Collection of Data

11Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Data are collections of any number of related observations.

Or

Data is aggregate of facts.

“A collection of data is called a data set, and a single observation a data point”.

22Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Before relying on any data one should ask the following questions:

1. Where did the data come from?2. Do the data support or contradict other evidences we have?3. Is data adequate?4. Is the result logical?

33Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Data Collection :

Data generated from the activities within the firm

Data obtained from the Sources outside the firm

Primary source is a sourceThat itself collects the data

Secondary source is a Source which makes

Available Data.

Data

Internal External

Primary Secondary

44Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Primary Data :

1. It is original in nature.2. It is more reliable.3. It can be used with grater confidence.4. It is generally free from bias.5. It exactly matches the need of the project

Merits :

Demerits :1. It is expensive.2. It is time-consuming.3. Sometimes it is more difficult to approach the source.4. It usually involves creating new definitions and measuring instruments

55Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Secondary Data Merits

Readily available Less expensiveLess time consuming

Procedure is not known Not relevant in present contest May not be free from personal bias May not be adequate Proper care has to be taken

• Demerits

66Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Methods Of Primary Data Collection

Direct Personal Interview (or Investigation) Indirect Personal Interview (or Indirect investigation) Information from correspondents Mailed Questionnaires Questionnaires filled by enumerators

77Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Direct Personal Interview Method

Merits

Original data are collected. Uniformity in collection of data. Required information can be properly obtained. Flexible inquiry. More accurate and reliable information. Language of communication can be adjusted. Supplementary information can be generated.

88Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Demerits This method can be used when the field of

enquiry is small. High cost. Personal biasness can give wrong results. Investigators must be trained and supervised. Lengthy and complex.

99Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Indirect Personal Interview Method:

This method can be adopted in following situations:a.When the direct source do not exist.b.When the direct sources can’t be relied upon.c.When the area of investigation is large.d.When the direct sources are indifferent on their part.e.When the expert information is needed.Examples:a.Number of people addicted to alcoholic drinks in the area.b.Used by the commissions and committees appointed by the government.In such cases the information is collected by a third person known as informant or witness.

1010Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

The informant is suppose to be a person:a.Who is not biased or prejudiced.b.Who must known to the facts of the problem.c.Who must be capable of answering correctly and giving true information.d.Who is not motivated to give colors to the facts.

Merits :a.This method covers a wide area of investigation.b.It is more or less free from biasness.c.It saves labour, time and money.d.Different aspects of the problem can be studied.e.Suggestion of the experts can be obtained.

1111Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Limitations :

a.Single witness can not be trusted upon.b.Can be used by experts only.

1212Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Information from Correspondents :

This method is suitable when,a.Very high degree of accuracy is not required.b.Regular and continuous information is required.c.The area of investigation is large enough.

Merits :a. Information is received regularly.b. This method is comparatively cheap.c. It gives results easily and promptly.d. It can cover a wide area under investigation.e. It is particularly useful for special purpose inquiries

like inviting price quotations from different group markets.

1313Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Limitations :

a. In this method original data is not obtained.b. It gives approximately and rough results.c. As the correspondent uses his own judgment, his

personal biasness may affect the result.d. Different attitudes of different correspondents may

increase errors.

1414Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Mail Questionnaire Method :

a. It can cover a wide area.b. The results are not affected by personal biasness.c. The information is more accurate and reliable.d. This method is comparatively cheap.e. It gives results easily and promptly.f. Sensitive questions can be asked.

Merits :

Limitations :a. Low response.b. Incomplete information.c. Answers can not be cross-checked.d. Can not be applied where the informants are

illiterate.1515

Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Questionnaire Filled By Enumerators :

a. It can cover a wide area.b. The results are not affected by personal biasness.c. Doubtful answers can be cross-checked.d. Can be applied where the informants are illiterate.e. High response.

Merits :

Limitations :

a. Expensive.b. Time consuming.c. Trained executives are required.d. Big team is required.

1616Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Questionnaire Design

1717Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Over the years, a lot of thought has been put into the science of the design of survey questions. Key design principles:

1. Keep the questionnaire as short as possible.

2. Ask short, simple, and clearly worded questions.

3. Start with demographic questions to help respondents get started comfortably.

4. Use dichotomous (yes / no) and multiple choice questions.

5. Use open-ended questions cautiously.

6. Avoid using leading-questions.

7. Pretest a questionnaire on a small number of people.

8. Think about the way you intend to use the collected data when preparing the questionnaire.

1818Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Collection Of Secondary Data :

a. Published Sources.

Government publications, Publication of international organizations, Semi-official publications, Report of Commissions and committees, Private publications

b. Unpublished Sources.

Thesis, Project Reports, Educational Qualification of an individual, etc.

Secondary data can be collected in two various ways :

1919Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

Drafting a Questionnaire

?2020

Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

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Data Measurement

Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

2222

Let us take two numbers 40 and 80 are collected as some data. These numbers may represent;

Weights of two objects be shipped.

The rating received on a consumer test.

Football jersey numbers of two players

80 pounds 40 pounds

Average = 60 pounds

Which is a better

company

Player identification

Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

2323

The appropriateness of data analysis depends on the level of measurement of the data gathered.

The phenomenon represented by the number determines the level of data measurement.

The business researcher needs to know the level of data measurement; represented by the number being analyzed.

Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

2424

Four levels of data measurement ;

Nominal

Ratio

Ordinal

Interval

Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

2525Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini

A Candle looses Noting Of Its Light In A Candle looses Noting Of Its Light In Lighting The Other CandleLighting The Other Candle

2626Dr B K Som, Associate Professor, Dr B K Som, Associate Professor,

JIMS, RohiniJIMS, Rohini