Madeleine LeiningerTranscultural Nursing Theory

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Dr, Manal KassabSt,Areej Faeq

Objective After this presentation we will be able to :• Identify the Dr, Leininger the pioneer who was tacking about

culture in providing nursing care • Understand the meaning of transcultural theory • Identify the Goal of Transcultural theory • Discuses the Sunrise Enabler (theoretical Framework )• Discuses the Nursing paradigm according to Leininger's Culture

Care Diversity and Universality.

Out line • Introduction • Biography and career of madeleine leininger • The theory • Goal of transcultural Nursing • Development of theory • The Sunrise Enabler • Nursing Paradigm• Major concept and Definitions • Assumption of theory • Advantages of theory

Introduction • While it is important to look at a patient as a whole person from a

physiological, psychological, spiritual, and social perspective, it is also important to take a patient's culture and cultural background into consideration when deciding how to care for that patient. After all, the values and beliefs passed down to that patient from generation to generation can have as much of an effect on that patient's health and reaction to treatment as the patient's environment and social life. The Transcultural Nursing theory developed by Madeleine Leininger is now a nursing discipline that is an integral part of how nurses practice in the healthcare field today.

• Born on July 13, 1925 in Sutton, Nebraska, lived on a farm with two brothers and sisters.

• Attended Sutton High School, Scholastics College, the Catholic University of America in DC, and the University of Washington, Seattle

• She earned several degrees, including a Doctor of Philosophy, a Doctor of Human Sciences, a Doctor of Science, and is a Registered Nurse.

• She is a Certified Transcultural Nurse, a Fellow of the Royal College of Nursing in Australia, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing

• She was named a “Living Legend” by the American Academy of Nursing in 1998

Biography and Career of Madeleine Leininger

• Dr. Leininger wrote the first books on transcultural nursing. • She developed and launched the first undergraduate and

graduate courses and programs in transcultural nursing beginning in the 1970s.

• Conceived and saw the need to establish the Transcultural Nursing Society as the official organization of the new discipline in 1974. the major organization to advance transcultural nursing science.

• Dr. Leininger established and was the first editor of the Journal of Transcultural Nursing.

• She has been nominated for the Nobel Prize for her significant and worldwide breakthrough encouraging health disciplines to study and practice transcultural health care.

Some of Madeleine Leininger's works include:

1. Transcultural Nursing : Concepts, Theories, Research and Practice

2. Culture Care Diversity & Universality: A Worldwide Nursing Theory (Cultural Care Diversity (Leininger))

3. Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Theory of Nursing4. Madeleine Leininger: Cultural Care Diversity and Universality

Theory (Notes on Nursing Theories)5. Caring: The Compassionate Healer

Some of Madeleine Leininger's works include:

6. Care, Discovery and Uses in Clinical and Community Nursing (Human Care & Health Series)

7. Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, & Practices8. Care: The Essence of Nursing and Health (Human Care :

Essentials for Nursing, Well-Being and Survival)9. Nursing and Anthropology10.Reference Sources for Transcultural Health and Nursing

The Theory

• The Culture Care Diversity and Universality theory, according to Dr. Leininger, focuses on describing, explaining and predicting nursing similarities and differences focused primarily on human care and caring in human cultures.

• The Culture Care Diversity & Universality theory does not focus on medical symptoms, disease entities or treatments.

• It is instead focused on those methods of approach to care that means something to the people to whom the care is given.

DEFINITION OF TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

• A substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs and practices of individuals or groups of similar or different cultures with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavourable human conditions, illness or death in culturally meaningful ways.

Goal of Transcultural Nursing

“to give culturally congruent nursing care, and to provide culture specific and universal nursing care practices for the health and well-being of people or to aid them in facing adverse human conditions, illness or death in culturally meaningful ways.”

• Developed in the mid-1950s and early 1960s.• The Transcultural Nursing theory first appeared in Leininger's Culture Care

Diversity and Universality, published in 1991.• The theory was further developed in her book Transcultural Nursing, which

was published in 1995. • In the third edition of Transcultural Nursing, published in 2002, the theory-

based research and the application of the Transcultural theory are explained. • Evolution of her theory can be understood from her books:Culture Care Diversity and Universality (1991)Transcultural Nursing (1995)Transcultural Nursing (2002)

Development of the theory

The Sunrise Enabler

• The theory includes an enabler ( Dr.Leininger prefers it not be called a model), serves as a conceptual guide or cognitive map to guide nurses in the systematic study of all dimensions of the theory.

• This map or guide is called the Sunrise Enabler.

NURSING PARADIGM

HUMAN BEINGS HEALTH ENVIRONMENT NURSING

HUMAN BEINGS

• Humans are believed to be caring and to be capable of bing concerne about the needs, well-being and survival of others.

• Human care is universal, that is, seen in all cultures.• Humans are universally caring beings who survive in a

diversity of cultures through their ability to provide the universality of care in a variety of ways according to differing cultures, needs and settings.

HEALTH

• Defined as a ‘state of well-being that is culturally defined, valued and practiced, and which reflects the ability of individuals (or groups) to perform their daily role activities in culturally expressed, beneficial and patterned lifeways’.

ENVIRONMENT

• Society or environment are not terms that are defined by Leininger but she instead speaks of worldview, social structure and environmental context.

• The concept of culture is closely related to society or environment and is considered as a central theme in her theory.

NURSING• Defined as ‘a learned humanistic and scientific profession and

discipline focused on human care phenomena and caring activities in order to assist, support, facilitate or enable individuals or groups to maintain or regain their health or well-being in culturally meaningful and beneficial ways, or to help individuals face handicaps or death’.

• Professional nursing care is defined as ‘formal and cognitively learned professional care knowledge and practice skills, obtained through educational institutions, that are expected to provide assistive, supportive, enabling or facilitative acts to or for another individual or group in order to improve a human health condition (or well-being), disability, lifeway or to work with dying clients’.

TRANSCULTURAL NURSING

• Leininger contends that emically derived care knowledge

is essential to establish nursing’s epistemological (the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, in particular its foundations, scope, and validity)and ontological (the most general branch of metaphysics, concerned with the nature of being)base for practice.

Culturally congruent (nursing) care

• defined as ‘those cognitively based assistive, supportive, facilitative or enabling acts or decisions that are tailor-made to fit with individual, group or institutional cultural values, beliefs and lifeway's in order to provide or support meaningful, beneficial and satisfying health care or well-being services’.

MAJOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

• CULTURE - Set of values, beliefs and traditions, that are held by a specific group of people and handed down from generation to generation, including beliefs, habits, likes, dislikes, customs and rituals learn from one’s family.

• RELIGION - Is a set of belief in a divine or super human power (or powers) to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator and ruler of the universe.

• ETHNIC - refers to a group of people who share a common and distinctive culture and who are members of a specific group.

• ETHNICITY - a consciousness of belonging to a group.

• CULTURAL IDENTITY - the sense of being part of an ethnic group or culture.

Leininger assumptions

• ‘different cultures perceive, know, and practice care in different ways, yet there are some commonalities about care among all cultures of the world’.

• She refers to the commonalities as universality and to the differences as diversity.

Helps nurses to be aware of ways in which the patient's culture and faith system provide resources for their experiences with illness, suffering, and even death.

Helps nurses to be understanding and respectful of the diversity that is often very present in a nurse's patient load.

Helps strengthen a nurse's commitment to nursing based on nurse-patient relationships and emphasizing the whole person rather than viewing the patient as simply a set of symptoms or an illness.

Helps a nurse to be open minded to treatments that can be considered non-traditional, such as spiritually based therapies like meditation and anointing.

Helps the nurse to understand the role of culture in the health of the patient.

Advantage of Transcultural Theory

• Mulholland, J. (1995). Nursing, humanism and transcultural theory: the ‘bracketing‐out’of reality. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 22(3), 442-449.

• Leininger, M. M. (1985). Transcultural care diversity and universality: a theory of nursing. Nursing & health care: official publication of the National League for Nursing, 6(4), 208-212.

• Leininger, M. M., & McFarland, M. R. (2006). Culture care diversity & universality: A worldwide nursing theory. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

• http://www.nursing-theory.org/theories-and-models/leininger-culture-care-theory.php

References

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