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Introduction to Ultra Wide Band

Joe Decuir Sr engineer, MCCI

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Today’s agenda

Ø Introduction to UltraWideBand Ø DS­UWB PHY – Matt Welborn Ø 802.15 TG3b MAC – Bill Shvodian Ø MB­UWB PHY – Serdar Yurdakul Ø MBOA MAC – Patrick Worfolk Ø WiMedia Convergence Architecture – Glyn

Roberts Ø Wireless 1394 – Peter Johansson Ø Wireless USB – Jeff Ravencraft

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Introduction Agenda

Ø Wireless Data Technology Menagerie u WAN, MAN, LAN, PAN

Ø 802.15.3: First high Rate PAN Ø Benefits of high rate PANs Ø Ultra Wide Band history Ø Current UWB technologies Ø Industry politics Ø Resources

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Range of Wireless data choices

Ø Wide Area Networks u 2G and 3G cellular data systems

Ø Metropolitan Area Networks u 802.16, wireless broadband

Ø Local Area Networks u 802.11/a/b/g/…, wireless LAN

Ø Personal Area Networks u 802.15.1 (Bluetooth™), 802.15.3 & 802.15.4

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Network Scales

PAN 802.15.x

<10m

LAN 802.11 100m

MAN 802.16 2­4km

WAN 2G, 3G 2km/link national areas

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Wireless Comparisons

<1M 1MHz/ channel

10 1 802.15.1a Bluetooth

54M 25MHz/ channel

100 50 802.11g WiFi

120M 25MHz/ channel

~4000 250 802.16 WiMax

2.4M 1.25MHz/ channel

~2000 600 1xEVDO 3G CDMA

384k 200kHz channel

~2000 600 EDGE 2.5G GSM

Peak Rate bps

operating BW

Range meters

Power mW

Wireless technology

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Your Mileage (or bitrate) May Vary

Ø Wireless technologies have impairments: u Noise sources, including intentional radiators u Weather & physical barriers

­ Rain impairs some frequencies ­ People, buildings and furniture absorb microwaves

u Multiple signal paths (self interference) u Vulnerable systems (pacemakers, aircraft navigation) u Other contending devices:

­ Other cell phones & towers ­ Other piconets of similar short range technologies

Ø All MAC layers have overhead u e.g. Bluetooth MAC uses 28%

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Diverse applications

Ø Cellular data is for wide ranging mobile access to email and to the Web, leveraging the cellular voice infrastructure.

Ø WiMax: wireless broadband access u E.g. bridge to WiFi hot spots, or rural users

Ø WiFi: fast email & web access at short range: e.g. homes, offices, hotspots

Ø Bluetooth™: short range cable replacement

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Why go beyond Bluetooth?

Ø Get much higher data rates u Under optimal conditions, Bluetooth is a

1Mbps signaling technology. u Bluetooth is increasing signaling data

rates, to 4Mbps. Ø Much lower transmit power

u Bluetooth is 1mW u UWB variations are much lower

Ø New applications

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New applications

Ø Mobile Internet access for handhelds u Comparable or higher speeds than WiFi u Much lower RF power than WiFi u Higher spatial capacity (bps/sq. meter)

Ø Fast wireless peripheral access u Transfer photos, files, music, video u Stream audio and/or video u Wireless USB

Ø Living room multimedia: Wireless 1394

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1st high rate PAN: IEEE 802.15.3­2003

Ø All 802 family standards focus on u PHY layer (e.g. signals, carriers) u MAC (media access control) layer u See model on next slide

Ø Original scope was at least 20Mbps, but with similar range and power to Bluetooth, using 2.4 GHz ISM band

Ø Subsequent UWB work, e.g. 802.15 Task Group 3a, builds on this standard

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802.15.3 Layer Model

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802.15.3 PHY Ø 2.4GHz ISM band (2.4000­2.4835 GHz)

u Shared with Bluetooth, 802.11/b/g, etc Ø Split into 5 bands

u 3 bands used to avoid collision with 802.11 u 15 MHz per channel

Ø Symbol timing is similar to 802.11b u 11 Mbaud symbol rate u Data rates of 11, 22, 33, 44 and 55 Mbps u Trellis coding used for all but 22Mbps

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802.15.3 MAC Goals

Ø Fast Connect Time Ø Ad Hoc Networks Ø Dynamic Membership Ø Efficient Data Transfer Ø Data transport Quality­of­Service (QoS) Ø Security, including:

u Data encryption u Data integrity u Command integrity

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802.15.3 PicoNet Controller

Ø The PicoNet Controller (PNC) manages piconets = ad hoc associations (next slide)

Ø Controls PicoNet security Ø Allocates PicoNet data transfer capacity by

allocating piconet time Ø Manages traffic in SuperFrames Ø Manages service discovery and configuration Ø Manages PicoNet range via beacon power

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IEEE 802.15.3 Piconet Elements

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Benefit: Spatial Capacity

Ø This measures the amount of data delivered per user in a given space.

Ø Example: early cell phones had a few towers and a lot of power u In 1976, NYC could only support 545 users u By reducing power, tower spacing is reduced u Denser tower spacing covers more users

Ø High capacity = more users, better served Note: the following table is not corrected for MAC

overhead

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Spatial Capacity Comparisons

314

7854

31416

31416

314

area m 2

175 55M 10 802.15.3

6.88 54M 50 802.11a

1.72 54M 100 802.11g

0.35 11M 100 802.11b

3.2 1M 10 802.15.1

capacity kbps/m 2

data rate

Range m

Type

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Benefit: RF Power per bit

Ø This measures the energy (joules) it takes to deliver a fixed amount of data.

Ø Approximate calculation is simple: u Time to send data (data/time) x u Transmit power (energy/time)

Ø These are lower bounds, due to MAC overhead and MAC&PHY chip power u e.g. Bluetooth MAC will eat at least 28% u chip power may far exceed RF power

Ø To get rid of leading zeros, calculate microJoules/MB rather than joules/bit.

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RF Power per MB

150 1mW 55Mb 802.15.3

8,000 1mW 1Mb 802.15.1

7,400 50mW 54Mb 802.11g

29,600 200mW 54Mb 802.11a

36,400 50mW 11Mb 802.11b

uJ/MB TX Power Bit rate Type

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Ultra Wide Band

Ø Very low power: ­41dbm/MHz (FCC) Ø Very wide bandwidth: 3.1­10.6 GHz Ø First UWB designs: strings of pulses Ø IEEE 802.15 Task Group 3a: new PHY (&

related MAC updates) Ø Current Proposals in 802.15 TG3a:

u Merged Proposal #1: MultiBand OFDM u Merged Proposal #2: Direct Sequence­UWB

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1.6 1.9 2.4

Bluetooth, 802.11b 802.11g, 802.15.3 Cordless Phones Microwave Ovens

GPS PCS

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802.11a

­41 dBm/Mhz “Part 15 Limit”

UWB Spectrum

Frequency (GHz)

Emitted Signal Power

10.6 10.6 3.1 3.1

Spectra Comparison

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First UWB Designs

Ø Used similar wide bandwidth and low power Ø Used wavelet pulses (see below) Ø Data modulated by amplitude and pulse­to­pulse

period Ø Many technical and regulatory issues

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Proposed PHY Changes: DS­UWB & MB­UWB

Ø DS­UWB: “Merged Proposal #2” u Uses wideband pulses in one of two bands u promoted by UWB Forum u See presentation by Matt Welborn

Ø MB­UWB: “Merged Proposal #1” u Replace wideband pulses with OFDM u Multiple bands used in sequence u Promoted by MBOA u See presentation by Serdar Yurdakul

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Proposed MAC changes: TG3b & MBOA

Ø IEEE 802.15 TG3b is working on an improved MAC, in parallel with TG3a: u Merge Device Mgmt (DME) into the MAC u Add bi­directional transmission within CTA u New frame type for protocol multiplexing u See presentation by Bill Shvodian

Ø MBOA is finishing a new MAC, including: u Fully distributed peer­to­peer u Improved spatial re­use u Tuned to the needs of WUSB and W1394 u See presentation by Patrick Worfolk

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FCC Regulatory Issues

Ø Freescale was granted FCC (USA only) approval for DS­UWB chips.

Ø The MBOA has applied for FCC ‘waiver’ for their design. u The FCC tends to respond to waiver

requests, rather than anticipating new technologies.

u Prediction: eventual approval is likely

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World Regulatory Issues Ø Any design has to work worldwide.

u There are several masks for WiFi & Bluetooth Ø ITU­R TG1­8 will consider international

UWB regulations soon: May in San Diego CA u The FCC will propose its own emissions limits. u OFCOM (UK) will probably be similar to FCC.

Ø CEPT (EC) is likely to be stricter, given strong opposition from cellular carriers.

Ø Many countries will protect protect radio astronomy, WiMAX (licensed) & 4G cellular

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Other Contrasts Ø DS­UWB has simpler digital hardware

u rake filters and notch filters add analog complexity Ø Both designs scale up data rate at close range. Ø Simultaneously Operating Piconet (SOP) mechanisms:

u DS­UWB uses offset chipping rates & DS codes. u MB­UWB uses different hopping sequences. u Both can operate in different bands

Ø Both radios have options to measure the range between devices, for basic location awareness.

Ø MB­UWB facilitates cognitive radio: u Listen to other radio usage & adaptively adjust transmit

spectra u Not yet an FCC or market requirement

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Industry Politics

Ø IEEE Standards Association process Ø Contrast to other standards bodies Ø Industry trade groups Ø Predicted outcomes

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IEEE Standards Process

Ø In IEEE standards groups, membership and voting is by individual engineer.

Ø Membership in IEEE or IEEE­SA not needed. Ø Voting rights are earned by attendance, and

maintained by attendance and voting. Ø Affirmative votes on propositions requires

75% in favor. Ø NO votes should be technical, and include

what would be required for a YES vote. u some voters cite market reasons as well

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Contrasting Policies

Ø ITU (International Telecommunications Union) is a UN Treaty organization u Voting by country

Ø TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association) votes by company.

Ø ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) votes by administration (e.g. France Telecom) and by company.

Ø Success requires “consensus” u ‘absence of principled dissent’

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Industry Trade Groups Ø Some industry trade groups exist to provoke the

development of standards by other bodies, and then promote results: u WiFi Alliance (formerly WECA: Wireless Ethernet

Compatibility Alliance) promotes IEEE 802.11 u Zigbee Alliance promotes 802.15.4 u WiMax Alliance promotes 802.16 u 1394 TA (Trade Association) promotes IEEE 1394

Ø Other industry groups also develop specs: u USB Implementers’ Forum & Device Working Group u Bluetooth SIG (Special Interest Group)

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UWB Trade Groups

Ø UWB Forum u Matt Welborn & Bill Shvodian

Ø The MultiBand OFDM Alliance u Serdar Yurdakul & Patrick Worfolk

Ø The WiMedia Alliance: Glyn Roberts Ø Wireless 1394: Peter Johansson Ø The Wireless USB Promoters: Jeff

Ravencraft

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Other PAN Trade Groups

Ø Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) u Formulated the whole stack, from PHY and

MAC up to application profiles u PHY and MAC became IEEE 802.15.1.

Ø ZigBee Alliance u Focused on faster and lower power PAN u Industrial applications u Contributed to IEEE 802.15.4 development u Pushes applications and compatibility testing

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802.15 TG3a Politics Ø The deadlock has lasted since July 2003

u Some deadlocks break (e.g. 802.11g) Ø The majority margin is small and changes:

u DS­UWB had a one vote margin in July 2004. u MB­UWB had 54% in September 2004 u DS­UWB had 51% in Nov 2004, 54% in Jan 2005.

Ø Neither group has the 75% necessary to win. Ø TG3a members have proposed:

u Termination if down­selection fails in July 2005 u Splitting the PAR. e.g. two standards. u Two­headed PHY standard (‘Merged Proposal #3’)

Ø All are controversial; stay tuned

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Prognosis & Predictions Ø IEEE 802.15 TG3a looks fatally deadlocked. Ø Both MB­UWB and DS­UWB could become

distinct 802.15 standards. u Like 802.3 (Ethernet) & 802.5 (Token Ring) u The competitors would need mutual tolerance

Ø DS­UWB may succeed in two markets: u Handheld devices, given Freescale’s presence there. u W­1394, given the 1394 support in the TG3b MAC.

Ø MB­UWB should succeed in two markets: u Wireless peripheral connectivity (e.g. W­USB) u Wireless multi­media/entertainment (e.g. W­1394)

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References

Ø Articles: u “A Long­Term View of Short Range Wireless”, IEEE

Computer, June 2001 u “Wireless Data Blaster”, Scientific American, May

2002 Ø Primary Standards:

u IEEE 802.11 series, WLAN (Wi­Fi) u IEEE 802.15.1­2002, Bluetooth u IEEE 802.15.2­2003, Co­existence u IEEE 802.15.3­2003, High Rate PAN u IEEE 802.15.4­2003, Low Rate PAN u IEEE 802.16­2001, Fixed Wireless Broadband

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IEEE 802.15 TG3a reference contributions

Ø DS­UWB: 15­04­0137­03­003a (doc) u Summary: 15­04­0140­11­003a (ppt)

Ø MB­UWB: 15­04­0493­00­003a (doc) u summary: 15­05­0081­00­003a (ppt)

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IEEE URL Resources

Ø standards.ieee.org/ Ø standards.ieee.org/wireless/ Ø grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/11 Ø grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/15 Ø grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/16 Ø 802wirelessworld.com Ø www.1394ta.org

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Wireless Trade Group URL Resources

Ø www.nict.go.jp Ø www.uwbforum.org Ø www.multibandofdm.org Ø www.wimedia.org Ø www.wimaxforum.org Ø www.weca.net Ø www.bluetooth.com Ø www.zigbee.org Ø www.ultrawidebandplanet.com

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Other URL resources

Ø Cellular data: www.rysavy.com/Articles/3G/3g.htm

Ø Cellular Telephone Industry Ass’n: www.wow­com.com

Ø Telecommunications Industry Ass’n” www.tiaonline.org

Ø International Telecommunications Union www.itu.ch

Ø USB Implementers Forum www.usb.org