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Cambridge IGCSE Geography Teacher’s Resource © Cambridge University Press 2016

Cambridge IGCSE Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions

Theme 3: Topic 43 (pages 134 and 135)TASK 1• Education/literacy(topLHS)• Healthcare(TopRHS)• Lifeexpectancy(bottomLHS)• Trade/exportsandimports(bottomRHS)

TASK 2a IngeneralthereisapositiverelationshipasthehighertheGNIpercapitathelongerthelifeexpectancy.For

example,PortugalhasthehighestGNIpercapita(overUS$20000)andthehighestlifeexpectancy(over80),whilstGhanahasthelowestGNIpercapita(belowUS$2000)andthelowestlifeexpectancy(around61).However,therelationshipisnotperfectassomecountries(e.g.Albania)haveahigherlifeexpectancy(77)thancountrieswithahigherGNIpercapita(e.g.Turkey75).

b GenerallythosecountrieswhichhaveahigherGNIpercapitaarericherandcanaffordtospendmoremoneyonhealthcare.Thereforehospitals,clinicsanddoctorswillbemoreavailableanditislikelythat,onaverage,numbersofpeopleperdoctorwillbelower.Richercountrieswillalsobeabletoinvestmoremoneyinsanitationandwatersupplysoconditionsarelikelytobemorehygienic,andbetterqualityeducationwillresultinpeoplebeingmoreawareofhygieneandahealthylifestyle.CountrieswithalowGNIpercapitamayhavefewemploymentopportunitiesandfoodmaybeinshortsupply,sopoverty,starvationandmalnutritionmayresultinlowerlifeexpectancy.

TASK 3Studentscarryouttheirinvestigationusingstatisticsfromhttp://data.worldbank.org/orasimilarwebsitewithup-to-datedata.Itmaybeausefulstrategytodiscussdifferentwaysinwhichasampleofcountriescanbetaken(random,systematicandstratified)beforestudentsmaketheirchoices.

ThescattergraphshouldbeofthestyleusedinSourceBandappropriatescaleswillhavetobechosen.Analysisandconclusionshouldcommentonthegeneralpatternandanyanomalies.

TASK 4a HDIisacompositeindicatorofdevelopmentwhichcombinesdifferentindicatorstoproduceanindexnumber

between0and1.Theotherindicatorsareindividualindicatorswithaveragevalues,e.g.averagenumberofyears,averagenumberper1000,averagepercentage.

b Advantages:

• ItisagoodcompositeindicatorwhichgivesusmoreofanaveragemeasurethanjustGDPorlifeexpectancy.• Itdoesnotsolelyconcentrateoneconomicdevelopment,andtakesintoconsiderationthatthereareother,more

social,waystomeasurehumandevelopment.• Itiseasytorankcountriesasitisauniformmeasure.• Itcanbeusedtocomparedevelopmentlevelsanditrevealsclearglobalpatterns.

Disadvantages:

• Itdoesnotmeasureinequalitieswithincountries,e.g.countrieslikeChinaandKenyahavewidelydifferentHDIscoresdependingontheregion.

• HDIreflectslong-termchangesindevelopment,e.g.lifeexpectancy,andmaynotrespondtorecentshort-termchanges.

• Economicwelfaredependsonseveralotherfactors,suchasthreatofwar,levelsofpollution,accesstocleandrinkingwater,etc.

• Itdoesn’tmeasurepoliticalorgenderequality.

15_Answers to tasks Theme 3.indd 1 12/12/15 10:33 AM


Cambridge IGCSE Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions Cambridge IGCSE Geography Teacher’s Resource

TASK 5a Countrieswithvery high development aremainlyinthenorthernhemisphere,particularlyinEuropeandNorth

America.ExamplesincludeNorwayandtheUSA.

Countrieswithhigh developmentareagainmainlyinthenorthernhemisphere,thoughtherearesomeexceptionsinSouthAmericasuchasBrazil.ExamplesincludeRussiaandSaudiArabia.

Countrieswithmedium developmentareinsouthernAsia,AfricaandSouthAmerica.ExamplesincludeChinaandSouthAfrica.

Countrieswith low developmentaremainlyinAfrica,southoftheSahara,thoughthereareafewinsouthernAsiasuchasAfghanistan.ExamplesincludeEthiopiaandD.R.Congo.

b Thiswillvaryfromstudenttostudentandperhapsdependonwheretheylive.SomemaybesurprisedtoseeMiddleEasterncountrieslikeQatarinthe‘veryhigh’categoryandsomemaybesurprisedtoseesomeSouthAmericancountriesinthe‘high’category.PerhapssomewillexpectcountrieslikeSouthAfricatobeinthe‘high’categoryratherthanonly‘medium’andothersmaybesurprisedtoseePakistaninthe‘low’category.

c HDIfiguresforallcountriesforseveralyearscanbefoundat:

http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi-table



Cambridge IGCSE Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions Cambridge IGCSE Geography Teacher’s Resource Answers to coursebook questions

Theme 3: Topic 44 (pages 136 and 137)TASK 1a NorwayhasamuchhigherlevelofdevelopmentaccordingtotheHDI.Inadditiontheotherstatisticsshowthat:

• lifeexpectancyislonger• adultliteracyishigher• GNIpercapitaishigher• therearefewerpeopleperdoctor• agreaterpercentagehaveaccesstoimproveddrinkingwatersuppliesandsanitation• infantmortalityrateislower• agreaterpercentagehaveaccesstotheinternet• therearemorecarowners.

b Norwayhasmoredevelopment,asithasalonghistoryofeconomicandcommercialdevelopmentandtherearemanyresources,manufacturingindustriesandotherbusinesses.D.R.Congowaspreviouslyacolonyandthisrestricteddevelopmenttoextractingrawmaterials.Warsandpoliticalunresthaverestrictedmorerecentdevelopment.

TASK 2a TheroadseeninKinshasaisunmadeandlitter-strewn,witholdpoorqualitybuildingsalongsidethem,butin

theAlesundphotothereisanattractivewaterwaywithboatsmooredandbuildingsalongside.ThebuildingsinKinshasaaretwo-storey,whilstthoseinAlesundhavefourormorestoreys.ManybuildingsinKinshasaseemtobeboardedup,whilstthoseinAlesunddonot.

b StudentsshouldbeabletofindimagesandinformationaboutAlesundandKinshasausingasearchengine.

TASK 3Withinmostcountriesthereisacorearea,wheremostdevelopmenthastakenplace,andtheperipherywhichislessdeveloped.Coreareascontainthecapitalcityandmanyoftheotherurbanareas,whilsttheperipheryismainlyrural.Inthecoreareathereismostwealthandpower,withindustryandcommerce,governmentandwell-developedservicesandinfrastructure.Themainlyruralperipheryislargelydependentonprimaryindustriessuchasmining,agricultureandforestryandwagesaregenerallylow.Thewealthierareasinitiallydevelopedwheretherewasflatlandforsettlementandgoodcommunicationswithin(e.g.roadsandrailways)andoutofthecountry(e.g.aport).Greaterinvestmentinandmigrationtotheseareasresultsingreaterinequalitiesdevelopingbetweenthecoreandtheperiphery,whichsuffersfromalackofinvestment.

TASK 4a Studentsneedtographtheinformationsothattheislandscanbecomparedusingthethreeindicators.Abar

graphwoulddothiseffectivelybutitwouldneedthreeseparateaxesorgraphswithdifferentscales,oneforeachindicator.Barswouldthenbecolourcodedaccordingly.Piechartswouldbepossibleforthetwocolumnsshowingpercentages,butHDIcannotbeplottedonapiechart.

b ThegraphshowsthatthereisinequalityinIndonesiawithKalimantanandSulawesihavingthehighestHDI,whilstWestPapuahasthelowest.Whilethereisclearlysomeinequality,therangeofHDIisrelativelysmallcomparedwiththatbetween,e.g.D.R.CongoandNorway.

AsalltheislandshaveaHDIbetween.679and.738,accordingtothekeyofSourceEonpage135theywouldbeclassifiedashavingamediumorahighlevelofdevelopment.

JavaandSumatra,thetwoislandswhichcontainmostofIndonesia’spopulation,areclassifiedashavingahighlevelofdevelopment.However,inthecaseofJava,thestatisticssuggestthatmanyareaswillbeovercrowdedwithover60%ofthecountry’spopulationlivingonlessthan7%ofitslandarea.ThisconcentrationofpopulationwouldsuggestthatthisislandcontainsthecoreareaofIndonesia,towhichmanypeoplehavebeenattractedbytheopportunitiesprovidedbyeconomicdevelopment.




Theme 3: Topic 45 (pages 138 and 139)TASK 1a • Thescientistiscollecting(orputtingaway)bottlesofchemicalsfromastore.

• Thericefarmeristransplantingsmallriceplants.• Theworkersarecuttingslabsofstonewhichtheyhaveextractedinaquarry.• Thepeoplearespreadingoutfish(tuna)ontablessotheywilldryinthesun.• Thewaitressisservingfoodatatable.• Theworkersarereplacingthesurfaceofaroadwithstonecobbles.

b • Thescientististertiaryifsheisprovidingaservice(orquaternaryifsheisinvolvedinresearchanddevelopment).

• Thericefarmerisprimaryassheisworkinginagriculture.• Theworkerscuttingslabsofstoneareprimary,astheyareextractingrawmaterials.• Thepeoplearespreadingoutfish(tuna)whichhavealreadybeencaught.Thecatchingofthefishisprimary

employment,buttheseworkersaredryingthemaspartofprocessingbeforetheyaresoldsothisissecondaryemployment.

• Thewaitressisprovidingaservicesothisistertiaryemployment.• Theworkersreplacingthesurfaceoftheroadarealsoprovidingaservice,sothisisalsotertiaryemployment.

TASK 2Studentsneedtocollectandclassifyjobadvertsandphotographs.Newspapersandmagazinescouldbeusedortheinternet.

TASK 3a Photographishowspharmaceuticals(medicinaldrugs).

Photographiishowsanaircraft.

Photographiiishowsahandheldelectronicdevice/mobilephone/iPad.

PhotographivshowsaPC/monitor/laptop/website.

b Suchindustriesaregrowingrapidlybecauseoftheincreaseddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Productsproducedareingreatdemand,e.g.pharmaceuticalsarerequiredascountriescontinuetoimprovetheirhealthcareandneedtotreattheincreasingnumberofelderlypeople.Aircraftandcomponentsarebeingproducedingreaternumbersbecauseoftheincreasingdesiretotravel.Mobiledevicesandcomputersofvarioustypesareingreatdemandasmanymodernsocietiesaredependentoninstantcommunication.

c Thefirmsproducingtheproductswillneedtocarryoutresearchanddevelopment,whilstdesigningandcreatingtheirnewproducts–thisisthequaternarysector.Oncethishasbeendonetheproductswillbemanufacturedorassembledinafactory–thisisthesecondarysector.Thefirmswillemploysalesstaffandofficestaffwhichisthetertiarysector–andanydeliverydriversemployedwillalsobeinthetertiarysector.

TASK 4a Itshouldbepossibletouseasearchengineontheinternettofindoutinformationaboutanyofthecompanies

whichareshowninSourceC.Studentsneedtobrieflydescribethebusinessthecompanytheychooseisinvolvedin.

b WhendescribingthelocationstudentsshouldnametheexactplacewithinSiliconValley.Gooddescriptionsoflocationalsousedistancesanddirectionsfromothernamedplaces.




c Thiswillvaryaccordingtothecompanychosenbutinallcasesreferenceislikelytobemadetotheavailabilityofskilledworkersandthemanyeducationalestablishmentsinthearea(e.g.StanfordUniversity).SiliconValleywaswherethemicro-processorwasfirstinventedandtherehavebeenmanysubsequentinventionsanddevelopmentsinhigh-techindustryoriginatingfromthere.

Oneoftheadvantagesformanycompaniesistheavailabilityofothersimilarcompanies,whichprovidethemwith‘economiesofagglomeration’.

Otherrelevantinformationwhichmayapplytothechosenindustrycouldincludethegoodroad,railandaircommunicationsinthearea,thelargemarketavailableinnearbycities,theproximitytoportsforexportandthepleasantclimateandenvironmentoftheareawhichmayhelptoattractworkersfromelsewhere.

d Againthiswillvaryfromcompanytocompany:mostwillneedresearchanddevelopmentstaff,officeworkers,salesstaff,cleaners,securitystaff,drivers,maintenancepersonnel,etc.Thosemanufacturingorassemblingproductswillneedassemblylineworkers,packersandotherstaff.




Theme 3: Topic 46 (pages 140 and 141)TASK 1a Nicaraguahasthelargestpercentageintheprimarysector(52%)andNewZealandthesmallest(6%).NewZealand

hasthehighestpercentageinthetertiarysector(72%)andNicaraguathesmallest(30%).Malaysiahasthelargestpercentageinthesecondarysector(45%),whilstNicaraguahasthesmallest(17%).

b NicaraguaisanLEDCwheremanypeopleworkinsubsistenceagriculture,doingworkbyhand.Thereisrelativelylittleindustrialandcommercialdevelopment,unlikeNewZealandwhichimportsmostrawmaterialsandmanufacturedgoods.Becauseofitswealth,alargepercentageofpeoplearerequiredtoprovideservicesforwhichthereisagreatdemand,e.g.transport,healthcare,education,leisureandtourism,whilstothersworktoprovidebusinessandfinancialservices.

TASK 2a In1970themainexportswereprimaryproducts(especiallyrubberandtin),buttheimportanceofthesein2010

wasmuchreduced.Electronicsin2010wasthemainexport–thisandtheexportoftextilesandchemicalsindicateanincreaseintheexportofsecondaryproducts.

b In1970afargreaterpercentagewouldhavebeenemployedintheprimarysectorandlessinthesecondaryandtertiarysectors.

c Malaysiaisexportingfewerprimaryproductsandmoresecondaryproductswhichexplainswhythesecondarysectorhasbecomeimportantandtheprimarysectorhasdecreased.

TASK 3a • Primary sector employmentdecreasedparticularlysteeplybetween1825and1900.Itwasthelargestsectorin

1800at70%,butitisnowverylowatabout10%.

• Secondary sector employmentincreasedfrom20%toabout45%upto1900andthenbegantodecline,althoughthepercentageemployedisstillmuchgreaterthanthepercentageinprimaryemployment.

• Tertiary sector employmentincreasedthroughoutthetimeperiodshown,particularlybetween1850and1950.Whilstitonlyincreasedrelativelyslowlybetween1950and2000itisstillthelargestemployer,employingroughlytwicethepercentageofthesecondarysector.

• Quaternary sector employment wasintroducedaround1970anditcontinuestorisealthoughtheoverallpercentageat5%remainslowerthanthatoftheprimarysectorat10%.

b Thereduction in primary sector employmentisaresultofexhaustionofresourcesandthemechanisationofworkintheprimarysector.Alsoithasbecomemoreeconomicaltoimportmanyrawmaterialsratherthanextractthem.

Theincrease in the secondary sectorupto1900resultedfromthegrowthofindustriessuchasshipbuilding,thesteelindustryandmanufacturingtextilesduringtheIndustrialRevolution.

Theincrease of tertiary sector employmenthasresultedfromtheincreaseineducationandskills,alongwiththedemandforservicesfromanincreasinglywealthypopulationandanincreaseinimportanceofworkincommerceandfinance.Manyworkersprefertertiaryemploymenttoworkingontheland,inminesandinfactoriesasworkingconditionstendtobebetterandmanyjobsinthetertiarysectorarewellpaid.

c Studentsshouldfindup-to-datedatafortheirowncountryusingtheinternetsotheycancompareitwithTunisia.

TASK 4a 1=SouthAfrica(mostdeveloped)

2=Tunisia

3=India

4=China(leastdeveloped)




b Chinahasshownthebiggestincreaseinthetertiarysector,althoughitsincreaseinthesecondarysectorhasnotbeenaslargeasinIndia.China’sdeclineinprimaryemploymenthasbeenslightlylargerthanthatinIndiasoonbalanceitcanbeconcludedthat,usingtheseindicatorsalone,Chinahasmademostprogresswitheconomicdevelopment.However,employmentstructureisonlyoneindicatorandtomakeamoreaccurateassessmentperhapsothereconomicindicators,suchasGNIpercapita,shouldbeconsidered.

TASK 5a Tunisia’semploymentintheprimaryandsecondarysectorshasdecreased,whilstithasincreasedinthetertiary

sectorsince1990.

b DifferentcoloursshouldbeusedtoplotChina,IndiaandSouthAfricaonatriangulargraph.TriangulargraphpaperplusaSupportSheetisavailableintheStudentCD-ROM.




Theme 3: Topic 47 (pages 142 and 143)TASK 1a Globalisationistheincreasedconnectionofcountries,especiallyineconomics,politicsandculture,e.g.

McDonald’srestaurants,Coca-ColaandStarbuckscoffeearepopularinmanycountriesandcountrieslikeEssoandMobiltradeallovertheworld.

b Technology hasresultedinimprovedtransportbetweencountriesandfastercommunicationsallowingpeopleacrosstheworldtocommunicateinstantly.

Transnational corporationsoperateinmanycountriesservingaglobalmarketandhavingoffices,factoriesandshopsinmanycountries.

Economic factors,suchasthecheapercostoflandandlabourinsomecountries,alongwiththereducedcostoftransportwhichfacilitatesworldtrade,haveencouragedglobalisation.

TASK 2a Themostsuitablegraphwouldbeacompoundbargraphwiththebarsforthetotalnumberofplayersineach

leaguebeingdividedintonumbersfromthehomecountryandnumbersfromothercountries,colourcodedaccordingly.

b ItisanexampleofglobalisationasfootballersfromallovertheworldplayinthedifferentleaguesinEuropeancountries.Alsothematchesaretelevisedandwatchedallovertheworld.

c Studentscouldresearchanyleisureactivity,lookingforinternationalconnections.Thiscouldbeasportingactivity,butactivitiessuchasfashionandmusicarealsoexcellentexamplesofglobalisation.

TASK 3a McDonald’shaverestaurantsinallcontinents.NorthAmericaandChinaarelocationsforthelargestnumbersof

McDonald’s.TherearealsomanyMcDonald’sinEurope,theMiddleEast,Asia,SouthAmericaandAustralasia.InmostcountriesinAfricatherearenoStarbucksorMcDonald’s.

b Theyhaveexpandedtheirbusinessgloballytoincreasebusinessandrevenue.Theyaresellingaproductwhichisindemandinmanycountriesandiseasytoproducewhateverthelocation,sovasttransportcostsarenotinvolved.Meatandotherfoodproductscanbeobtainedinmanydifferentcountriessolocalsourcescanbeusedtokeepcostslowwhereverthatispossible.Thelabourrequiredintheoutletsisgenerallylowskilledandthereisnoproblemobtainingitatrelativelylowcostinanycountry.

c Whatevercountryisselectedtheadvantagesandproblemstopeoplewillbesimilar.

Advantageswillincludethecreationofnewjobsandacquisitionofskillsinordertoboostpeople’sstandardofliving.Wealthwillbecreatedandthismaycauseamultipliereffectresultingintheincreaseinotherbusinessesandservicessuchaseducationandhealthcareandthedevelopmentofinfrastructure.AlsothepopularinternationalproductsofMcDonald’swillbeavailabletotheresidentpopulation.

Disadvantagesmaywellincludethefactthatmuchoftheprofitmadebytheseinternationalcompaniesmaybesentbacktoothercountriesratherthaninvestedlocallyandlocalbusinessesmayevenclosedownasaresultofcompetition.Insomecountriestaxincentivesareavailabletoattractlargecompaniessotheymaynotevenbenefitfromtaxpayments.Whilstjobswillbecreatedmanywillbelowskilledandpoorlypaid.Workersmaybeexploitedandhavetoworklonghoursforlittlereward.

TASK 4Moststudentsarelikelytoagreewiththemessageas,giventhereasonsforglobalisationoccurring,thereislittlelikelihoodoftheprocessbeingreversed.Whilstsomestudentsmaydisagreewiththemessage,astheyseeproblemsassociatedwithglobalisation,suchaviewwouldbedifficulttojustify.




Theme 3: Case Study: A transnational corporation – Nokia, Finland (pages 144 and 145)TASK 1NokiacameintoexistencewhenvariousseparatebusinessesweremergedtogetherasNokiaAbin1967.TheearliestofthesebusinessestobefoundedwerepulpmillswhichwereestablishedinFinland,andtheFinnishRubberWorksandFinnishCableWorks.DuringtheyearsbeforethedifferentpartsofthecompanyweremergedtobecomeNokiain1967theywerealsoproducingelectronicsandradiotelephonesforthearmyandemergencyservices.Inthe1980sNokiadevelopedcarphonesandmobilephones,andin1991otherpartsofthebusinessweresoldoffasthecompanyfocussedonmobilephones,anindustryinwhichitbecameaworldleaderwithproductiontakingplaceandsalesbeingmadeallovertheworld.

TASK 2TheresourceshowsthattheheadquartersareinFinland,buttheproductionfacilitiesinSouthandCentralAmerica,EuropeandsouthernAsia.ResearchanddevelopmenttakesplaceinNorthAmerica,EuropeandAsia.Variousnamedexamplesofcountriesandlocationscouldbeusedbystudentstoillustratethis.

TASK 3Variousresourcesshowhowemploymentforbothmenandwomenhasbeencreated,e.g.inChinaandSouthKorea.ThelatestexamplereferredtoisVietnamwhereanewmanufacturingbasewasopenedin2013.Nokia’slinkswithsuppliersintheareasneartoitsfactories,suchasthoseinBeijing,China,furtherboostthelocaleconomyinthoseareaswherefactorieshavebeenestablished.

However,whentransnationalcorporationsexpandinsomepartsoftheworld,itisinevitablethatproductionfacilitiesinotherareasmaybeshutdownsothatproductiontakesplacewhereitismosteconomical.ThishashappenedinClujinRomania,eventhoughthefactorywasonlyopenedin2008.EveninNokia’shomecountry,Finland,manufacturingnolongertakesplace.

TheadvantagesofNokia’slocationinmanycountriesarenotjustthecreationofworkandwealth,e.g.inKomarominHungaryNokiahasgivensupporttothelocalhospital,firedepartmentandschools.InReynosainMexicoNokiasupportstheuniversityandschool;andinChennai,India,itsupportsthelocallibraryprogramme.Whilstthebuildingofnewfactoriesmayhaveadverseenvironmentaleffects,suchasthelossofareasofnaturalvegetation,NokiahasachievedanawardforhighstandardsofenvironmentalmanagementinChennai.




Theme 3: Topic 48 (pages 146 and 147)TASK 1a • Thepictureatthetopisapastoralfarm,buttheoneatthebottomisarable.

• Thepictureatthetopisextensive,buttheoneatthebottomisintensive.• Thepictureatthetopcouldbeasubsistencefarm,theoneatthebottomisdefinitelycommercialasitisaplantation.

b Thefarmerofthefarminthetoppicturewillneedtoworklonghourseachdaylookingaftertheanimals,butfromthefewanimalswhichcanbeseenheshouldbeabletoprovidesomefoodforhisfamily,thoughthereisunlikelytobemuchsurplus.

Thefarmshowninthebottompictureproduceslargeamountsofcrops(theyarebananas)andmuchmoneywillbe earnedfromtheirsaleandpossibleexport.Inordertorunafarmlikethisonemuchmoremoneywillneedtobe investedonfertilisers,pesticidesandmachinery,andatcertaintimesofyearlotsoflabourwillbeneeded,e.g. forharvesting.

Bothfarmerscouldbeaffectedbynaturaldisasters,plantationscouldbedestroyedbytropicalstormsandanimalscouldbeaffectedbydisease.

TASK 2a Market gardeningistherelativelysmall-scale,butintensiveproductionoffruits,vegetablesandflowersascashcrops.

Aplantationisalargepieceoflandusuallyinatropicalareawhereonecropisplantedforwidespreadcommercialsaleandusuallytendedbyresidentlabourers.

Dairyingisthekeepingofcattleformilkandotherdairyproducts.

Factory farmingisasystemofraisinglivestockusinghighlyintensivemethods,bywhichpoultry,pigs,orcattlearerearedindoorsunderstrictlycontrolledconditionsintendedtomaximiseproductionatminimalcost.

b Factoryfarmingandmarketgardeningareintensive.Nomadicherdingandshiftingcultivationareextensive.

c Shiftingcultivation:

• isextensive,butcommerciallivestockfarmingismoreintensive• isusuallysubsistencefarmingandyieldsperhectarearelowerthanincommerciallivestockfarming;ifshifting

cultivatorssellanyproducetheirprofitswillbemuchlower• hasrelativelyfewworkers,butcommerciallivestockfarminghasmore• takesplaceonsmallplotsofland,butcommerciallivestockfarmingusesmuchmoreland.

TASK 3a Physical inputs=Relief,temperature,precipitation,lengthofgrowingseason,soils,land.

Human input=Farmbuildings,transport,labour,subsidies.

b Arable farm=Ploughing,planting,fertilising,pestcontrol,weeding,harvesting.

Pastoral farm=Grazing/feeding,cuttinggrassforsilage,milking,shearing,lambing,calving.

c Arable farm=Cereals(wheat/barley/rice,vegetables(potatoes/saladcrops),flowers,cropwaste.

Pastoral farm=Animals(calves,lambs/piglets),milk,wool,manure.

d Animalsproducemanureandthisisfedbackintothesystemasitisusedasanaturalfertiliser.Cropwastecanbeusedasfoodforanimals.




TASK 4a Thereisasmallclearingwhichhasbeenmadeinthetropicalrainforest.Mostofthelandintheclearingisoccupied

bytwosheltersbuiltfrommaterialsintheforest.Onthesmallamountoflandaroundtheshelterstherearescatteredtreetrunksandbranches.

b TheErigbaagtsatribeliveintheAmazonrainforestinBrazil.

c Themenhuntanimalsandthewomengrowcropssuchasmaize,riceandcassava.

d Nutrientsareobtainedthroughburningthevegetation.

e Itissustainableasthetribemoveafterafewyearsasthenutrientshavebeenusedup.Theykeepmovingtoanothersmallclearingintheforestallowingtheoriginalclearingstore-growbeforeconsideringusingthatlandagain.Theyareusingthelandnow,butnotdestroyingitasaresourceforthefuture.

TASK 5a ThesystemsdiagramshouldbeinthestyleofSourceC,withinputs,processesandoutputsbeingidentified.

SourceEindicatesthat:

• Inputs=handlabour,ash/naturalfertiliser,manioc/yamseeds• Processes=clearing/burningtheforest,plantingcrops• Outputs=yamsandmanioc

Othernaturalinputscouldbeadded,e.g.soil,land,temperatures,rainfall.Processeswillalsoincludeweedingandharvesting.Cropwastewillbeanadditionaloutput.

b Thetribeneedtomoveonafterafewyearsasallthenutrientsinthesoilhavebeenusedup.

c Deforestationaffectsthefarmingasaresultofthereductionoftheareaofrainforestwhichisavailabletomakeclearingsfrom.Iflandisrestrictedtheymaynotmoveasfrequentlyandyieldswilldecreaseuntilthesoilisexhausted.Ultimatelythefarmersmayendupmigratingtourbanareas.

Alternativelyaccesstoacommercialmarketmightencouragethetribetoclearmorelandtoproducehigheryields,thereforehavingasurplustosell.Iftheydothistheymaybeabletoobtainbettertools,machinesandsomefertilisersastheywillbelessisolatedastheresultofroadsbeingbuiltintherainforest.




Theme 3: Case Study: An arable farm in Lincolnshire, UK (pages 148 and 149)TASK 1a LabelledmaptobedrawnbasedontheOSmapinSourceA.

b Labelswillneedtobeaddedtomapasfollows:

Physical inputs

• Rainfalleverymonth.• Temperaturesabove6°Cformostoftheyear.• Warmsummertemperatures.• South-facingslopingland.• Northernfieldsarewelldrained.• Sandysoil.

Human inputs

• Labour–farmerplustemporaryworkers.

Capital inputs

• Drainsinfields.• Fertilisers.• Spraystoprotectfrominsectsanddisease.• Tractors,plough,seeddrillandcombineharvester(hired).

c • Drainsareinstalledsosoilsdonotbecomewaterlogged.

• Fertilisersareusedonsandysoilslackinginnutrients.• Spraysareusedtocontrolinsectsanddisease.

d Thesandysoilistoodryinsummerforgrasstogrowwellsotherewouldnotbeenoughfoodforanimals.Alsothefarmer’spersonalpreferenceisarablefarmingashedoesnotwanttobeworkingwithanimals,e.g.milkingcowstwiceaday.

TASK 2a Acerealcropisagrasscropwhichproducesgrainssuchaswheat,oats,maize,riceandbarley.

b • InJanuaryandFebruary(winter)themachineryisserviced,potatoesarepackedandincomingseedstored.

• InMarchandApril(spring)fertiliserisspreadandcropsareplanted.• InMay(earlysummer)herbicidesandpesticidesaresprayed.• InJune(summer)set-asidelandismown.• FromJulytoSeptember(summer)cropsareharvested.• InOctober(autumn)thelandisploughed.• InNovember(lateautumn)wintercerealsareplanted.• December(winter)isarestperiod,butgeneraltidyingupiscarriedout.

c MarchandAprillookverybusywithalltheplanting.BetweenJulyandSeptemberwillbeverybusyasallthecropsneedtobeharvested,althoughthisisspreadoverthreemonths.Decemberistheleastbusymonth,followedbytheotherwintermonths,JanuaryandFebruary,whengeneralmaintenancetasksarebeingcarriedoutasitisnotpartofthemaingrowingseason.




d Anadvantageofbeingaself-employedfarmeristhathecanmakehisowndecisionsandanyprofitmadeishis,asheisnotworkingforanyoneelse.However,hetakesalltheresponsibilityandhastodealwithfailureaswellassuccess.Ifthecropsfailoneyearhewillhavenoincomeandhavetouseanysavingswhichhehastokeephisfarmrunningashecannotdependonaregularwagewhichhecouldifhewasanofficeworker.Alsohisworkloadwillnotberegular:hewillbeverybusyduringsomeseasons,whilstatothertimesoftheyearhewillnothaveasmuch,ifany,worktodo.Studentswillexpresstheirpersonalpreference–thereisnorightorwronganswer,butthechoiceshouldbejustified.

TASK 3a Wheat,overhalfofthelandisusedforthiscerealcrop.

b Potatoes,sprouts,peas,strawberriesandraspberries.

c Somefieldsarenotaccessiblefromroadsortracksandcanonlybeaccessedfromotherfields.Ifcropsaregrowinginthesefieldsaccessformachinerywillbedifficult,especiallylargemachinerysuchascombineharvesters.Thefarmertriestoarrangehisland-usesothecrops/fieldsthatneedmostattentionfromlabourandmachineryareaccessibleandasclosetotheroadsandthefarmhouseaspossible.Anotherdifficultyisthatthelandisnotcoherent;therearetwolargesectionsandonesmallsectionsoaccesshastobearrangedacrosslandthatdoesnotbelongtothefarmer.

TASK 4a Diversificationoccurswhenfarmersusetheirlandformanydifferentpurposes,includingusesotherthan

agriculture.

b Waysinwhichthefarmerhasdiversifiedinclude:

• Growinglesswheat.• Growingoil-seedrapeandlinseed.• Growingraspberriesandstrawberries.• Caravansite.

c Anadvantageisthatextrarevenuecanbegainedfromotherlanduses/activities.Ifafarmerproducesjustonecrophewouldbeindifficultyifthatcropfailed(e.g.becauseofweatherconditions)orifpricesfell.Usingthelandforavarietyofpurposesensuresthatevenifonecropfailshewillatleasthavesomeincomefromtherest.SomeofthesealternativelandusesalsoattractEUpaymentswhichhelpthefarmer.

Themaindisadvantageistheconsiderableinvestmentrequiredtodiversifylanduse(e.g.itcostsalotofmoneytosetupacaravansitewiththerequiredfacilities),alongwiththeneedtoemploymorepeoplewiththeskills(orretrain)tomanagethedifferentlanduses.

d EUpolicieshavebeenresponsibleformanychangesincropsgrown,e.g.lesswheat,moreoil-seedrape.Alsomorehedgesandtreeshavebeenplanted,pondscreatedandstripsoflandleftaroundfieldstoencouragewildlife.

TASK 5a ThesystemsdiagramshouldbeinthestyleofSourceConpage147,withinputs,processesandoutputsbeing

identified.Thesourcesindicatethat:

Inputsinclude:

• Rainfalleverymonth.• Temperaturesabove6°Cformostoftheyear• Warmsummertemperatures• Southfacingslopingland• Northernfieldsarewelldrained• Sandysoil• Labour• Seeds




• Drainsinfields• Fertilisers• Spraystoprotectfrominsectsanddisease• Tractors,ploughs,seeddrillsandcombineharvester(hired).

Processesinclude:

• Fertiliserisspread• Cropsareplanted• Herbicidesandpesticidesaresprayed• Set-asidelandismown• Cropsareharvested• Thelandisploughed.

Outputsinclude:

• Wheat• Potatoes• Brusselssprouts• Peas• Strawberries• Raspberries.




Theme 3: Topic 49 (pages 150 and 151)TASK 1a NorthAmerica(Canada,USA),Europe(UK,France,Germanyetc.),Australia,Russia,Japan,Argentina,etc.

b ThesecountriesareconcentratedinAfrica,southoftheSahara.

TASK 2a MaptobeproducedusingAfricaoutline.Agroupintervalshouldbechosensothatthepercentagesplottedare

spreadacrossthegroups,e.g.:

• over50%• 40–49%• 30–39%• lessthan30%.

AnoutlinemapofthecountriesofAfricaisavailableontheStudentCD-ROM.

b Haiti,Guatemala,NorthKoreaandTajikistan.

c Usingaworldmapwouldmeanthatmostcountriesareunshadedasthereisnodataforthem.UsinganoutlineofAfricaensuresthatthemainareawherethehungriestcountriesarelocatedislargeenoughtoshadeandlabelthecountrieswithoutanyconfusion.UsingaworldmapwouldmaketheshadingoftheAfricancountriesamoredifficulttaskastheirsizewouldbemuchreduced.

TASK 3a

Natural causes Named country(ies) Effects

Drought/soil erosion Zimbabwe Yemen Afghanistan

People face shortages of food as crops fail.

Floods El Salvador Crops washed away or damaged.Thousands of people homeless and without food.

Tropical storms Philippines Coconut plantations destroyed.

Pests Yemen Crops destroyed by locusts.

Economic/political causes

Low investment ZimbabweYemen

Food shortages as farmers do not have fertilisers and machinery.

Access/transport issues Afghanistan Transporting water into the mountains is difficult so irrigation is not possible.

Wars and civil unrest VenezuelaSyria

Shops have run out of food so people have to queue for hours.Less food is produced as farmland is destroyed.

Rising prices Zimbabwe People cannot afford food.

b Itisperhapspossibleforpeopletoinfluenceeconomicandpoliticalcausesmorethansomenaturalcauses,thoughinfluencinganycauseisgoingtobeverydifficult.Whilstitmaybepossibletoirrigateduringdroughtinsomeareasitisnotpossibletopreventadroughtoratropicalstormorlarge-scaleflooding,especiallyinLEDCs.Itmaybepossibletocontrollocustsbytheuseofchemicalsprays,butthisneedsconsiderableinvestmentwhichmaynotbeavailableinLEDCs.

Oftheeconomicandpoliticalcauses,lackofinvestment,accessissuesandrisingpricescouldbeaddressedbygovernmentsandaidorganisations,althoughthisisnoteasyasitrequiresthepoliticalwill,andwherewarsandconflictarecausingtheproblemsthereisnoeasysolution.




TASK 4a Hemeantthatgivingfoodisashort-termsolutionwhichwillneedrepeating,butifyoushowpeoplehowto

producetheirownfoodtheycanfeedthemselvesinthelong-termwithoutbeinggivenfood.

b Ifhisadviceisfollowedthentheneedforshort-termfoodaidinLEDCswillbecomeless(apartfromemergencies)astheylearnhowtoproducetheirownfoodandeventuallybecomeself-sufficientwithmaybesomesurplustosave/selltodeveloptheireconomyandbecomelessreliantonshort-termfoodaidfromMEDCs.

c StudentsshoulddiscussthedifferentshortagesinSourceCandhowbesttosolvethem.

ASupportSheetontheStudentCD-ROMprovidessomesolutionstothefoodshortageproblems.




Theme 3: Case Study: Food shortages in Darfur, Sudan (pages 152 and 153)TASK 1a DarfurisinthewestofSudan,acountryinnorth-eastAfrica.SudanborderstheRedSeaalthoughDarfuris

approximately1000kminlandfromit,borderingChadandtheCentralAfricanRepublic.Itliesbetweenlatitude10°Nand20°Nandlongitude23°Eand27°E.

b DevelopmenthasbeeneasieraroundKhartoumandeastofitduetothepresenceoftheriverNilewhichflowsthroughtheeastofthecountry.Theriverprovideswaterforagriculture,industrialanddomesticpurposes,whilstmuchofthecountryreceivesverylittlerainfall,especiallythenorthernpart.InadditiontheeastisclosertotheRedSea,wherethereareports,whichhaveencouragedtradeandfurtherdevelopment,whilethewestismuchmoreremoteandisolated.

TASK 2aandbreasonssuchas:

• Thereisonlyashortwetseason.• Averageannualrainfallinmanypartsislessthan400mm.• Locustsareathreat.• Therearelongperiodsofdrought.• Cropsdonotgrowandtherearepoorsuppliesoffood.• Therehasbeenconflictinpartsofthearea.

TASK 3a 1956

b Therebels(mainlyAfrican)locatedinthedrywestofSudanroseupagainstthegovernmentastheyclaimedthattheyhadbeenneglectedwhilsttherestofSudan(theArabarea),especiallytheeasternareaclosetotheriverNile,hadbeenfavoured.

c AnIDPisaninternallydisplacedperson,someonewhohashadtofleefromhomewithmanyhavingtoliveinrefugeecamps.Atotalof330000peopleintotalhavebecomeIDPsandliveinsuchcamps.

d Manyhavebeenkilledandtheirvillageshavebeenburned.Manyhavediedfromdisease,watershortage,heatandfoodshortage.

e In2011SouthSudanbecameanindependentcountry.SouthernDarfurnowhasaborderwiththenewcountry.Withbordercontrolsinplace,migratingsouthfromDarfurwillbelessofapossibility.

TASK 4a Manypeoplehavefledfromtheirfarmsastheydon’tfeelsafe.Thereisadroughtsoeveniftheywereabletofarm

thelandnotmuchwouldgrow.

b Basicservicesmissingincludetoilets,drainageandmedicalfacilities.Healthwillsuffer,e.g.diseasescanspread,deathsthroughlackofinoculations,medicine,doctors/nurses.

c ThegovernmentwantstheIDPstoreturntotheirvillagessorefusestodistributefoodaidincasetheystayinthecampsandbecomedependentonit.

d Theyfearfortheirsafetyasthereisfightingbetweenrebelsandgovernmentforces.

e MalnutritionrisesbetweenJuneandOctoberasmanypeoplereturntotheirhomeareatocultivatethelandandthereislittlefoodavailableoncetheyleavetherefugeecamps.

f Childrenaresufferingfromseveremalnutritionandotherdiseases.Theyareunderweightandmanywillnotsurvive.




Theme 3: Topic 50 (pages 154 and 155)TASK 1a Secondaryindustryismakingormanufacturingthings,theproductionofgoodsfromrawmaterialsor

componentparts.

b Itenablesacountrytobecomewealthyasitcanmakeaprofitfromsellingandexportingtheproducts.

c • Steelmakingisamanufacturingindustryasrawmaterialsareconvertedintofinishedproductsonalargescale.

• Manufacturingcannedfoodisaprocessingindustryasafinishedproductforconsumptionisproducedfromrawagriculturalproducts.

• Carmakingisanassemblyindustryasthecarsareputtogetherusingalargenumberofpartsthatareproducedelsewhere.

• DevelopingiPads,smartphonesandtabletsisahi-techindustryasitinvolvesadvancedcomputertechniquesand‘cuttingedge’technology.

d Manufacturingislikelytocreatemostwasteastheconversionoftherawmaterialsinvolvesseparatingthemfromwastematerials;thiswillbeespeciallytrueiftheindustryislargescaleasshowninthephotograph.Theprocesswillalsoproducewastegasesandwastewater.

Foodprocessingwillinvolvetheproductionofwastetooastherewillbeskin,peelandwastefoodwhichwillnotbecanned.Dependingonwhatisbeingprocessedtheremaybesomewastegasesfromheatingandcooking,andsomewastewater.

Carassemblywillproducelittlewasteascomponentsarebroughtinandsimplyassembledtogether.Theonlywasteislikelytobepackagingordamagedcomponents.

Forsimilarreasonshi-techindustrywillproducelittlewaste,evenlessthancarassemblyastheproductsandcomponentsaresmallerandneedlesspackaging.

TASK 2a • Capital=abankloan.

• Enterprise=apersontakingariskandsettingupabusiness.• Land=theareaonwhichthefactoryisbuilt.• Rawmaterial=wool,ironore,wheat,etc.• Power=coal,oil,electricity,gasetc.• Labour=amachineoperative.

b • Smelting=ironandsteelindustry.

• Weaving=wooltextilemanufacture.• Spinning=cottontextileindustry.• Dyeing=textileindustry.• Printing=newspaperindustry.• Knitting=wooltextile/clothingmanufacture.• Stitching=textile/clothingmanufacture.• Tanning–leatherindustry.• Moulding=producingproductsfromrubber,e.g.tyres.

c Anexampleofanoutputsolddirectlytothegeneralpublicisamotorcycle.

Anexampleofanoutputthatbecomesarawmaterialforanotherindustryisawheelhub.

d Somewasteisrecycledandusedasininput,otherwiseithastobedisposedoforsoldasaby-product.Someprofitisre-investedtobuymoreinputs.




TASK 3a

Inputs Processes Outputs

Red clay Mixing clay with water Pots

Water Flatten clay to squeeze out water Plates

Dung Cut clay into chunks Bowls

Wood Throw the clay on the wheel to shape it

Land Dry pots in the sun

Shed Fire the pots in a kiln

Kilns Decorate and glaze the pots

Labour

b Thereareonlythreeworkers,thebusinessiscarriedoutinasmallrentedbuildingandtheoutputissmall.

c Theonlywasteconsistsofbrokenpots–thesearere-usedasinputsforpotmaking.Anyprofitisusedtopaytherentandanyleftwillre-investedinthebusiness.

d Sociallyandeconomicallythebusinesswillhavebenefitsaswealthisbeingcreatedfromthesaleofpottery,whichisbeingspenttoimprovethequalityoflifeinthearea.Suppliersofmaterialsusedwillbenefit.Extrawealthfromwagesandprofitmaybeusedbytheownerandworkerstohelpfeed,clotheandeducatetheirchildren,andtoprovidehealthcare.

Small-scaleindustryisnotlikelytohavesuchdevastatingeffectsontheenvironmentaslargerenterprises.However,alittleairpollution,fromtheburningofwoodanddung,andwaterpollutionislikely.Somedeforestationwilloccurastreesandbusheswillbecuttoprovidewoodforfuel.Theuseofwaterintheprocessmayaffectlevelsinlocalrivers,butbecauseofthesmallscale,thisisunlikelytobetoosignificantexceptduringthedryseason.Whethertheimpactsontheforestsandwatercourseswillhaveanyimpactonwildlife,foodchainsandecosystemswilldependonthescaleofproduction.Thisenterprisealonewillhavelittleeffect,but,whenaddedtootherusersinthearea,theactivitieswillcontributetopotentiallossofspeciesanddisruptionofecosystems.




Theme 3: Topic 51 (pages 156 and 157)TASK 1a Arawmateriallocationisaplaceneartowhereinputsforthefactoryareobtainedfrom,especiallytheraw

materials,whilstalocationclosetothemarketisaplaceneartowheretheproductsaresold.Industrieslocatedclosetorawmaterialsuseeitherheavy,bulkyorperishablerawmaterials,whileindustriesclosetothemarketproducebulkyorperishableproducts,oneswhichareexpensivetotransport.

b A‘footloose’industrydoesnotneedtobelocatedclosetoeitherrawmaterialsormarkets,itcanbelocatedalmostanywhereaslongasthereislabourandgoodtransportandcommunications.

c Locationalinfluencesontheearlyironandsteelworkswere:

• rawmaterials(ironore,limestone)• watersupplies• coal• themarket.

d Costoftransportingrawmaterialstothefactory.Costoftransportingfinishedproductstothemarket.

e Aniron and steelworkswillneedtobeclosetothemainrawmaterials,particularlythosewhicharebulkyandexpensivetotransportsuchascoalandironore.

Abakery needstobenearitsmarketasthebreadismoreexpensivetotransportthantherawmaterialswhicharenotasbulky.Alsobreadisperishablesoitneedstobemanufacturedclosetothemarketsoitcanbetransportedtherequickly.

Acomputer software developerwillbefootlooseastherearenobulkyrawmaterialsorfinishedproducts.Aslongasgoodtransportationisavailabletotransportthesmallcomponentsneededanylocationwouldbepossible.Amoreimportantinfluenceistheavailabilityofskilledlabourandresearchfacilities.

TASK 2a Thesteelworksoccupiedlargelong,relativelylowbuildings,withmanytallchimneys.Itwaslocatedclosetothe

coast/anestuary/docksandclosetotherailway.

b Informationisavailableatvariouswebsitessuchas:

http://www.tatasteeleurope.com/file_source/StaticFiles/Business_Units/CSPUK/Tata-PT-Visitor-Leaflet%20Interactive.pdf

http://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/25/port-talbot-wales-steel-tata-job-cuts

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-28104757




TASK 3a TheanswerherecontainssuggestedquestionsthatstudentsmightaddtotheonesalreadyintheircopyofSourceB.

TheyshouldputinthequestionsinSourceCandleavespacetoaddoneotherquestionsuchasthosebelow.

Location factor Questions to ask

PHYSICAL Site requirement How much land is available?Is the land flat or gently sloping?

Natural routes Is there a river or canal nearby?

Availability of raw materials Can raw materials be transported cost- effectively?Are they available cheaply?

How long is it before raw materials will run out?Is there an alternative, accessible supply?

HUMAN Access to market Is the market just in one place or in many areas?Will there be an export market?

Which is the quickest form of transport?Is refrigerated transport available?

Skilled labour Are there facilities for training workers in the area?

Power supply Is power reliable or are there likely to be outages/breaks in supply?Are there any possibilities of the factory providing its own power, e.g. by solar or wind power?

Industrial linkage Can components be obtained from or products sold to other firms nearby to reduce transport costs?

Capital Will attracting foreign investors be a possibility?

Government policies Are there any industrial parks already built which can be used?Are there any tax breaks available?

b Physical factors:

• Thesizeandreliefoftheland availablewillbeaninfluence,aswillitscost.Iflargeareasofflat,cheaplandareavailabletheareawillbeattractivetolarge-scalemanufacturing,processingandassemblyindustry,e.g.alargecarassemblyplantwillneedalarge,flatareaforthebuildings,assemblylinesandstores.

• Theavailabilityofnatural routesonlandandseaisimportant,e.g.amanufacturingindustryproducinggoodsforexportorimportingrawmaterialsneedstobenearaportand/orhavegoodaccesstoit.

Human factors:

• Afactoryneedstoaccessitsmarket.Ifitisproducingperishableproductsitshouldbelocatedneartoit,orinanareawheregoodroadsandrailwaycommunicationcanprovidequicktransporttoit.

• Skilled labourisimportantinsomeindustries.Ifthereareworkersinanareawiththerequiredskillsandexperiencethiswouldbeasuitableareatolocateandlesstrainingwillberequiredfortheworkforce.




TASK 4a Anytwofrom:

• Mahadevapura• Sadarmangal• DoddaNekkundi• Visveshwarajah• Kiadb

b • ColgatePalmolive• DoorvaniCables• Gears&Pinions• JaicoAutomobileEngineering

c • Therearegoodroadcommunicationsandarailway.• Theairportisclosebytorapidlytransportitemsortouseforbusinessconnectionselsewhereintheworld.• Therearemanyotherbusinessesintheareafromwhichnewbusinessescouldbenefit.• Thereareindustrialestatesandtechnologyparkswheresitesmaybeavailable.• Thereisplentyofopenspaceandlakessotheenvironmentwillbepleasant.• Thebuilt-upnatureoftheareasuggeststherewillbealocalmarketformanyproducts.

d Aschoolleaverwithnoqualificationswillonlybenefitiflowskill,manualjobsareavailable.Labourerswillberequiredonbuildingsitesandtherewillbecleanersandgroundsmenrequiredatnewlybuiltfactories.

Ayounguniversitygraduatemaybeabletofindwellpaidemploymentatoneofthenewhi-techindustries.

TheownerofafoodstoreatthelocalKIADBshoppingcomplexwillhopethattherewillbemoretradegeneratedfrompeopleworkingatnewestablishmentsinthearea.Howevertheroadsmaybecomebusiersotransportingsupplieswillbeharder.




Theme 3: Case Study: The Pakistan Steel complex at Pipri, Karachi, Pakistan (pages 158 and 159)TASK 1a Ithadjustgainedindependenceandneededtoproduceitsownironandsteelsothatitdidn’thavetospendalotof

moneyonimportingit.

b Itisacoastallocation,closetoaport,anditiswellservedbyrailandroadcommunications.

c ItistotheESEofKarachi,approximately30kmfromtheCBDandtothesouthoftheNationalHighway.

d Thesiteis18600hectaresinsize,with10000beingusedfortheworks.Thisprovidessufficientspacefortheworks,aworker’stownshipandawaterreservoir.Thelandislowandflatwhichmakesconstructioneasy.

TASK 2a Limestone,ironoreandcokearethemainrawmaterials.Power,labour,landandcapitalwillalsobeneeded.

b Therawmaterialsareputintoablastfurnaceandheatedtosmelttheironcontentfromtheore.Hotairispassedthroughthefurnaceandthisproducesmolten‘pigiron’.Thisisheatedinafurnacewhereoxygenispassedthroughit,removingtheimpuritiesandcreatingmoltensteel.Thisismadeintoingotsandthenshapedintosteelsheets,plates,girdersandwires.

c StudentsneedtodrawasystemsdiagraminthestyleofSourceBonpage155.Inputswillbethoselistedinaaboveandprocesseswillbethosedescribedinbabove.Outputsaresteelsheets,plates,girdersandwires.

d Sociallyandeconomicallythebusinesswillhavesimilarbenefits,howeverthesewillbemuchgreaterasmorewealthisbeingcreatedbytheironandsteelworksandmorejobscreated.Therewillbefarmoresuppliersofmaterialswhowillbenefitandmuchmorewealthwillenterthecommunitythanisthecasewiththesmall-scalepottery.Inaddition,theareaislikelytogainconsiderablyfrominfrastructuraldevelopmentsneededintheareafortheironandsteelworkstobeasuccess.Newroads,railwaysandpowerstations,e.g.mayberequiredwhichwillbenefittheareaasawhole.

Large-scaleindustryis,however,muchmorelikelytohavedevastatingeffectsontheenvironmentsuchasairpollution,waterpollutionandnoisepollution.Theironandsteelworkswillpollutetheatmospherebadlyaslargequantitiesofcoalareburnt.Muchdeforestationwilloccur;thelargesitewouldhavetobeclearedofitsnaturalvegetationandthiscouldkillwildlife,disruptfoodchainsanddamageecosystems.Thedevelopmentofthelocalportfacilities,whichwillberequiredfortransportofmaterials,maycausefurtherenvironmentaldestructionasthecoastalareanearbyiscoveredbyanaturalvegetationofmangroveswampswhichwouldhavetobedrainedanddestroyed.Thusmanyhabitatswillbedestroyed.




TASK 3a

Factors influencing location Reason

PHYSICAL

Site Flat, cheap unused land was available at Pipri near Gharo Creek.

Natural routes Port Qasim has a natural harbour that can deal with imports of materials and exports of steel to the countries neighbouring the Arabian Sea and east and west of the Indian Ocean. The 2.5 km long seawater channel is kept navigable for ships.

Raw materials Iron ore, manganese and most of the coking coal can be imported through Port Qasim. Limestone, needed as a flux, can be brought by road from the nearby Makli Hills, near Thatta. Large quantities of water required for making steel can be brought from Lake Haleji, 50 km to the east.

HUMAN

Capital The former USSR (now Russia) provided economic assistance in the form of technical expertise, finance and capital.

Energy Port Qasim and Karachi had the highest electricity generating capacity in the country. Pipri thermal power station produced 21% and Koranga thermal power station produced 15% of the total. Karachi also has a nuclear power station.

Labour Plenty of skilled and unskilled cheap labour was available locally from Karachi.

Markets Many steel using industries were located in Karachi, such as tool-making. It supplies rolled sheets, galvanised sheets, pig iron and coal tar to the rest of the country. Over half the steel is used in the Punjab at Taxila where many factories were established with Chinese finance in 1979.

Transport Pipri was connected to the main Karach-Kotri railway. Metalled roads also connected this area to the main road system.

TASK 4Inmanyareastherearesmallandlarge-scaleindustrieswhichmaybewillingtoliaisewiththeschoolandprovideinformationforstudentstouseinthistask.Itcouldbedoneindividuallyoringroups,orevenasaclassexercisewhichincorporatesafactoryvisit.SomecentresmaybeabletocarryoutaCourseworkAssignmentonalocalfactoryorindustryandcoverthisworkinthatway.




Theme 3: Topic 52 (pages 160 and 161)TASK 1a 11.5million

b US$5–US$9billion

c France–China–Spain–USA–Italy

TASK 2a 890million

b Europe,AsiaandPacific

TASK 3TheBergamoareaisscenicwithmountainsandgreennaturalvegetationsoitwillbeattractiveatanytimeofyear.Averageprecipitationamountsareatleast50mmpermonthandthereisnodryseasonsotheareawillbegreenthroughouttheyear.AveragemaximumtemperaturesbetweenMayandSeptemberareabove15°C,butnohigherthan27°Csotheyaresuitableforoutdooractivitiessuchashikinginthemountainsandsightseeing.Minimumtemperaturesfallbelow0°CbetweenDecemberandFebruary,soduringthesemonthsskiingandotherwintersportswillbepossibleasprecipitationislikelytofallassnow.

TASK 4a • NewYorkisalargecity.

• Hlaneisagamereserve.• PasdelaCasaisawintersportsresort.• LochNessisanareawithnaturalscenicbeauty.• Romeisahistoricalcity.• FlicenFlacisabeachresort.

b • NewYorkisahumanattraction.Theattractionsshowninthephotographincludeskyscrapersandadocksideareawithhistoricalships.

• Hlaneisanaturalattraction.Inthephotographthereisnaturalgrasslandvegetationandlionsintheirnaturalhabitat.

• PasdelaCasaisanaturalattraction.Thephotographshowssteepsnowcoveredslopesusedforwintersports.• LochNessisanaturalattraction.Thephotographshowsanaturallakewithvegetationaroundit,howeverthe

ruinsofacastle(builtattraction)canbeseenintheforeground.• Romeisahumanattraction.Thephotographshowsahistoricalbuilding(theColisseum)whichwasbuiltby

theRomans.• FlicenFlacisanaturalattraction.Thephotographshowsasandybeachandanareaofseawithmountainsin

thebackground.

c Destinationsshowninthephotographcouldberesearchedhere.However,abetteralternativemaybeforstudentstoresearchdestinationsintheirowncountryoronesabroadwhichtheyhavevisited.




Theme 3: Topic 53 (pages 162 and 163)TASK 1a Thetopphotographshowsreceptionistsinahotel(formalemployment).Thebottomphotographshowsahenna

tattooist(informalemployment).

Neitherofthesejobswillbeparticularlywellpaid.Thereceptionistwillearnaregularincomewhichmaybehigherthanotheremploymentlocally.Thehennatattooistwillnotearnaregularwage,herearningwilldependonhowmanycustomersshegetsandwhatpricesheisabletonegotiate.

b Jobswhichtourismbringstoanareainclude:

• manytypesofjobsinhotels,e.g.cleaner,waitress,gardener,barstaff,etc.• jobsintransport,e.g.taxidriver,airportgroundstaff,tourbusdriver,etc.• jobsattouristattractions,e.g.ingiftshops,museums,fairgroundsetc.

c Gettingajobintourismbenefitspeoplewholiveinanareaastheyareabletoearnregularwages.Theywillbeabletoimprovetheirqualityoflifeastheywillhaveregularincometobuyorimprovetheirhomes,buyfoodandotheressentialsandpayforserviceslikeeducationandhealthcarefortheirchildren.Theymayalsobeabletosupplementtheirincomewithtips.

d Theareareceivesmorewealthwhentouristsvisitanarea,someofwhichmaybeforeigncurrency.Whenmoneyisspentintheareabytouristsmanylocalpeoplebenefit,particularlylocalbusinessesandsuppliers.Thisincludeslocalfarmersandfishermenwhowillhaveamuchwidermarketfortheirproductsinhotelsandrestaurants.Theextramoneycirculatingintheareaislikelytocreatea‘multipliereffect’,e.g.somemoneywillbeinvestedinbuildingmoretouristfacilities–constructioncompanieswillbenefitfromthisandtheextramoneywhichtheworkersearnwillbespentinlocalbusinesses.Inadditiontaxeswillbepaidbytourists,e.g.ongoodswhichtheypurchaseandonpaymentfortheiraccommodation.Thegovernmentwillbeabletousethesetaxestoprovidebetterserviceswithinthecountry,suchashealthcareandeducation.Indeedtouristswilldemandgoodfacilitiesandasaresultserviceslikehospitals,roads,watersupplyandpowersupplywillneedtobeimproved.Thelocalpeoplewillbenefitfromthis,whethertheyareemployeddirectlyintourismornot.

TASK 2a Rainforestvegetation(flora)hasbeenclearedsothereislessbiodiversity.Faunawilllosehabitat,foodsupplies

willbereducedforprimaryconsumersandfoodchainswillbedestroyedthreateningspecieswithextinction.Soilerosionisoccurring.Waterisbeingpollutedwithsedimentandthiscausesdamagetocoralreefsandmangroves.

b Theextractexplainsthatthelocalpeoplehavebeenforcedtosellofftheirhomesandfarmland.Thisislikelytobeaproblemforthem,unlesstheyareabletosellthemforsomuchmoneythattheycansetuptheirhomesandbusinesseselsewhereandimprovetheirqualityoflife.Thisisunlikelyasoftenlocalpeopleareexploitedbytouristcompaniesandamountsofmoneytheywouldgainfromthesalesoftheirlandandhomeswouldprobablyhavebeensmall.Thereforetheymayfindthemselveshomelessandunabletomakeagoodliving.

TASK 3a Three largest islands:MaheIsland,PraslinIslandandLaDigue

b Two national parks:MorneSeychelloisNationalPark,ValleedeMaiNationalPark

c AnseRoyaleresort:4°45’S,55°30’E(approximately)

FromairportatVictoriatheresortisSSEapprox.16/17km.

TASK 4 a ThetouristindustrycontributestowatershortagesinLEDCsasoftensuppliesarelimitedandtheyconsumelarge

amountsofwaterinshowers,baths,toiletsandswimmingpools.Largeamountsofwaterareusedinthedryseasontowaterdecorativeplantsaroundhotelsandinornamentalgardensandsomemaybeusedinfountains.Thedrierandhotteritis,themorelikelyitisthattouristswillusemorewaterforthesepurposesandlocalswillsufferwatershortages,whilethetouristsareprioritised.




b Benefitswillinclude:

• Lesswatermaybeused.• Theremaybelesspollutionoftheair(fromvehicles)andseas(fromsewage).• Lessnaturalenvironmentmaybedestroyedtobuildnewtourismfacilities.• Congestionmaybereducedonlocalroads,etc.

Problemsofthiswillinclude:

• Employmentandwealthcreatedwillberestrictedalongwithtouristnumbers.• Hotelsmaywellhavelotsofemptyrooms,thusresourceswillbewasted.• Suppliers,suchasfarmersandfishermen,mayselllessproduce.• Taxrevenuesfromtourismwillbelimited,etc.




Theme 3: Topic 54 (pages 164 and 165)TASK 1a Sustainabletourismistourismthattakesfullaccountofitscurrentandfutureeconomic,socialandenvironmental

impacts,addressingtheneedsofvisitors,theindustry,theenvironmentandhostcommunities.

b TheArushaDeclarationconcludedthatsustainabletourismwasoneofthemosteffectivewaystopreserveAfrica’snationalparksandprotectedareas.Itstressedtheimportanceofgoodmanagementoftourism,especiallytheneedtodirectlyinvolvelocalcommunitiesinthemanagementofparksandprotectedareastoensuretheygainconcretebenefitsintermsofemploymentandincomegeneration.

TASK 2a Ecotourismisresponsibletraveltonaturalareasthatconservestheenvironmentandimprovesthewell-beingof

localpeople.

b TheGalapagosIslandsisauniquenaturalenvironmentwhichcontainsmanyplantsandanimalswhicharenotfoundanywhereelseintheworld.Therearemanywebsiteswhichdescribetheseislandsandtheirattractions.Examplesinclude:

http://www.galapagos.org/about_galapagos/about-galapagos/

http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1

http://www.discoveringgalapagos.org.uk/

c Havingtopayanentryfeewillrestrictthenumberoftouristswhovisittheislandssothatlargenumbersarenotallowedtothreatenthenaturalenvironment.Alsothemoneyraisedwillbeavailabletouseforconservation.

d • Theyshouldnottouch,feedordisturbwildlifesothatspeciesarenotdisturbedandbecomedependentonpeople.

• Theycanonlyvisitonsmallshipsof10to16tourists,mostofwhichareownedbylocalpeoplesothatnumbersarerestricted,thusavoidinglarge-scaletourismwhichwoulddestroythepristinenaturalenvironmentwhichisthemainattraction.Boatsownedbylocalpeoplehavetobeusedsothatthelocalpeoplewillearnincomefromtourists,alsotheboatownerswillknowwhichareasareenvironmentallysensitiveandtrytoavoidthem.

• Theycanonlyvisitalimitednumberofplacesontheislandssothatotherpartsareprotectedtoensurethatenoughoftheislandsremainnaturalandunchangedinthefuture.

• Theyshouldkeeptopathsandnotleavelittersothatvegetationisnotdestroyednexttothepathsandwildlifeisnotharmedbylitter.

• Theyaregiveninformationonhowtoconservetheislandsbeforetheyvisitsothattheywillknowhowtoreactresponsiblyandnotdestroythenaturalenvironmentorcauseproblemsforlocalcommunities.

TASK 3a Abiospherereserveisanareaoflandorwaterthatisprotectedbylawtoconserveecosystemstohelptoprotectthe

world’splantandanimalspecieswhiledealingwiththeneedsofthepopulation.

b Cubahassixbiospherereserveswithalargevarietyofnaturalattractionswhichattracttourists:

• Ciénaga de Zapata Biosphere Reservehasacrocodile-breedingfarmwhererareCubancrocodilesarebred.Thisreservecontainslargewetlandswithecosystemsandcreaturessuchastheworld’ssmallestbird,thebeehummingbird.

• Cuchillas del Toa Reservehasuntouchedrainforests.• Buenavista Biosphere Reserve hasmangroves,coralreefs,sanddunes.Therearecaveswithhistoricalpaintings.• Baconao ReserveincludestheSierraMaestramountainrangeandhas939indigenousspeciesofwildlifeliving

there,includingbutterflies,mammals,reptilesandtheendangeredhot-cavebat.• Sierra del Rosario Reserve hasrainforestscontainingoneoftheworld’ssmallestfrogsandthecolourfulreptile,

thechipojo.• ThePenínsula de Guanahacabibes Reservehasmangroves,marshgrasslands,coastalscrublandsandforestsand

therearemanyspeciesofbirdsandlizards.




c Itisimportanttoprotectbiospherereservestomakesurethatplantsandanimalsaresafefromhumanimpact.Atthesametimeprotectionensuresthattheywillcontinuetoprovideaspaceforenvironmentalresearch,recreation,andtourism.

d Thecreationofabiospherereservewillaffectlocalpeopleinmanyways.Inthecoreareatheywillnotbeableundertakeanyactivitieswhichwilldestroythenaturalenvironment,soclearinglandforagricultureandhunting,e.g.willnotbepossible.However,ensuringthattheareaprovidesopportunitiesfortourismandrecreationmayofferthemotheropportunitiestoworkandimprovetheirqualityoflifewithouttheirnaturalsurroundingsbeingdestroyed.




Theme 3: Case Study: An area where tourism is important – Dubai, UAE (pages 166 and 167)TASK 1a DubaiisoneofthesevenUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)locatedontheArabianPeninsulaonthesouth-eastcoast

ofthePersianGulfat25°Nand55°E.Dubaireceivesover9milliontouristsperyeargeneratingrevenueofoverUS$4billionperyearandthisgrowthhasoccurredinaveryshortperiodoftime.In1998therewereonly2milliontouristsandby2004thishadgrowntoover5million.

b ItislocatedintheMiddleEastsothatitcaneasilybeaccessedfromallcontinents.Itissometimesdescribedasbeing‘atthecrossroadsofEurope,AfricaandAsia’.TherearemanydirectflightsfromEurope,southernAsia,AfricaandNorthAmerica;indeedmostcapitalcitieshavedirectflightsthere.Alsoitscoastallocationenablesittoattractcruisevisitorsfrommanyareas.

TASK 2Studentswillneedtocarryoutresearchusingtheinternetonthephysicalandhumanattractionswhichcouldincludetheclimate,thenaturalcoastanddesertandthebuiltenvironment,bothtraditionalandmodern.Hereareafewexamplesofwebsites:

http://www.getyourguide.com/dubai-l173/?partner_id=1DD5E&cmp=ga&gclid=CJSAqd6I2sMCFeHLtAodzWAAhw

http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/dubai-uae-dub-dubai.htm

http://www.dubai.com/v/attractions/

TASK 3a Eventhoughtheresortislocatedwithinthedesert,attemptshavebeenmadetoconservethedesert’secosystem,e.g.

awildlifereservewasdevelopedwhichhas33indigenousmammalandreptilespecies,100birdspecies,andnearly300Arabianoryx.

Allglass,plastic,cansandpaperusedinthehotelarerecycledandallkitchenoilsandorganicwastesarecarefullydisposedof.Neverthelesstheprocessingofthesewillhavesomeimpactontheenvironmentandtheywillhavetobetransportedelsewherefordisposal.

Theresortensuresthattheundergroundwaterisprotectedandnotreducedinquality,thoughlargeamountswillinevitablybeusedinswimmingpoolsandshowers.Whilstcarehasbeentakentodeveloptheresortinasustainablewayitisinevitablethattherewillhavebeensomedisruptiontothefragiledesertecosystemasitgivespeopleaccesstosandduneswheretheycaneat,drinkandrelax.Alsovisitorstravellingtotheresortwillusevehiclesandthefumesfromthesewillemitsomeatmosphericpollutionaswellasnoise.

b ItisimportantfortourismtobecarefullymanagedinDubaiasitisanimportantsectoroftheeconomyandlikelytocontinuetobeinthefutureifitissustainable.However,muchoftherecentdevelopmenthasnotbeensustainableandalotofdamagehasbeencausedtothenaturalenvironment.InparticularthelargeamountsofoiluseiscontributingtoenhancedglobalwarmingandpotentialrisesinsealevelwhichcouldfloodcoastallowlandslikeDubaiinthefutureiftheprocessisnotreversed.




Theme 3: Topic 55 (pages 168 and 169)TASK 1a Non-renewableenergysourceswillnotlastforever;theywilleventuallyrunout,whilerenewablesourcesofenergy

canbeusedcontinuouslyandwillneverrunout.

b Oil,naturalgasandcoal.

c 80%intotalisproducedfromthesethreeenergysources.

d Theywanttobecomeself-sufficientsotheyarenotcontrolledbyothercountrieswhichhavelargesupplies,whocandictatethepriceandsupplyofenergyresources.Theyareworriedthatifthesecountriesdecidenottosellthefuelstothemtheywillhavenoenergy.

TASK 2a Studentsneedtoshowthedataonanoutlinemapoftheworld(availableontheStudentCD-ROM).Located

proportionatesymbolswouldbeagoodmethodtouse,usingadifferentcolourforeachofthefuels.

b Thetopfossilfuelproducersaremainlyinthenorthernhemisphere.TheonlysouthernhemispherecountryinthetopsixfossilfuelproducersisAustralia.MostofthetopsixproducersareinNorthAmerica,AsiaortheMiddleEast.

c Allthreetypes–RussiaandUSA.Anytwotypes–China,IranandCanada.

TASK 3a Hydro-electricpower(HEP),windpowerandsolarpower.

b Comparedtonon-renewablesourcesofenergytheamountsofrenewableenergyproducedfromHEP,windandsolarpowerarerelativelysmall.Allproduceasmallpercentageoftheworld’senergy,thoughHEPisslightlymoreimportantthanwindandsolarpowerwith3%comparedto2%.

c Manycountriesaredevelopingtheirownrenewableenergysourcesbecause:

• theyarerunningoutoffossilfuels• fossilfuelshavebecomeveryexpensive• theywanttoreducetheirdependenceonimportedsuppliesandavoidbeingpoliticallyandeconomicallydependent.

Thereisgreatconcernabouttheenvironmentalimpactsofburningfossilfuelsandrenewablesourcesarelesslikelytopollutetheatmosphere,causeacidrainandenhanceglobalwarming.

TASK 4a NuclearpoweristhemostimportantsourceofenergyinFrance,withalmost40%oftheenergybeinggeneratedin

thatway,butitisnotusedatallinD.R.Congo.

Thefossilfuels(oil,naturalgasandcoal)areallmoreimportantinFrancethanD.R.Congo.Togetherthefossilfuelsareresponsibleforalmost50%ofFrance’senergycomparedwithlessthan5%inD.R.Congo.

InD.R.Congobiofuels(fuelwood)arefarmoreimportantthaninFrance,asover90%oftheenergyinD.R.Congoisfrombiofuelscomparedwithlessthan5%inFrance.

AgreaterpercentageofenergyisobtainedfromHEPinFrancethanD.R.Congo,butthepercentageissmallinbothcountries.

b Francehasthetechnologyandwealthtobuildnuclearpowerstations,butD.R.Congodoesnot.Franceisabletoimportfossilfuels,butD.R.Congocannotaffordtodoso.D.R.Congohastousebiofuelsasmostpeopleareforcedtousefuelwoodasthecountrydoesnothavetheinfrastructuretosupplythemwithelectricityandtheywouldnotbeabletoaffordit,unlikethepeopleinFrance.




c InFranceitislikelythatthepercentageoffossilfuelsusedwillgraduallybereducedasthecountrytriestocutdownitsexpensiveimportsoftheseresourcesandproducesmoreofitsownfuelfromnuclearpowerandrenewableenergy.

D.R.Congomayincreaseitsuseoffossilfuelslikeoilandcoalasitbeginstodevelopandpossiblyindustrialiseandextendtheelectricitygridtomorehomes.Asthishappenstheimportanceofbiofuels(fuelwood)islikelytodecreaseaspeopleareabletouseelectricityratherthanburnwood.

TheuseofHEPshouldbecomemoreimportantastheIngaprojectplanstodeveloptheHEPpotentialoftheCongoriver.




Theme 3: Topic 56 (pages 170 and 171)TASK 1a Wateristakenfromthecoolwatersourceandpumpedalongpipestowhereitischangedtosteambythereaction

inthecontainmentbuilding.Itisturnedbacktowaterinthecondenserandthenpumpedtothelargecoolingtowerswhereitiscooleddown.

b Water,nuclearfuel(e.g.uranium),machinery(e.g.turbines,generators),buildings(e.g.coolingtowers),labour,capital,etc.

c • Atomsofuraniumaresplit(fission)tocreateheat.• Waterischangedintosteam.• Steamturnsturbinesconnectedtogenerators.• Generatorsproduceelectricity.• Steamiscooledbycoldwater.

d • Electricityistransferredalongwirestotheconsumers.• Radioactivewasteissealedincontainersandstoredinasafeplaceformanyyears.• Wastecoolingwaterisreturnedtorivers/lakes.

TASK 2MostofthebenefitsanddisadvantagesofnuclearpowerarelistedinSourceBanditisthislistwhichstudentsneedtodiscuss.Whilstitislikelythatmanywillbeawareoftheperceivedproblemswhichnuclearpowermaycause,somemaynothaveconsideredthebenefitsandallshouldbeencouragedtotakeabalancedview,consideringbothbenefitsandproblemsandoverallopinionsshouldbejustified.

TASK 3Studentswillneedtoresearchanyoneofthenuclearaccidentslisted.Manywebsitescanbefoundusingasearchengine.Hereisanexampleforeachaccident:

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Three-Mile-Island-accident/

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Chernobyl-Accident/

http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/

TASK 4a Fromhighesttolowesttherankorderis:

HEP–waveandtidalpower–offshorewind–biofuels–geothermal–onshorewind–nuclear–solar/coal–gas

b ThebenefitsanddisadvantagesofeachrenewablesourceareclearlylistedinSourceC.Studentsshouldchooseoneofgeothermal,wind,HEP,waveandtidalpowerandsolarpowerandcopythebenefitsanddisadvantagesofthechosenone.However,studentsshouldattempttoadddetailtoeachpointoraddextrapointsbycarryingoutresearch.

TASK 5a In support of the statement:

• Theaveragecostofnuclearpowerislowerthanmostrenewablesourcesofenergy.• Manyrenewableformsofenergyneedspecificsiterequirementsandthesearelimitedinmanycountries.• Onenuclearpowerstationcangeneratelargeramountsofenergythanthousandsofwindturbines,HEP

stations,etc.• Inordertogeneratethesamequantityofenergy,renewablesourceswouldpotentiallycausemuchmore

environmentaldestruction,e.g.lossofvegetationandhabitat,andoverawiderarea.




Against the statement:

• Nuclearpowerstationsaremoreexpensivetobuildandnotaffordableformanycountries.• Renewableenergyrequireslesssophisticatedtechnologythannuclearpowerwhichmaybemorepractical

forLEDCs.• Radiationandnuclearwastehasthepotentialtocauseacatastrophicaccidentwhichcouldaffectbothpeopleand

thenaturalenvironmentseverely.

b Whatevertheirviewsthestudentsneedtojustifythem.




Theme 3: Case Study: Energy supply in Iceland (pages 172 and 173)TASK 1a IcelandislocatedontheMid-AtlanticRidgewheretheNorthAmericanandEurasianplatesmeet.Itis300kmeast

ofGreenlandand900kmwestofNorway,atalatitudebetween63°NandtheArcticCircleandalongitudebetween14°Wand24°W.

b AsitisontheMid-AtlanticRidgethereisalotofvolcanicactivitysogeothermalpowergenerationispossible.HighamountsofprecipitationenableittogenerateHEP.Asitdoesnothaveitsowndepositsoffossilfuelstheseneedtobeimportedandtherewouldbeinsufficientsunshineatthislatitudetogeneratesolarpower.

c Studentsneedtodrawpiechartplottingthefollowingstatistics:

• 66%geothermalpower• 19%Fossilfuels• 15%HEP

d Inrankorderfromhightolowgeothermalpowerisusedfor:

heating–electricitygeneration–fishfarming–snowmelting–industry–swimmingpools–greenhouses

e Heating.ItisusedformeltingsnowtoobtainwatertouseinHEPstations.

TASK 2a Reykjavikisonthecoastinthesouth-westofIceland.

b Mostofthehigh-temperaturerocksarelocatedontherockswhicharelessthan0.8millionyearsold.ThesestretchacrossthemiddleofIcelandfromthesouth-westcoasttothenorth-east.Theyarelocatedwithintheactivevolcaniczonesatadepthbelow1km.

c Thelow-temperaturezonesarelocatedonolderrocksandmanyareinthenorth-westandsouth-westawayfromthemainvolcaniczones.Theylietothesurface.

TASK 3a 10HEP,2geothermaland1fossilfuelpowerstation.

b MostHEPstationsarelocatedonrivers,inlandinthesouth-westofIcelandthoughthereareonesscatteredfurthertothenorthandeast.Thegeothermalpowerstationsareinlandinthenortheastwhilstthethermalpowerstationisonthecoastintheextremesouth-west,closetoReykjavik.

c ManyHEPstationsareclosetoiceandsnowfieldsastheyusethefastflowingwater(producedfrommeltingsnow)oftheriverswhichflowfromthem.

d ThecapacitiesoftheHEPstationsrangefrom28MWto690MW.

e Withoneexception,Laxa,thecapacityoftheHEPstationsisgreaterthanthegeothermalandfossilfuelpowerstations.

TASK 4a StudentsneedtoproduceanoutlinelabelledsketchofSourceD.

b Advantages are that:

• ItproduceslargeamountsofelectricitywhichhasattractedAlcoatobuildasmelterthere–thiswouldraiserevenueforIceland.

• Itcreatedover750jobsforIceland.




Disadvantages are that:

• Thenaturalenvironmentofthislargewildernessareahasbeendestroyed,habitatsforbirdsandsealshavebeenremoved.

• Manymigrantworkershavebeenemployedratherthanusinglocalpeople.

c Aluminium

d ItprovidedthemwithcheapelectricityandelectricitygeneratedinawaywhichwouldnotpollutetheatmospherewithcarbondioxideasmuchasthefossilfuelswhichtheywereusingintheUSA.Itwasalsoacleanattractiveenvironment.




Theme 3: Topic 57 (pages 174 and 175)TASK 1a Towaterplantsandforanimalstodrink.

Togeneratehydro-electricpower.

Fordrinkingandwashing/showering/bathing.

Forwastedisposal–inthetoilet.

b Otherusesofwaterinclude:

• Infactoriesforindustrialprocesses• Forcleaningcars,windows,homes,etc.• Forswimmingin,boatingandotherrecreationalpurposes.

c • Towaterplantsandforanimalstodrink.(S)• Togeneratehydro-electricpower.(Q)• Fordrinkingandwashing/showering/bathing.(S)• Forwastedisposal–inthetoilet.(Q)• Infactoriesforindustrialprocess(Q)• Forcleaningcars,windows,homesetc.(Q)• Forswimmingin,boatingandotherrecreationalpurposes(Q)

TASK 2a Studentsneedtodrawasmallpiechartnexttoeachofthe6countriesandshadeitaccordingtothedatainSource

B.AnoutlineworldmapisavailableontheStudentCD-ROM.

b Forexample,theUKandMali.

Maliusesagreaterpercentageofwaterforagriculture.TheUK,however,hasafargreaterpercentagefordomesticandindustrialuse.

c AgricultureisfarmoreimportantinMalithanintheUKasmostofthepopulationarefarmers(manyofthemsubsistencefarmers),soagreaterpercentageofthewaterneedstobeusedforwateringcropsandkeepinganimals.

IntheUKafargreaterpercentageofwaterisusedinindustrythaninMaliastherearemorefactorieswhichuseitintheprocesses.

DomesticuseisgreaterintheUKasmorehomesintheUKarelikelytohavepipedwaterandusewaterinapplianceslikewashingmachinesanddishwashers.

TASK 3a Anaquifer isanundergroundreservoirofwatercontainedwithinaporousrock.

b Wellscanbedrilledorwatercanbepumpeduptothesurface.

c Acopyofthecross-sectionneedstobeannotatedtoshowwhywateristrappedinthechalk.

d Thehighestlevelofthewaterwithintheaquiferisthewatertable.

e Thislevelvariesmainlybecauseofvariationintheamountofrainfall.Ifrainfallishighthentheleveloftheaquiferwillbehigh.However,theamountofwaterbeingextractedfromitisalsoafactor.Whenlargeamountsarepumpedfromtheaquiferforirrigation,e.g.thelevelofthewatertablewillfall.




TASK 4a Reasonssuggestedcouldbe:

• highrainfall• impermeablerocks• largedemandforwaterinsouth-westofEngland• alargeareacouldbeusedtostorewater• fewpeoplelivingintheExmoorNationalPark.

b ItisreleasedintotheriverHaddeowhichthenflowsintotheriverExe.ItistakenfromtheriverExeandtransferred towhereitisneededbypipelines,e.g.TivertonandExeter.

c Advantages include:

• Amorereliablesupplyofwater.• Aroundthereservoirthelandcanbeusedforrecreation.• Thereservoirisusedbyasailingclub.• Atroutfisheryislocatedinthereservoir.• Anaturereservehasbeencreatedsoprotectingtheenvironment.• Employmentforlocalpeopleinbuildingandmaintenance.

Disadvantages include:

• Lossoffarmland.• Lossofnaturalvegetationandhabitats.• Lossoflandwhichmayhavebeenpreviouslyusedforsettlement.• Possibleneedtore-routeroads.• Lossoflandpreviouslyusedforrecreation,e.g.rivervalleyswhichwereusedforfishingandhiking.• Possibledisruptiontofishmigrationpatternsorbreedinggrounds.

TASK 5a Desalination (alsocalled‘desalinisation’and‘desalting’)istheprocessofremovingdissolvedsaltsfromwater,thus

producingfreshwaterfromseawater.

b Thereareanumberofwebsiteswithup-to-dateinformationsuchas:

http://www.desalination.com/market/where-does-desal-happen

http://www.desalinatedwater.info/countries.php




Theme 3: Topic 58 (pages 176 and 177)TASK 1a Areaswithmorethan1500mmofrainfallperyeararemainlyintropicalareasinSouthAmerica,Africaand

south-eastAsia.TheseincludetheAmazonBasininSouthAmerica,theCongoBasininAfrica,andIndonesia,allofwhichareonorclosetotheequator,andpartsofIndiaandChina,onorclosetotheTropicofCancer.

b GaboncouldexperienceawatersurplusasitisinthepartofAfricawhichhasover1500mmrainfallperyear.Indonesiamayalsoexperienceawatersurplusasitisinthepartofsouth-eastAsiawhichhasover1500mmrainfallperyear.

MaliandChadcouldexperienceawaterdeficitasthispartoftheSahelexperienceslowrainfall.

Therearemanyotherpossibleexamples.

TASK 2a Thecartoonissuggestingthat,insteadofpursuingexpensiveoptionssuchasbuildingnewdamsordesalination,it

wouldbewisetoreducetheamountofwaterwastedbyleakingpipesandthenperhapsitwouldnotbenecessarytofindnewsourcesofwater.

b Examples:

• TheMurray-DarlingdrainagebasinisentirelyinthecontrolofAustraliaandthedrainagebasinoftheRiverLoireisincontrolofFrance.

• TheNilebasinissharedbyEgyptandSudanandothercountriesinnorth-eastAfricaandtheAmazonBasinbyBrazil,Peru,ColombiaandothercountriesinSouthAmerica.

• Therearemanyotherexamplesofeach.

Acountryupstreamcancauseproblemsforacountrydownstreambydammingtheriverand/orextractingtoomuchwatersothereisnotenoughavailabledownstream.Alternativelyacountryupstreamcouldpollutetheriverandthewastewouldflowdownstreamandcauseproblems,e.g.withthecountry’sfisheries.

c Thiswilldependonthecountrywherethestudentlives.However,manycountriesdoshareriverswithneighbouringcountries.Initiallystudentscouldstudymapsand,ifappropriate,searchforinformationabouttheriverbasinontheinternetatwebsitessuchas:

http://academic.evergreen.edu/g/grossmaz/oforiaa/

TASK 3a WaterpollutionisincreasinginChinaandLEDCsduetoeconomicdevelopment.Rapidurbangrowth,

industrialisation,miningandmodernfarmingmethodsarecausingpollution.

b Waterpollutioncanaffect the healthofpeoplebycausingwater-bornediseasessuchascholera,typhoidanddysentery.Itmayreducethesizeoftheworkingpopulationbycausingthedeathofpeopleintheeconomicallyactivepopulationorbyreducingtheirhealthsopreventingthemfromworking.Thiscouldslowdowntheeconomic developmentofthecountry.

TASK 4a Gujaratisacoastalstateofnorth-westIndia,nexttotheborderwithPakistan.Itliesbetweenlatitudes24°Nand

29°Nandlongitudes70°Eand78°EandisborderedbythestatesofRajasthan,MadhyaPradeshandMaharashtra.

b Theydammedariveranddug23wells.

c Theywereabletoirrigatetwiceasmuchland(153hectaresratherthan85hectares),sotheyarenowabletogrowthreecropsperyear.Thisquadrupledproductionperhectareandincreasedtheincomeofthefarmersinthevillage.Thismeantthatpeoplenolongerhavetomigratefromthevillagetolookforwork.




Theme 3: Case Study: Water supply in Lesotho (pages 178 and 179)TASK 1a LesothoisalandlockedcountryinsouthernAfricasurroundedbySouthAfrica.Atthenearestpointitis

approximately100kmfromDurbanwhichliesontheshoreoftheIndianOcean.Itisapproximately400kmsouthoftheTropicofCapricorn.

b Thereliefisanadvantageforeconomicdevelopmentasmuchofthelandintheeastishighthereforethereisahighprecipitation,providingsufficientwaterforindustrialuseandforthegenerationofHEP.Thishigh,steeplandmakesmuchofthelandisolatedasroadsandrailwaysaredifficulttoconstruct,thereforethepoortransportnetworkisadisadvantageforeconomicdevelopment.

TASK 2a ThehighesttemperaturesandprecipitationoccurbetweenNovemberandFebruaryandthelowestbetweenMay

andSeptember.Inthesummerseason,NovembertoFebruary,averagetemperaturesareabove15°Candreachanaverageof23°Cinthehottestmonth,December.Thereisanaverageprecipitationofover100mmduringthesemonths.Inthewintermonths,betweenMayandSeptember,theaveragetemperatureisbelow5°CandthelowestaverageinJulyisminus5°C.InthedriestmonthsofJuneandOctoberthereisanaverageprecipitationofonly25mm.

b Advantages of the climate for water supply:

• Annualaverageprecipitationof1020mmishigh.• Temperaturesformostoftheyeararenottoohighsoevaporationlevelsarelow.

Disadvantagesof the climate for water supply:

• Rainfallisnotevenlydistributedthroughouttheyear:fromMaytotheendofSeptemberthereisanaverageoflessthan50mmrainfallpermonth.

• Temperaturesofbelowzeroforpartofthewintercombinedwithlowrainfallmayfreezewaterandcauseproblemswithsupply.

c Itcanprovidewaterallyearroundbecausereservoirsareusedtostorewaterwhichhasfallenduringthewetseason.Also,precipitationfallinginthewetmountainousareascanbetransferredtothelowerdrierareasbypipelines.

TASK 3a Katse(1997),Mohale(2003),Mashai(2008),Tsoelike(2017),Ntoahae(2020)andMalatsi(2020).

b ThewesternpartofLesothohasawaterdeficitasthatiswherethelandislowsomorepeoplelivethere,buttherainfallisrelativelylow,below250mmperyear.Theeasthasawatersurplusasthehighlandthereissparselypopulatedandaveragerainfallishigh,over1000mmperyear.

c Waterwillbetransferredfromstoragereservoirsintheeastthroughtunnelsandpipelines,intotheriverswhichflowwestwards.

TASK 4a ThelistedfeaturesneedtobelabelledontoasketchofSourceD.AnoutlinesketchisavailableasaSupportSheeton

theStudentCD-ROM.

b Tworeasonssuggestedcouldbefrom:

• Highrainfall• Impermeablerocks.• Easytobuildadamacrossthevalley.• Alargeareacouldbeusedtostorewater.• Inhighlandssolowevaporationrates.




• Sparselypopulated.• Lowvalueland,etc.

c OtherbenefitsmightincludegenerationofHEP,roadacrossvalleyonthedam,recreationandtourism,commercialfreshwaterfishing.

TASK 5a

In favour of LHWP Against LHWP

Provides water all year round Many people had to move their homes when land was flooded for reservoirs

Improves agricultural output as irrigation can be used Changes to culture as area becomes less isolated and tourists visit

Triggers economic development Increased dependency (on South Africa)

New jobs provided through tourism Loss of farmland – people forced to live on colder, infertile, steeper and higher land as reservoirs occupy former valleys

Money made from selling some of the water to South Africa

Development of infrastructure, e.g. roads, electricity supply

b Individualviewswillvaryonthisissue,butstudentsshouldbeabletojustifythem.




Theme 3: Topic 59 (pages 180 and 181)TASK 1a Economicactivitieshadlittleimpactaseconomicactivitiesweredominatedbyagricultureuptoabout250

yearsago.

b Primary activities whichchangethenaturalenvironmentinclude:

• Agricultureandforestryinvolvestheremovalofnaturalvegetationandachangeinthevisualappearanceofthelandscape.

• Miningandquarryingmayinvolveareasoflandscapeandvegetationbeingdestroyedasrocksareextractedonalargescale.

• Fishingcoulddestroyecosystemsandfoodchains.

Secondary activitieswhichchangethenaturalenvironmentinclude:

• Pollutionoftheatmospherebyburningfossilfuels.• Pollutionofriversbythedisposalofindustrialwaste.

Tertiary activitieswhichchangethenaturalenvironmentinclude:

• Atmosphericpollutionfromtransportusingroads,railwaysandairports.• Lossofnaturalenvironmentsduetotouristactivityandtheconstructionoftouristfacilities.

TASK 2a Airpollution–mainlycausedbytrafficinTokyo.

Waterpollution–mainlycausedbyindustryinHubeiprovince.

Noisepollution–causedbytrafficinCairo.

Visualpollution–causedbythelightsinthecityofLasVegas.

b Thiswilldependonwherestudentslive,butitislikelythatallformsofpollutionwillbepresenttosomeextent.

TASK 3MiningiscausingpollutioninthenortharoundShkoderandFusche-Arrez.However,inthecentreofthecountryatElbasanitisalsoaproblem.IndustryiscausingpollutionatmorelocationsinAlbania,particularlyinthewestofthecountryclosetothecoast.AgainElbasanisoneoftheareasaffected,thoughplacessuchasTirana,DurresandVlorearealsoaffectedbyhazardousindustrialsites.

TASK 4a Short-waveradiationfromthesunisabletopassthroughtheatmosphereandheattheEarth.Long-waveradiation

takingthisheatawayfromtheEarthistrappedbygreenhousegases,includingcarbondioxide,intheatmosphere.Thisisthenaturalgreenhouseeffect.However,thishasbeenenhancedbypeopleinthelast250yearsasindustries,agricultureandtransporthavereleasedmorecarbondioxide,CFCsandmethane,thereforeenhancingthegreenhouseeffectasmoreheatistrappedbymoregreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.

b Globaltemperaturesarelikelytohaveincreasedbyapproximately4°Cduringtheperiodfrom1900to2100.Themostrapidincreasehasbeenfrom1950onwards,untilthentherewaslittlechange.Theincrease,however,hasnotbeencontinuous,ithasfluctuatedovershorttimeperiods.

c Industries,agricultureandtransportarebelievedtohavecausedthesechanges,inparticulartheburningoffossilfuelssuchascoalandoil.




Theme 3: Topic 60 (pages 182 and 183)TASK 1a Sustainabledevelopmentisdevelopmentwhichmeetstheneedsofthepresentwithoutcompromisingtheabilityof

futuregenerationstomeettheirownneeds,i.e.developmentwhichallowspeopletoproduceandenjoywhattheywantnowwithoutmakingitimpossibletodosointhefuture.

b Social,environmentalandeconomic.

c Itisimportanttoensurethatsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoccurs,butthisshouldnotdamagetheenvironment,toensurethatitisprotectedforthefuture.

d Globalagreementisdifficultaseachcountryhasitsownprioritiesandwantstoensureeconomicdevelopmenttakesplaceintheircountryintheshort-term.Long-termagreementsforthefutureoftheplanetarenoteasytoachieveifthispreventsshort-termgainforindividualcountries–politicianswouldnotbepopularintheirowncountriesandwouldnotbere-electediftheyagreedtointernationalpolicieswhichwouldadverselyaffecttheircurrentwealth.

TASK 2a MrLagwareisworriedbecauseheisafarmerandthefertilityofhissoilhasbeendecliningformanyyears.The

yieldsofhiscropswillbedecliningasaresultofthis.Thegovernmentisworriedtooasagricultureemploys86%ofthepopulationanditneedstobecomemoreproductivetoimprovethetradebalanceofthecountry.

b Thegovernmenthasmadelocalcommunitiesresponsiblefordevelopingasustainableapproach,withthehelpofvariouseducationalinitiatives.

c Waysbeingusedinclude:

• Increaseduseofphosphateandorganicfertilizersandcompost.• Growingfoddercropsforanimalstopreventovergrazing.• Buildingbundstopreventrun-offandsoilerosion.• Usinghighyieldingseeds.• Controllingtreecuttingandreplantingseedlings.

d Economicallyasfarmingisbeingimprovedinvariouswaysfarmersshouldbenefit.Sociallytootheywillbenefitascommunitiesarebeinggivenresponsibilityfortheirownactionsand,assumingtheschemeachievessuccess,thecommunitieswillgrowstrongerandnotbebrokenbytheeconomicneedtomigrate.Environmentallytheschemeiscaringforthesoilandthevegetationbytheuseoftechniquestoreducesoilerosionanddeforestation.

TASK 3a AnNGOisanon-governmental organisation.Itisnotapartofagovernmentoraprofitmakingbusiness.There

are manyexamples–thedirectoryatthefollowingwebsitecouldbeusedtofindonesinthecountrywherethestudentslive.

http://www.wango.org/resources.aspx?section=ngodir

b Anecological cityisonewhichaimstouseaslittlenon-renewableenergyaspossible.

c SolidwasteisamajorconcernaspeopleinJakartaproduceover6000tonnesofrubbisheveryday.Airpollutionisamajorconcernbecauseofthelargeamountoftraffic.Manypeoplecommutetoworkusingcars,trucksandmotorbikeswhichproduceemissionsofgases.

d Lorriesareusedwhichusenon-renewablefuelstotransportwastematerialsandincineratorsuseenergytoburnwastewhichproducesgasesandcausesairpollution.Fartoomanypeopledrivelongdistancestowork.Therearenotenoughgreenspaceswhichlimitairpollution;manyarebecomingbuiltupasthecitygrows.




e Solutionsinclude:

• Turningsolidwasteintocompostfertiliser.• Replacingplasticswithbiodegradablematerials.• Creatingworkplacesclosetowherepeoplelivetoreducetheneedforlongjourneystowork.• Educatingthepeoplewholiveinthecityhowtomakewasteintocompostandmakingsuretheyhavethe

equipmentforthis.




Theme 3: Topic 61 (pages 184 and 185)TASK 1a Photosynthesisoccurswhenenergyfromthesuncombineswithcarbondioxideandwatertoproduceoxygen.

b Thefoodproducershownisatypeofgrass.

c • IfArctic haresincreasedtherewouldbelessgrassesgrowing,asthehareswouldovergrazethemandconsumethemasfoodsupply.

• Ifgrassesincreasedbecauseofhighertemperaturestheremaybemorehares,asthereismorefoodsupply.InturnthisprovidesmorefoodforArcticfoxeswhichmayincreaseinnumber.

• Ifoil pollution destroyed most of the decomposers thiswouldresultinlessnutrientsbeingreturnedtothesoil,anddeadplantandanimalmatterstayingonthesurface.Lessgrasswouldgrowandaconsequenceofthiscouldbeadecreaseinthenumbersofharesandfoxes.

TASK 2a Krillistheonlyfoodsourceofthebaleenwhalesoitisveryimportanttoit.

b Ifkrillwereremovedthefishandthepenguinswouldhaveareducedfoodsource.

c Primary economic activity suchasminingcoulddestroythehabitatofthesealsandpenguinsandtheirbreedingsites.Theirseasonalmigrationpatternscouldbethreatenedbylandbasedactivitiessuchasdrillingandtheycouldbefrightenedbynoise.Theycouldbeharmedbylitterormachinery.Airandwaterpollutioncouldbetoxictothemortheirfoodsupplies.

Secondary economic activityelsewhereislikelytopollutetheatmosphereandtheglobalcirculationofthesepollutantscouldresultinsomeofthetoxinsbeingdepositedbyprecipitationinAntarctica.Inadditiongreenhousegasesemittedwillenhanceglobalwarming,raisingtemperaturesandcausingmeltingofsnowandiceinAntarcticawhichwillthreatentheirhabitatsandfoodsupplies.

Ttertiary economic activitycouldinvolvetouristsvisitingfromcruiseshipsandbringinglittertotheareaandoilspillagescouldoccur.Bothwouldthreatenspecieseitherdirectlyorbyreducingtheirfoodsupply.Someanimalsmightbecomedependentonobtainingfoodfrompeopleratherthanhuntingforit.

TASK 3a StudentsneedtoshadeinallthecountrieswithmannedbasesinAntarctica–seeSourceC.

(AnoutlineworldmapisprovidedontheStudentCD-ROM.)

ManyofthesemannedbasesbelongtocountrieswhichareMEDCsastheycanaffordtosetupbasesinAntarctica.Whilsttherearemanyfromthenorthernhemisphere,therearelargernumbersfromthesouthernhemispherebecauseoftheirrelativeproximitytoAntarcticacomparedtothenorthernhemisphere.

b MostbasesareinasimilarareaasthatareaisrelativelyclosetothesoutherntipofSouthAmericasoitwillbemuchmoreaccessiblethanotherpartsofAntarctica,eithercoastalorinland.

TASK 4a Reasonsinclude:

• Thedesiretoexpandtheirownterritoryandpoliticalinfluence.• Touseasabaseforwhalingand/orfishing.• Toexploreforandexploitmineralresourcessuchasoil,gold,silverandgasinthefuture.

b The1959AntarcticTreatyandthe1991MadridProtocolwhichpreventminingoroil-drillinguntil2049.

c CountriesaretryingtojustifytheirownershipbysettinguptheirowninternationalbasessuchastheBritishAntarcticTerritory.Somecountries,likeChile,areflyingoutpregnantmotherstohaveAntarctic-bornchildren;otherlessextrememeasuresincludetheBritishAntarcticTerritoryissuingitsownpostagestamps.




d Oil,gas,gold,silver,chromiumanduranium.

e Somecountriesmaybetemptedtoignorethetreatyandattempttoexploitresources.Thiscouldcauseconflictespeciallyasthoseresourcescouldbesovaluableeconomicallyassomanynon-renewableresourceselsewherearebeingexhausted.Also,enhancedglobalwarmingisslowlydestroyingpartsofAntarcticabymeltingtheiceanditispossiblethatsomecountrieswillwanttoexploititwhileitisstillpossible.

TASK 5CertainlyAntarcticaisremoteandmanypartsareindeedinaccessibleasaresultofthegreatdistancefrommanyotherareasoflandandtheextremeclimatewhichmaketransporttomanyareasvirtuallyimpossible.However,itisnottotallyinaccessibleandoncoastalparts,especiallythoseclosesttoSouthAmerica,thereisalreadyconsiderablehumanactivity,includingmanymannedbasesandtouristactivities.Theexistenceofaradiostation,banks,hospitalandschoolsinFrei,e.g.andtheeasebywhichamobilephonesignalandinternetaccesscanbegainedfromtheremaybesurprisingtomanystudents.Itmustberemembered,however,thatthebaseatFreiisjustonesmallpartofAntarctica.




Theme 3: Case Study: Fracking in California, USA (pages 186 and 187)TASK 1a Aprocessforextractingoilandnaturalgasfromthegroundbyblastingoilandchemicalsintoundergroundrocks.

b Primaryeconomicactivity.

c Itistakingplacebecause:

• Countrieswanttodeveloptheirownenergyresourcesratherthanrelyingonothercountries.• Costsoffrackinghavecomedownsoitcanbeusedeconomically.

d Companiesdrilldownintothelayersofshaleandsmallholesareblastedintotheseundergroundrocks.Thenamixtureofwater,sandandchemicalsispumpedin,fracturingtheshaleandallowinggastoescapeintothewell.

TASK 2a Montereyshaleisapproximately100kminlandjusttotheeastoftheSanAndreasFaultbetweenBakersfield

andModestoinCalifornia.SantosshaleisaroundSantaBarbara,tothesouthoftheMontereyshale,justonandoffshoreattheedgeofthePacificOcean,north-westofLosAngeles.

b SantaBarbara,Bakersfield,Fresno,Visalia,Shafter

c Almost600wellshavealreadybeenlocatedinCaliforniaoveranareaof4000sqkm.TheycouldsupplyCaliforniawithoilforthenext21years.LargeamountsofrevenuewillberaisedandmanyjobswillbecreatedinCalifornia.

TASK 3a ReasonswhytheUSAdoesnotwanttodependonothercountriesforitsenergysuppliesare:

• thehighcostofimportingoil• globalconflictscouldcutoffthesupplyofimportedoil• muchoilandgasisextractedfromcountrieswhosegovernmentstheUSAhaveproblemswith,thereforethesupply

cannotbeguaranteed.

b ItwillbeveryimportantastheshaledepositsunderCaliforniacontain65%oftheUSA’soildeposits,enoughtomeetthecountry’soildemandformanyyears.

c Itwillcreateupto200000jobsandraisemillionsofdollarsforthestateeconomy.

TASK 4a Peoplecouldsufferif:

• Thequalityofdrinkingwaterisreduced.Ifchemicalsusedinfrackinggetintodrinkingwatersuppliesitcouldcausethemtobeillordie.

• Theairispollutedtheywillhavetobreathetoxicfumes.• Frackingcausesminorearthquakeswhichcouldcrackthewallsoftheirhomes.

Wildlifecouldsufferif:

• Itispoisonedbypollutionofitswatersupplies.• Forestsandothervegetationareclearedtobuildthewellheadsashabitatwillbelostsotheywilleitherdieormove

away.ThismaycauseendangeredspeciessuchastheCaliforniacondortobefurtherthreatened.

Othereffectsonthenaturalenvironmentcouldbe:

• Theheightofthewatertablecouldbeloweredasaresultofremovingwaterfromsomeareasandpumpingitintotherocks.

• Methanereleasedintheprocesscouldfurtherenhancethegreenhouseeffectandtrapmoreheatintheatmosphere.

• Theundergroundrockscouldbecomelessstableandtectonicactivitycouldincrease.




b Thereisnorightorwronganswer;thejustificationisimportant.

TASK 5Itispossiblethatfrackingwillbebeingconsideredinmanycountriesandstudentsshouldseewhethertheircountryisoneofthembydoinganinternetsearch.Canada,China,Australia,theUK,Germany,Russia,Bulgaria,Denmark,PolandandSouthAfricaarejustafewofthemanyexamples.




Exam-style Question on Development (page 188)a i Thetotalvalueofallthegoodsandservicesproducedbyacountryinayearincludingincomefromabroad,

dividedbythenumberofpeoplelivingthere. (1)

ii UnitedStatesishigher/Boliviaislower.UnitedStatesis$US43801–102800comparedwithBolivia$US400–6200. (2)

iii IdeassuchasUnitedStateshas:

• moreindustriesorisindustrialised• morebusinessandcommerce• earnsmorefromtourism• hasbettereducatedpeople/moreskills• hasbeenindustrialisedformuchlonger,etc.

NBAcceptreferencetoUnitedStatesasaboveorreverseideasrelatingtoBolivia. (3)

iv Indicatorssuchas:

• GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)(1)–thehigherthevalueofgoodsandservicesproducedbyacountryinayearthemoredevelopeditis.

• Lifeexpectancy(1)–thehighertheaverageagetowhichapersonlivesthemoredevelopedthecountryis.• Infantmortalityrate(1)–thehigherthenumberofbabies,per1000livebirths,whodieunderthe

ageofonethelessdevelopedthecountryis.• PeoplelivingbelowUS$1perday(1)–thehigherthepercentagethelessdevelopedthecountryis.• Populationwithaccesstocleanwaterandsanitation(1)–thehigherthepercentagethemoredeveloped

thecountryis.• Theaveragenumberofpeopleperdoctor(1)–thehigherthefigurethelessdevelopedthecountryis.• Childrenandyoungpeoplewhoattendschool(1)–thehigherthepercentagethemoredeveloped

thecountryis.• Literacyrate(1)–thehigherthepercentagethatcanreadandwritethemoredevelopedthecountryis.

NB2marksforstatingtheindicatorsand2marksforanexplanation. (4)

b i Ideassuchas:

• Increaseintertiaryemployment.• Decreaseinprimaryemployment.• Increaseinsecondaryemploymentupto1970thendecreasefromthen. (3)

ii Ideassuchas:

• Exhaustionofprimaryresource.• Someprimaryresources(e.g.coal)becomeuneconomicaltomine.• Ascountriesdevelopitischeapertoimportrawmaterials/manufacturedgoods.• Mechanisationofprimary/secondaryactivities(forexample).• Increaseineducation/skills.• Moredemandforservices(orexamples)ascountrybecomesmorewealthy.• Developmentoftourism/recreation/leisureascountrydevelops,etc. (5)

c Levelsofresponsemarking

Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statementsincludinglimiteddetailwhichdescribetheimpactsofatransnationalcorporation.




Level 2 (4–6 marks)Usesnamedexample.Moredevelopedstatementswhichdescribetheimpactsofatransnationalcorporation.

NBMaximum5marksifnonamedexample,orinappropriateexample.

Level 3 (7 marks) Usesnamedexample.Comprehensiveandaccuratestatementsincludingsomeplace-specificreference.

Content Guide

Answersarelikelytorefertopositiveandnegativeimpactssuchas:

• Employment• Infrastructuraldevelopment• Multipliereffect• Exploitation• Lowpay• Dependency,etc

Place-specificreferenceislikelytoconsistof:

• namedlocationswithinthechosenarea• specificdetailsaboutthetransnationalcorporation,etc. (7)

(25 marks)




Exam-Style Question on Tourism (page 189)a i Temple (1)

ii Somepeoplemaygotorelaxonthebeaches/hotsprings,othersmayhike/sightseeinthemountains,whileothersmaylookatwildlifeinthenationalpark,etc. (2)

iii Ideassuchas:

• Lossofvegetation/deforestationwhenbuildinghotelsandotherfacilities.• Destructionofhabitat.• Negativeimpactonfoodchains.• Sea/riverpollutionfromdisposalofsewage.• Littermayharmwildlife.• Atmosphericpollutionfromvehiclesandaircraft.• Destructionofcoralreef,etc. (3)

iv Ideassuchas:

• Hightemperaturesmayattracttourists(intemperateareas).• Intropicalcountriestouristsmayseekcoolertemperatures.• Longsunshinehoursattracttourists.• Andlowamountsofrainfallareattractive.• Insomeareastouristscouldbeattractedbysnow(forwintersports).• Andtemperaturesbelowzero,etc. (4)

b i Featuressuchas:

• Theresidencesconsistofapartments.• Thereareseveralstoreys/threestoreys.• Therearebalconies.• Thereisaswimmingpoolinfrontofthebuildings.• Thebuildingshavesea/mountainviews.• Thebuildingsarelandscaped/havepalmtreesinfrontofthem,etc. (3)

ii Ideassuchas:

Advantages:

• Employmentinconstruction.• Employmentintouristindustry(forexample).• Increasedtradefortaxidrivers.• Developmentofinfrastructure(forexample).• Moretradeforshopkeepers.• Farmersmayhavelargermarketforcropsgrown,etc.

Disadvantages:

• Noisemaydisturblocalpeople.• Congestiononroads.• Lossoffarmlandforconstruction.• Lossoflocalculture.• Touristbehaviourmayoffendlocalreligious/culturalvalues(forexample).• Airpollutionfromextratransport,etc. (5)

NBMaximum3marksoneachofbenefitsanddisadvantages.





Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statementsincludinglimiteddetailwhichexplainhowtourismismanagedsothatitissustainable.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)Usesnamedexample.

Moredevelopedstatementswhichexplainhowtourismismanagedsothatitissustainable.



Content Guide

Answersarelikelytorefertoideassuchas:

• Creationofnationalparks.• Ecotourism.• Biospherereserves.• Litterbins/removal.• Teachingtouristsabouttheimpactoftheiractions/posters/informationboards.• Restrictionsonnumbers/openingtimes.• Fencingareasoff,etc.


• namedlocationswithinthechosenareaorcountry• specificdetailsaboutthepolicies,etc. (7)

(25 marks)




Exam-Style Question on Industry/Food Production (page 190)a i Theproductionofaproductbycarryingoutaseriesofprocessestoconvertinputsintooutputs. (1)

ii Inanassemblyindustrytheinputswillbecomponentparts/madeinanotherfactory.Inaprocessingindustrytheinputswillberawmaterials/obtainedfromtheprimarysector. (2)

iii Examplesinclude:

• Pharmaceuticals.• Communicationsequipment/mobilephones.• Equipmentforaerospaceindustries.• Makingcomputerhardware(forexample).• Developingcomputersoftware,etc. (3)

iv Ideassuchas:

• Industriesmaywanttolocateclosetowhereproductsaresold/themarket.• Asthismayreducethecostsoftransportingfinishedproducts.• Thisisespeciallytrueiftheproductsarebulky,heavy,expensivetotransportandmore.Expensivetotransport

thantheinputs.• Oriftheyareperishable.• Astheyneedtobesoldquicklybeforetheyrot/gooff/perish.• Thereforetherearemanyindustriesclosetowherepeopleliveinlargeurbanareas. (4)

b i Differencessuchas:

• Bisarable,butCispastoral/mixed.• BismoreintensivethanC.• Bhasanoutputofrice,butChasanoutputofmilk/meat.• InBharvestingwillbeaprocess,butinCthefarmerwillneedtomilkcows.• Manure/fertilisermaybeaninputofB,butanoutputofC,etc. (3)

ii Foreitherphotographcreditreferencesto:

Natural factors

• Relief,e.g.inCmuchofthelandisnotflatenoughforcrops,buttheanimalscancopewithsteeperslopes.• Soil type,e.g.inCsoilsmaybethinandpoorsoanimalsarekeptasyieldsfromcropswouldbelow.• Precipitation,e.g.inBtheremaybeawetseasonsothereissufficientwaterforthericetogrowandbeflooded

duringtheearlystagesofgrowth.• Temperatures,e.g.inBtemperaturesdonotfallbelowzerosocropswhicharesensitivetofrostcanbegrown.• Sunshine,e.g.thereissufficientsunshinetoripenthecrop.

Human factors

• Market,e.g.theremaybemorepeoplelivingintheareashownbyphotographBrequiringriceastheirstaplediet,etc. (5)

NBCredit1markforafactoranddevelopmentmarksforelaboration/exemplification.


Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statementsincludinglimiteddetailwhichdescribetheeffectsoffoodshortages.




Level 2 (4–6 marks)Usesnamedexample.Moredevelopedstatementswhichdescribetheeffectsoffoodshortages.

NBMaximum5marksifnonamedorinappropriateexample.


Content Guide


• Deathand/orstarvation.• Malnutrition.• Impactsonagriculturaloutput.• Outwardmigration.• Reductionincapacitytowork.• Civilwar/conflict.• Needforaid/dependency,etc.


• namedlocationswithinthechosenareaorcountry• specificdetailsabouttheimpacts,e.g.numberofdeaths,etc. (7)

(25 marks)




Exam-Style Question on Energy/Water (page 191)a i 5400to5600billionkilowatt-hours (1)

ii Changessuchasincreasesintheuseof:

• renewableenergy• coal• naturalgas. (2)

iii Examplessuchas:

• Windpower.• Solarpower.• Tidalpower.• Geothermalpower.• Hydro-electricpower/HEP,etc. (3)

iv Ideassuchas:

• Theyarerunningoutoffossilfuels.• Fossilfuelshavebecomeveryexpensive.• Theywanttoreducetheirdependenceonimportedsuppliesandavoidbeingpoliticallyand

economicallydependent.• Thereisgreatconcernabouttheenvironmentalimpactsofburningfossilfuels.• Renewablesourcesarelesslikelytopollutetheatmosphereandcauseacidrainandenhanced

globalwarming,etc. (4)

b i • TheyarespreadwidelyacrosstheUnitedStates.

• Theyareunevenlydistributed.• Therearemoreintheeastthanthewest.• Manyareclusteredaroundthecoast/GreatLakes,etc. (3)

ii Therewillbeconflicts/differingviewsas:

• Nuclearpowerstationsareexpensivetobuild.• Nuclearpowerstationscouldcauseradiation.• Nuclearwasteisdifficulttodisposeof.• Peoplemayfavournuclearpowerastheaveragecostofnuclearpowerislow.• Onenuclearpowerstationcangeneratelargeamountsofenergy.• Inordertogeneratethesamequantityofenergyrenewablesourceswouldpotentiallycausemuchmore

environmentaldestruction,e.g.lossofvegetationandhabitat,andoverawiderarea.• Nuclearpowerstationsdonotcauseatmosphericpollution/giveoffgreenhousegases. (5)


Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statementsincludinglimiteddetailwhichexplainhowacountryobtainsitswatersupplies.

Level 2 (4–6 marks)Usesnamedexample.

Moredevelopedstatementswhichexplainhowacountryobtainsitswatersupplies.






Content Guide


• Reservoirs/dams• Useofaquifer/wells• Desalination• Useofrivers• Pipelines/watertransferschemes• Wastewatertreatment/recycling,etc.


• namedlocationswithinthechosenareaorcountry• specificdetailsofwatersupplyschemes,etc. (7)

(25 marks)




Global Issue 3 Reduce, re-use and recycle (page 192)TASK 1a Youngchildrenfrompoorfamilies.

b Wastewhichcanberecyclediscollectedfrompeople’shomesforrecyclingbylocalcouncilsandthisserviceispaidforthroughtaxes.

c Recyclingsavesresourcesandenergyasthematerialscanbeusedagain.Thishelpstomakeresourceslastlongerandensuresthereislessdamagetoecosystems.Alsodisposalofrefuseisexpensive,takesupvaluablelandanddamagestheenvironment.Themorematerialsarerecycledthelessproblemstherewillbe.

TASK 2a Gardenwaste,paper,kitchenwaste

b Thiswillvaryfromcountrytocountry.Studentsmaybeabletomakeestimatesbasedonsimplesurveys.

TASK 3a SustainableDave.Heisnicknamedthisasheandhiswifeandtwodaughterskeepalltherubbishforrecyclingor

storageinhisbasement.Almostnothingisthrownaway.

b Theamountofhiswastehasbeenconsiderablyreduced–only15kgofwasteisnotstoredorrecycledcomparedwiththeaverageAmericanfamilywhichproduces725kg.


theme 3: topic 43 (pages 134 and 135) - wordpress.com · task 2 students need to collect and...

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