The Third Philippine Republic Historical background

American Financial Aid Led by Sen. Tydings who recommended that $100M be given to the Phils. for

rehabilitation and reconstruction

Pre-war trade relations be continued for the next 3 to 5 yrs US Congress passed resolution for$120M for public buildings, $75M for

budgetary purposes, $25M for guerilla notes and $100M surplus RFC granted loan of $60M to the Phils.

The Bell Trade and Rehabilitation Acts Free-trade relations between the US and the Phils until 1954 Parity rights to the Americans, amendment of the 1935 constitution Passed as complementary based on the condition that parity rights be given

to the Americans Preparations for Independence

The Treaty of General Relations The Election of 1946

Manuel A. Roxas instituted a Joint Philippine-

American Finance Commission in December 1946

Miguel Cuaderno was appointed as Secretary of Finance, tasked to draw plans for central bank

Financial concessions from the US that include trade-offs for 23 military bases in the Philippines

Sought amnesty for collaborators Campaigned vigorously for the

amendment of 1935 constitution to extend parity rights to Americans. Campaigned on the “blessings” of American exploitation of Phil. natural resources

Aggressive handling of the Huks

Manuel A. Roxas

Graft and corruption in the government Surplus War property Scandal School supplies scandal

Failure to stop the Huks Stigma of collaboration activities Overly dependent on the “kindness” of

the Americans First to “corrupt” the press Served the shortest administration; May

1946 to April 1948 (death April 15, 1948 at Clark Air Base

Elpidio Quirino Assumed presidency after Roxas died in

April 1948 Served in office from April 17, 1948 to

December 30, 1953 R.A. 265 (Central Bank Act) signed in June

1948 seen as a significant step in economic self-assertion and financial independence of the country

Slow recovery of the economy beginning 1950 (Korean War) due to profits from exports and demand for Phils products in the world market

Daniel Bell Mission, an economic survey team sent by US Pres. Truman to ascertain the conditions in the Phils Found the economy to be deteriorating Finances of the gov’t was in critical

condition Warrants had been issued without available

funds Loans extended amounting to $250M with

$70M to pay for the salary of gov’t employees

Elpidio Quirino Failure of amnesty to the Huks

but success in breaking its back Declared to be absolute but not to

be implemented Failure to adopt the “secret

agreement” with Judge Antonio Quirino

Failure of the gov’t to issue certification to Huks to hold on to their arms/weapons

Subsequent returm of Luis Taruc to the field

Nat’l Def Sec. Magsaysay’s policy of attraction and AFP’s success in crushing the Huk Central Committee on Oct. 18, 1950

Graft and corruption Allegations of nepotism Appointment of cronies in gov’t

positions

Ramon Magsaysay Dec. 30, 1953 to March 17, 1957 Projected himself to the Filipinos as “the

man of the people” Envisioned his gov’t to be responsive to

the needs of the barrios/rural development

Improvement of the land tenure system and land resettlement

Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954 Agricultural Tenancy Commission Court of Agrarian Relations Nat’l Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Administration

Credit to the peasants, infrastructure for the rural folks and technical knowledge for the farmers Agricultural Credit and Cooperative

Financing Administration Farmers Cooperative and Marketing

Assoc Community development

Presidential Complaints and Action Com Opening of Malacanang to the masses

Ramon Magsaysay Spoiled the masses

Openly pampering the masses had mislead them into believing that everything will be done for them by the gov’t

Later on will lament the fact that the people expected him to solve all their problems

No concrete plans to uplift the rural/barrios To impress the masses, offices are

improvised to assure the loyalty of the masses to Magsaysay

Resulted in the superficial development of the barrio and the general condition of the masses

Carlos P. Garcia Served the remaining 8 mos. Of Pres.

Magsaysay and was elected to serve from Dec. 30, 1957 to Dec. 30, 1961

Austerity Program Credit controls to arrest the expansion

of credit to non-productive investments Nationalist Economic Policies goals:

To complete Phil. Economic independence through the adoption of the Filipino First Policy

To establish Filipino dignity as a free people by dealing with foreign powers on terms of sovereign equality

To achieve a balanced economy by providing impetus to agriculture and industry

To promote social justice and general welfare of the people

To minimize, if possible, to eradicate graft and corruption

Carlos P. Garcia Local implications of economic

policies Graft and corruption committed by

presidential appointees Soaring prices of basic commodities

by hoarding and black marketing by heartless merchants

Intervention of foreign governments in the economic policies adopted by the administration Condemning the nationalist

sentiments couched in the Filipino First Policy

Protesting import and export controls imposed by the administration

CIA worked to elect Macapagal

Diosdado P. Macapagal Dec. 30, 1961 to Dec 30, 1965 Land Reform Code

Abolition of tenancy on rice and corn farmlands

Establishment of a leasehold system that allowed farmers to pay landlords in fixed rental instead of portions of harvest

RA 4166 which provided that Philippine Commemoration of Independence was reverted back to June 12

Diosdado P. Macapagal Pro-American economic policies

Lifted import and exchange controls Unlimited repatriation of profits had

been allowed, unlimited import controls abolished and local credit were made available to foreign investors

Devaluation of peso to Php 3.90 to the U$1

Subservience to IMF and WB

Ferdinand E. Marcos Dec. 30, 1965 to Feb. 25, 1986 Economic Policies

Sporadic economic growth Spent for economic projects by

borrowing and invited foreign investments with incentives

Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran: focus on the development of the barangays

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan Emphasis on the common goals of

society for the realization of Filipino greatness

Proclamation 1081 or the Martial Law on Sept. 21, 1972

Constitutional Authoritarianism 1973 Constitution: gov’t from

presidential to parliamentary, abolition of the legislative body, President is also Prime Minister

Ferdinand E. Marcos Kleptocracy Crony Capitalism

Confiscated businesses of the oligarchs and allowed his allies to take-over its administration

Led to institutionalized graft and money laundering

Intended for the redistribution of monopolies but the cronies enriched themselves in the positions

Foreign debts: $27B Economic projects of the Marcos

administration were financed by loans and financial aids form the US

Human Rights Violations Extra-judicial killings, arbitrary arrest

and detention, torture etc.

CPP-NPA-NDF EDSA1

The Fourth Republic

Election of 1981; first after 12 years Marcos won via landslide and

governed from June 30, 1981 until Feb. 25, 1986

EDSA 1 on February 1986

Corazon C. Aquino Feb. 25, 1986 to June 30, 1992 Restoration of Democracy

1987 Constitution, restored the bicameral congress, limited the powers of the president and emphasized civil liberties

Family Code of 1987, Administrative Code of 1987

Local Gov’t Code; devolved powers of the national government to local executives/levels

RA667 or CARP or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Expended reform to sugar lands Redistribution of agricultural lands

to tenant-farmers Land lords were paid just

compensation by the gov’t and allowed to retain 5 has

Also applied to corporate landowners

Corazon C. Aquino Debt servicing was honored by her

administration not repudiated Mendiola Massacre Natural disasters and man-made

disasaters 1990 Luzon earthquake & Mt.

Pinatubo eruption Sea mishaps Power outages

Military attempts to overthrow the Aquino administration RAM; Reform the Armed Forces

Movement Members were loyal to Sec. Def.

Juan Ponce Enrile and some loyalist of the Marcoses

Economic implications of the coup attempts; investors flee due to the destabilization and loses

Fidel V. Ramos June 30, 1992 to June 30, 1998 Philippines 2000 NIC-hood

Envisions the country to be a member of the “tiger economies of Asia”

Economic growth and sustainability Peace and stability Energy and power generation Environmental protection Bureaucracy streamlining

Southern Philippines Center for Peace and Development

APEC in 1996 Most-travelled president with

accumulated foreign investment attraction placed around $20B

Fidel V. Ramos PEA-Amari Deal

Public Estates Authority deal on Manila Bay reclamation and development

SC declared the deal null and void

The Centennial Expo Filipino Project Total cost amounted to Php 9B Considered by critics as a white

elephant Contracts and bidding anomalies

and allegations of corruption

Charter Change The attempts to amend the 1987

constitution produced the opponents that decry it as Cha-Cha

Critics pointed out that Ramos wanted to extend his presidency and/or wanted to influence the outcome of the upcoming election

Joseph E. Estrada June 30, 1998 to Jan. 20, 2001 Angat Pinoy 2004

GNP to grow from 1% in 1998 to 6-7% in 2004

Decline in unemployment from 6-7% to 1%

Inflation from 9.8 to 4.5 Improvement of the gov’t’s fiscal

balance Strong growth in export products

JEEP ni Erap/Erap para sa Mahirap MILF campaigns

Prompted by series of terrorist attacks on military and civilians, an all-out-war was declared on Mar. 21, 2000

MILF declared jihad on the Philippine government

Joseph E. Estrada

Midnight Cabinet Engaging in drinking sessions with

members of cabinet and personalities with personal favors to the president

Jueteng gate that resulted into his ouster via EDSA2 Whistleblower was Gov. Chavit

Singson Money paid off to the president

amounted to Php400m from illegal gambling profits

Impeachment trials Jose Velarde Accounts

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Jan.20, 2001 to June 30, 2010 Strong Republic

Emphasis on economic policies that yielded average growth of 5% in the GDP

Fastest growth of Philippine economy from 2001 to 2007

Holiday economics

EVAT and other economic programs Introduced in November 2005 Revenue raising efforts to balance

the economy Strengthening the peso, best

performing currency in 2005 and 2006

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo Gloria-gate Hello, Garci

Allegations of vote rigging by calling one of the commissioners of the COMELEC

Apologized to the country but did not step down from power

Extra-judicial killings Charter change

Move to change the present from of gov’t to a federal parliamentary-unicameral form of government

NBN-ZTE scandal Corruption involving former

COMELEC chair Benjamin Abalos and the First Gentleman

Jun Lozada and Joey de Vencia as state witnesses

Benigno Simeon Aquino IIIFormation of a truth commissionOn June 29, 2010, Aquino announced the formation of a truth commission that will investigate various issues including corruption allegations against outgoing President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. Aquino named former Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. to head the truth commission.Education reformDuring Aquino's first State of the Nation Address (SONA), Aquino announced his intention to reform the education system in the Philippines by shifting to K–12 education, a 12-year basic education cycle.

SONA 2010"Ang Tuwid na Daan" vs "Ang Baluktot na Daan"

Stating that the previous government was in the "daang baluktot" for a long time, and that the nation was purposely deceived about the true state of the nation.

Benigno Simeon Aquino IIISONA 2011Getting rid of the use of the wang-wang (which symbolized abuse of authority) is a major step in changing the Philippines

The Philippine's still has exclusive sovereignty over the South China Sea aka. "West Philippine Sea"

The government is fighting hunger and poverty--with survey showing hunger decreasing from 20.5% to 15.1% from May to June

Business and the economy in the Philippines are improving as evidenced by a boom in investors and new businesses

Aquino encouraged citizens to pay the proper amount in taxes

The nation is increasing security and the people are "ready to protect themselves"The unemployment rate went from 8% to 7.2%

SONA 2012Aquino’s Government is pushing for dengue prevention

Government promises improvement on education including lack chairs and textbooks. Currently they fixing backlogs of textbooks and chairs and rooms. 66,000 new rooms by 2013.

43.61% increase on budget for colleges and state universities however it shouild implement SUC.DepEd budget will also increase next year from 199Billion to 292.7 Billion Pesos

Government implemented reforms and granted 434, 676 TESDA scholars

Aquino’s Administration created 3.1 millions jobs which led to stats of unemployment down to 6.9 million compare to previous administration