understanding epidemics hiv/aids 1.what is hiv/aids?what is hiv/aids? 2.studying hiv/aids?studying...
TRANSCRIPT
Understanding Epidemics
HIV/AIDS
1. What is HIV/AIDS?
2. Studying HIV/AIDS?
3. Some common misconceptions
4. Key issues in understanding HIV/AIDS
5. Tackling HIV/AIDS
This powerpoint presentation contains an introduction to HIV/AIDS structured around the following 5 points. This will help you identify some of the key things to look for when using the website.
NB. All small diagrams can be seen in bigger form by clicking on them. All are shown in more detail on the website.
1. What is HIV/AIDS?
Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]
[AIDS] Acquired Immuno-Deficiency Syndrome
A retro-virus which is carried in the blood stream and attacks CD4Cells which make up part of the body’s immune system. This means that a person who is infected with the HIV virus has a weaker immune system and is therefore less able to fight off infections. If the HIV virus is present in someone’s blood stream they are said to be HIV+.
Once the number of CD4 cells falls below 200 then a person is considered to have AIDS rather than simply being classified as HIV+. AIDS is also classified by the presence of certain secondary infections such as oral thrush.
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1. What is HIV/AIDS? (Cont.)
The HIV/AIDS virus doesn’t cause death itself. It weakens the immune system and so leaves the infected person susceptible to secondary infection by other illnesses. Common causes of death are pneumonia, and tuberculosis (TB). The recent increase in global TB cases is thought to be, in part, due to the association of TB with HIV/AIDS.
HIV/AIDS can be transmitted by exchange of bodily fluids. This can be through heterosexual sex, homosexual (anal) sex, sharing of intravenous needles, infected blood transfusions, or can be passed from mother to child either in the womb or through breast feeding (this is called vertical transmission).
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Transmission
Causes of death
2. Studying HIV/AIDS
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Why StudyHIV/AIDS?
Some problems with data
AIDS isn’t always recorded as cause of death &/or people
(especially in Africa) often die away from
medical care.
It is impossible to test everyone so data are often based on estimates.
Stigma is still associated with HIV/AIDS in many countries so people are reluctant to be tested.
HIV/AIDS is the leading epidemic killer
The WHO estimated there were 2.9 million AIDS deaths
in 2003
There are global variations in the impacts of HIV. Sub-Saharan Africa is the
worst affected region.
There is no known
Cure.
3. Some common misconceptions
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HIV/AIDS is a disease associated with gay men and IV drug users.
ARVs (Anti-retroviral drugs) cure AIDS.
FALSE! As the graph below shows, since late 1998, heterosexual transmission has been the main cause of new infections in the UK. (Click graph to see bigger graph)
HIV/AIDS transmission can be prevented by using the contraceptive pill.
FALSE. The contraceptive pill does not provide protection against HIV or other STIs.
FALSE. ARVs can prolong the life of someone who’s HIV+ but do not cure the disease
4. Key Issues
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New Disease
Uneven risk Major development issue for LEDCs
Spatial variations
First described in California in
1981
Origins unknown (3 different theories).
Sexually active people age 15-30 are highest risk group.
Women more at risk than men.
GLOBAL: variations in prevalence, impacts, and
main means of transmission
LOCAL: variations between rural & urban
areas in Africa.
MIGRATION: circular migration key factor in
national spread of HIV/AIDS in Africa
HIV has social and economic
impacts
HIV worsens existing food security problems especially in rural areasLEDCs have
limited access to ARVs(click graph to see
bigger version)
5. Tackling HIV/AIDS
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Care
Behaviouralchange
Development:a joined up approach
Therapies
Provision of care to take pressure
off families
Education to overcome stigma and prejudice
Continue to work to increase ARV
availability in LEDCs.
Need to tackle poverty and HIV
together
Creation of joined up programmes to incorporate HIV/AIDS in with
development
ARV use in USA proven to prolong life
Encouraging people to limit the number of sexual partners
Encouraging people to get tested and be aware
of their HIV status
Creation of needle exchange schemes
Distributing condoms & teaching people how to
use them
(Click graph to see bigger version)
Transmission in the UK
Back to ‘Some commonMisconceptions’
Who’s at risk?
Back to ‘Key Issues’
Impact of ARVs in the USA
Back to ‘Tackling HIV/AIDS’