-89 to 43.6 percent in 2004-05. This subsidised category has
created an additional burden on the financial position of public utilities. These will continue to be
necessary so long as the tariff structure is not developed to cover costs.
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
17/23
Nominal Tariff in Paisas per KWh
Consumer
Category
1991 1996 2000 2005 Growth (%)Domestic 63 136 233 319 11.4
Commercial 217 537 703 724 8.4
Industry 106 336 416 445 10.04
Bulk Supply 148 295 406 523 8.8
Agriculture 43 131 231 311 14.1
Average 115 287 398 393 8.5
Source: Kojma (2006), Malhotra, et al.(1994), FESCO Report (2006) and International Financial
Statistics (Various Issues)
WAPDA generates about 60 percent of the countrys electricity, while KESC provides about 12
percent; the rest comes from IPPs and other sources. The losses of these companies are so huge that
subsidising them each year is an enormous burden on the federal budget.
Other update on Tariff:-
1. NEPRA on January 11, 2008 arrived at a levelized indicative tariff of 7.8055 cents/kWh or
4.7613 Rs./kWh for Coal based power plants. This Indicative Tariff for Coal based power plant
was in compliance with the directions of Economic Coordination Committee of Cabinet in its
decision No. ECC-187/2007 dated 12.12.2007
1. NEPRA on May 15, 2008 arrived at a revised upfront tariff of 9.5000 cents/kWh or 5.7000
Rs./kWh for Wind Energy Generation. This Revised Upfront Tariff for Wind Energy Generation
was in compliance with the directions of Economic Coordination Committee of Cabinet in its
decision No. ECC-187/2007 dated 12.12.2007
Renewable Energy
Pakistans first promotion measures for renewable energy sources were implemented in the early
1980s. The sixth Pakistani energy plan (19831988) devoted approximately 14 million to the areas of
renewable energy crops, biogas and a feasibility study for the commercial exploitation of solar energy.The Pakistan Council of Appropriate Technology (PCAT, established in 1975) and the National
Institute of Silicon Technology (NIST, established 1981) were jointly responsible for implementing the
measures. While PCAT focused its attention primarily on the areas of mini-hydropower, biogas plants,
solar cookers and small wind energy conversion systems for driving water pumps, NIST was more
involved in the research, development and commercialisation of solar energy with focus on
photovoltaic. For lack of precise promotion instruments, the output of all solar and wind energy
systems plus mini-hydropower plants together amounted to less than 5 MW at the end of the 1980s.
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
18/23
The 1990s also saw some isolated instances of promotion measures for renewable energy sources in
Pakistan, but they were all very limited in their financial scope. In this connection, mention could be
made of the 1992 National Pakistan Conservation Strategy (PNCS) which was subsequently
integrated into the ninth Pakistani energy plan (1993-1998). Altogether, PNCS spent some 63 million
rupees ( 900,000) on introducing biogas, wind power and mini hydropower facilities.
A. Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technology (PCRET)
The latest alternative energy promotion activities in Pakistan again encompass institutional measures
and define target objectives. In May 2001, the two separate research institutions NIST and PCAT
merged to become the Pakistan Council for Renewable Energy Technology (PCRET), the main goal
being to better coordinate research activities and avoid overlaps.
B. National Environment Action Plan Support Programme (NEAP-SP)
The Support Programme (NEAP-SP) for implementing the National Environment Action
Plan (NEAP) of 1997 was signed by the Government of Pakistan and UNDP in October
2001. The NEAP-SP includes six different sub programmes, one of which concerns the field of energy
conservation and renewable energy sources, and concrete projects are to be implemented over the
next five years.
C. Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB)
The Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) was founded in May 2003 for supplying wind-
solar and mini/small hydropower generated electricity in remote regions of Pakistan. AEDB is also
responsible for developing the countrys medium- and long-term promotion policy for renewable energy
sources. In addition, its functions include the coordination of joint ventures with the aim of havingforeign technologies in the field of alternative energies fabricated in Pakistan. The AEDB is located in
Prime Minister Secretariat and answers directly to the cabinet division and the Prime Minister. The
AEDB has a mandate of 10% of the total installed capacity in the country from Renewable Energy
sources by 2015.
D. Status of Renewable Energy Sources
i. Hydropower
Pakistans total hydropower potential has been estimated over 40,000 MW, some 24,000 MW of which
could be easily harnessed, and approximately 6400 MW of which is actually being exploited. Morethan 1000 MW micro/mini hydropower potential is available in northern mountainous region of the
country, of which less than 1% is being developed. Due to anticipated growth in demand and of the
fact that only about 20% of the available hydropower potential is being utilised, the Vision 2025
development plan provides first and foremost for the vigorous, multi-stage development of
hydroelectric power.
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
19/23
a. Run-of-river Ghazi-Barotha power plant
Ghazi-Barotha Power Plant, a run-of-river plant that is presently being commissioned in successive
stages, constitutes an initial large-scale project in this sector. Located on the upper reaches of the
Indus and built for a total output of 1,450 MW, its first stage (290 MW) went into service last July. The
power station was fully commissioned in mid-2004. The project is being implemented under theauspices of state-owned WAPDA. The total cost of the project stands at roughly US$ 2.1 billion. The
project is being financed by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Japan Bank for
International Cooperation (JBIC), the European Investment Bank, the Islamic Development Bank, and
resources from German Financial Cooperation (KfW). WAPDA is contributing approximately US$ 1
billion, or nearly half of the overall cost. Fully utilised, the power plant is supposed to lower CO2
emissions by approximately 5.5 million tons annually.
b. GTZ assistance for medium-size hydropower projects
In addition to the aforementioned large-scale project, three additional hydroelectric power plants of
medium size the high-pressure plants Allai Khwar (121 MW), Khan Khwar (72 MW) and Duber
Khwar (130 MW) have been prepared with GTZ assistance in recent years. The GTZ conducted the
feasibility studies and generated the tendering documents for all three projects. The Abu Dhabi
Development Fund is providing credit to the amount of US$ 150 million for implementing the projects.
Pakistan itself is raised additional funds and all the projects are under construction.
ii. Micro hydropower potential
In northern Pakistan alone there is an estimated potential of 300 MW for micro hydropower plants with
installed capacities below 100 kW each. As of today, only about 10 MW of that potential had been
tapped by a total of some more than 300 projects co-financed by Aga Khan Rural Supprt Programme(AKRSP) PCRET, European Union (EU) and private developers. Now, with the assistance of the Asian
Development Bank and within the scope of Malakand Rural Development Project, 100 micro
hydropower plants with ratings ranging from 5 to 50 kW are under implementation with in and around
Malakand Division of the North-West Frontier province (NWFP).
iii. Wind Energy
By the end of 2003 not a single wind energy conversion system with a generating capacity above 500
W had been installed in Pakistan. There are only a small number of micro-plants (300500 W) for
generating electricity, and roughly 30 wind power installations are in use for pumping water in the
coastal regions of Balochistan and Sindh provinces. Most notably along its 900 km coastline and in a
number of North-West Frontier valleys, Pakistan possesses about 50,000 MW of economically
exploitable wind-power potential. On commercial grid connected electricity generation programme, the
Government of Pakistan has decided to install 100 MW wind power farm during the year 2005. This
programme initiated by the AEDB involves financing through private sector, land from Government of
Sindh and power purchase by NTDC for HESCO/KESC. The Government of Pakistan guarantees are
backed through NEPRA. The Board has issued LOIs to 22 national and international companies for
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
20/23
generation of 1100 MW power through wind energy. With the help of AEDB Pakistan also plans to
install an additional 300 micro-wind turbines with a high domestic content by 2003/2004.
iv. Biomass
In Pakistan, where, according to the last census from 1998, approximately two out of three people livein rural areas, the rural residents in particular rely almost exclusively on biomass in the form of fuel
wood or charcoal for cooking and heating. Indeed, the majority of Pakistans urban population (58%)
also takes recourse to those traditional sources of energy. According to official data, the countrys total
wooded area expanded from 34,600 km2 to 38,100 km2 (i.e. by about 10%) between 1990/91 and
2001/02, but each year local residents remove some 1.2 million m2 of wood from the countrys forests
for use as fuel. In Balochistan, this practice has reduced the total area of standing forest by 70%.
v. Solar Energy
Pakistan has a very good overall solar-energy potential. The average daily insolation rate amounts to
approximately 5.3 kWh/m2. Especially the south-western province of Balochistan offers excellent
conditions for harnessing solar energy. There, the sun shines between 8 and 8.5 hours daily, or
approximately 3,000 hours per annum. Despite these favourable prerequisites, the use of solar energy
for generating electricity or for heating is still in its beginnings. Photovoltaic systems are used primarily
for producing electricity in rural areas. As far back as the early 1980s, the Government of Pakistan had
18 PV systems with a composite output of 440 kW installed in various parts of the country. Due to the
lack of technical know-how about their operation and maintenance, though, no further systems were
installed. For the same reason, seven other PV systems with a total output of 234 kW, which were
installed in the Pakistani part of the Hindu Kush in the late 1980s, are no longer in operation. However,
with the establishment of AEDB, this time round will ensure sustainability of such projects by providing
a workable model on commercial lines.
vi. Geothermal Energy
Although there are numerous hot springs with temperatures ranging from 30C to 170C to be found in
various parts of Pakistan, for example in the vicinity of Karachi and in the Pakistani part of the
Himalayas, there has been no attempt to make use of geothermal energy in Pakistan yet.
APPENDIX A
NEPRA`s main functions and responsibilities
1. Issuing of licensing for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power.
2. Enforcement of quality standards and ensuring of safety in the operation and supply of
electricity to consumers.
3. Determine tariffs for generation, transmission and distribution of electric power.
4. Approving the investment and power acquisition programmes of the utility companies.
5. Setting fees for licenses and its renewal, fines for breaking the rules.
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
21/23
6. Setting a uniform system of accounts for generation, transmission and distribution companies.
7. Setting and reviewing the performance standards of all companies.
8. Inform government about the activities of power companies.
9. Encourage uniform industry standards and code of conduct for generation, transmission and
distribution companies.
10. Tender advice to public sector projects.11. Report to the federal government on all activities relating to generation, transmission and
distribution.
12. Perform any other function incidental or consequential of the abovementioned responsibilities.
APPENDIX B
STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES FOR TARIFF DETERMINATIONS
According to Section 17, NEPRA Tariff Standards and Procedures Rules 1998, tariffs will be
determined in accordance with the following standards:
1. Tariffs should allow licensee the recovery of all costs. It may not require assessing the licensee
where tariffs are set on other than cost of service basis, such as formula based tariffs that are
designed to be in place for mo re than one year
2. Tariffs should generally be calculated by including a depreciation charge and rate of return on
the capital investment of each licensee equal to that earned by other investments of
comparable risk
3. Tariff should allow a rate of return which promotes continued reasonable investment in
equipment and facilities for improved and efficient service
4. The mechanism of tariff should allow licensee a benefit as well as penalty in case of failure to
provide the service and the quality of service
5. Tariffs should reflect marginal cost principles to the extent feasible, keeping in view the
financial stability of the sector; the preference of the authority is for competition rather than
regulation therefore, tariff policies should be directed towards that end
6. The tariff regime should clearly identify interclass and inter-region subsidies and provide such
subsidies transparently if found essential, with a view to minimising if not eliminating them,
keeping in view the need for an adequate transition period
7. Tariffs may be set below the level of cost of providing the service to consumers consuming
electric power below the consumption levels determined for the purpose from time to time by
the authority, as long as such tariffs are financially sustainable
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
22/23
8. Tariffs should reflect the full cost of service to consumers groups with similar service
requirements
9. Tariffs should take into account government subsidies or the need for adjustment to finance
rural electrification in accordance with the policies of the government
10. The application of the tariffs should allow reasonable transition periods for the adjustments of
tariffs to meet the standards and other requirements including the performance standards,
industry standards and the uniform codes of conduct
11. Tariffs should seek to provide stability and predict ability for customers
12. Tariff should be comprehensible, free of misinterpretation and shall state explicitly each
component.
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
About SARI/Energy Program
The South Asia Regional Initiative for Energy (SARI/Energy) program was launched in 2000 to
promote energy security through increased trade, investment and access to clean sources of power
and fuel. Since then, SARI/Energy has reached out to more than 4000 participants in the region on
clean energy trade, energy efficiency, rural energy supply, energy regulation, energy statistics, and
private sector involvement.
Countries in the region import over two-thirds of their hydrocarbon resources and are seeking ways to
diversify supply sources. Significant untapped energy resources exist within the region. Energy sharing
and cooperation could dramatically improve the regional supply-demand scenario and enhance energy
security for the individual countries of South Asia. SARI/Energy works to promote technical and
institutional frameworks for regional energy planning and infrastructure investment involving cross-
border trade in energy. Promoting regional power exchanges and developing regional power
transmission networks helps provide access to untapped energy resources, and also to assure the
reliability of energy supply and mutual support to the nations of South Asia.
The network of energy sector professionals in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,
Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka created by SARI/Energy, has led to widespread sharing of best
practices, models of institutional reform and restructuring, and documented performance improvement.
These professionals are helping to put in place the building blocks for more robust regional trade and
sustainable economic development.
SARI/Energy-sponsored training, capacity building, and networking have contributed to the writing of
energy sector restructuring laws throughout the region. The program supports institutional and
-
7/31/2019 About Unep
23/23
organizational changes that make the sector more market driven and better equipped to address the
needs of under-served consumers. In addition, the program has identified significant opportunities for
catalyzing private sector investments in regional energy infrastructure.
Build Institutional Capacity
Activities will focus on strengthening institutional capacity within governments, regulatory bodies,utilities, NGOs, and the private sector through discrete events such as training workshops, seminars,
formal courses, and study tours. These events will include participants from across the region, and be
held at multiple sites thereby encouraging the establishment of formal and informal networks among
the region's professionals.
Promote Private Sector and Civil Society Participation in Energy Policy
The program will support information-based dialogue among government, private sector, and NGOs to
assuage concerns and advocate opinions related to energy sector reform, commercialization, and
foreign investment in the energy sector. In addition, special emphasis is being focused on promoting
business coalitions that will promote energy sector reform and cross-border trade.
Create and Strengthen Regional Forums, Networks and Associations
SARI/Energy program will also work to encourage the formation of regional forums, networks,
partnerships, and associations that can influence politicians and decision-makers on energy
cooperation and development. Target groups for regional networking to exchange ideas, problems,
and best practices include: government technocrats, energy professionals, environmentalists, utility
executives, regulators, trade and industry associations and NGOs.
SARI/Energy provides pre-feasibility studies, technical assistance, advisory services, seminars and
training, peer exchanges, mapping and project development in each of our three activity areas. Over
the next several years, the SARI/Energy program will build on its accomplishments, helping to fosterregional cooperation around key energy-related issues.
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx