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The Subodh Journal of Recent Trends in Information Technology • [ISSN No. 0975 – 9875] • May-2014

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The Subodh Journal of Recent Trends in Information Technology SJRTIT

Chief Patron: Sh. S. S. Bothra, Hony. Secretary, S. S. Jain Subodh Shiksha Samiti, Jaipur

Patron: Sh. R. C. Jain, Convener S. S. Jain Subodh PG (Autonomous) College

Sh. Sanjeev Kothari, Convener MCA Institute, S. S. Jain Subodh PG (Autonomous) College

Chairman: Prof. K. B. Sharma Principal, S. S. Jain Subodh PG (Autonomous) College

Editor-in-Chief: Ashish Chandra Swami Associate Professor, S. S. Jain Subodh PG (Autonomous)College

Executive Editor: Dr. Madhu Sharma Associate Professor, S. S. Jain Subodh PG (Autonomous) College

Publisher: S.S. Jain Subodh P.G. (Autonomous) College, MCA Institute Rambagh Circle, Jaipur-302004

Editorial Advisory Board: Prof. S. Sancheti Prof. R. P. Yadav Prof. M.C. Govil Prof. M.S. Gaur

The Subodh Journal of Recent Trends in Information Technology is an academically peer reviewed journal. All submissions are referred by three or more peers.

ISSN No. 0975 – 9875 Copyright 2010 by S.S. Jain Subodh P.G. College. All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. Note : Authors will be solely responsible for the genuinity and originality of the contents of their papers.

Subscription Rates for:- One Year - Rs. 1000 Two Years - Rs. 1800 Five Years - Rs. 2500

All correspondence regarding subscription should be addressed to: S.S. Jain Subodh P.G. (Autonomous) College, MCA Institute, Rambagh Circle, Jaipur-302004 Contact No. : 0141-2574780, 2569126 E-mail : [email protected]

Printed by: Bhaskar Prints, Jaipur • Ph.: 0141-3356501


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The Subodh Journals of

Recent Trends in Information Technology

The Mission of the Journal is :

To Provide an authoritative journal in IT enhancements and explorations.

To advance IT edification around the globe by publishing high quality articles on best practices with their utilization.

To expose the readers to a variety of epistemologies related to the ongoing research activities.

To recognize and clinch the range of teaching and knowledge models in use around the globe.


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Table of Contents

1. Exploring the Psycho-Social Implications of Social Networking Sites

Prof. Dr. Jyotsna Diwan Mehta, Divisha Mehta

2. Technology Enriched Instructions for 21st Century Learning by Driving Technology in the Class Rooms

Ajay Sharma, Ekta Sharma

3. Greening of IT, Greening by IT and Greening with IT---A Megatrend

Prof. Dr. Shobha Khinvasara

4. Nanotechnology & Human Life: Impact and Implications

Priti Gupta

5. Role of computers in forensic science investigations with special reference to lie detection

Dr. Rituja Sharma

6. Information and Communication Technology used in Educational Institutions

Neha Shrivastava

7. Network Performance Management System used in Power Utilities Dr. Poonam Sharma


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Exploring the Psycho-Social Implications of Social Networking Sites Prof. Dr. Jyotsna Diwan Mehta*, Divisha Mehta**

* Director, Subodh Institute of Management & Career Studies, Rambagh Circle, Jaipur **Assistant Professor, National Law University, Delhi

Abstract: Social networking is shrinking the world and impacting our lives. The power of technology has completely revolutionized the way people communicate with each other, providing a platform for people to express views, voice opinions, share experiences and interact with one another. It has helped businesses and brands to communicate with a completely new audience and to run campaigns on an enormous scale. But social media has both adverse as well as positive effects.

The main objectives of this research paper are to understand social networking and social media from a psychological and sociological perspective, to analyse whether society is actually communicating better or worse than before and to explore the changes in language and content that is being used in social networking, and analyse the impact and implications of these changes.

This paper proposes to understand the various aspects of Social Media and relate it to the impact it has on people and society. While this paper shall explore the many and varied uses of sites like Linkedin for job seekers or the value of being able to express your views and take a stand on Twitter, it shall also explore the loss of privacy, feelings of social inadequacy or the very real problem of social voyeurism that are gripping society.

Keywords: Social Networking, Social Inadequacy, loss of privacy, social voyeurism

1. INTRODUCTION “Most neuroses and some psychoses can be traced to the unnecessary and unhealthy habit of daily wallowing in the troubles and sins of five billion strangers.” by Robert A. Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land.

Social networking is the grouping of individuals into specific groups, like small rural communities or a neighborhood. Although social networking takes place in person, especially in the workplace, universities, and high schools, it is most popular online facility or service. This is

because the internet is accessed by millions of individuals who are looking to meet other people, to gather and share first-hand information and experiences about cooking, cricket, gardening, developing friendships, professional alliances, finding employment, business-to-business marketing and even groups sharing information about spirituality and salvation. The topics and interests are as varied and rich as the story of our universe. Social networking has become an integral part of our lives; shrinking the world, and bringing us closer to everyone.


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Social networking sites like Facebook and MySpace allow you to find and connect with just about anyone, from a co-worker in your office to the girl who studied with you in school. Browsing these sites can make you feel connected to a larger community, but such easy, casual connection in an electronic environment can also have its downside. A new language has emerged from this scenario, one that has unique symbols and analogies, and seemingly facilitates speed and context of the communication, but which also compels one to question the psycho-sociological repercussions of such communication on society at large. Clearly, social media has had both adverse as well as positive effects on the way the society is being shaped.

2. SOCIAL MEDIA: AN INTRINSIC PART OF MODERN CIVILIZATION

Social Media has become a significant part of Modern Civilization and has integrated social interactions with the use of technology and social networking platforms. This far reaching impact is felt in several areas:

Impact on Information Sharing and Education: Social media has become an important source of information and news. While the credibility of some information available on the internet remains under a cloud, the speed with which it can be accessed or it spreads, is tremendous. The social media plays a large role in the sharing of knowledge, opinions, views and information.

Impact on Social Interaction: Social Media has increased the interaction between family, friends and business acquaintances by removing time and space barriers.

Impact on Politics and Public Opinion: Social Media has rewritten the entire political landscape and plays an important role in elections of a country. People get a platform where they can voice their opinion and access millions of people.

Impact on Marketing: Companies are increasingly using interactions in the social media to reach out to consumers, buyers, sellers and potential employees, and to build company image, greatly altering the way marketing was being done in the past.

Impact on Recruitment and Talent Search: The Internet opens up vast possibilities for people looking for better jobs, or companies searching for the best possible talent.

3. TAKING A 360° VIEW OF SOCIAL MEDIA

As with most things in life there are positive and negative sides to social networking too. There are several problems related to non-judicious, deceptive and excessive use of social networking.

3.1 Advantages that Accrue due to Social Networking:

Making friends and keeping friendship alive

A few decades ago, people found it difficult to stay connected with old friends. Today it


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is possible to have hundreds of friends on facebook. They may not all be friends you know on a personal level and spend time with in the real world on a weekly basis. But they’re friends nevertheless. Social networking sites can help you make and keep friends.

Achieving catharsis by talking about our thoughts and feelings

By sharing their good and bad experiences on social networking sites, people are able to empathize with each other. Talking about your feelings can result in release of tension and catharsis. Social networking sites can act as a kind of group therapy session.

Speedy communication Social networking sites offer a chance to communicate in a speedy and efficient manner by reducing the barriers of distance. For example, writing an update for Twitter takes very little time, and by cross-posting it on other social networks, that update can reach everyone you want it to reach, in an instant.

Provides a platform to air views

Social networking sites allow you to communicate easily and effectively with the world, regardless of location. You are free to express your opinion. Social networking sites have made the world a smaller place.

Marketing of products and services

Networking breaks physical barriers that allow marketers to reach out to existing and

potential customers all over the world. It also allows companies to inform and access buyers and suppliers of raw materials, technologies, machinery and other resources across the globe.

Providing better opportunities for recruitment

Looking for a job is now unimaginable without the use of the internet. Networks such as Linked In provide much needed references and opportunities. It also gives a sense of satisfaction to the candidates seeking jobs that they have explored a larger job market.

3.2 Negative Impact of Social Media Unfortunately, the excessive and non judicious use of social networking has resulted in several psycho-social implications. Few of these are as follows :

Deceptive, false and inaccurate information

Social Networking Sites are often accused of displaying incomplete, deceptive, false and inaccurate information. The fact is that as anyone can put up information on a social networking site and there is no real check on what is actually put up. It is not uncommon therefore that biased, one sided or clearly malicious content is posted online. This could cause mental agony and sometimes financial or even physical harm to people.


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Change in language and style of speaking

Social media sites like Twitter impose a character limit that forces users to condense their thoughts. This results in use of ‘text speak’ - a type of shorthand that involves a new language of abbreviations.

Terms like LOL (for “laugh out loud”) have evolved into unique words that have a meaning greater than their original abbreviation. LOL is now used to add a joking or light-hearted inflection to messages almost like a type of punctuation, not indicating literal laughter. Thus, Internet and text shorthand is becoming a language all its own.

Mobile phone companies also indulge their customers' laziness, by offering a selection of text message templates; so that one doesn’t even have to bother typing out "I'm in a meeting" There is even a template that says "Happy birthday". How little importance one would be giving a friend to not only just to send a text instead of a card, but to refuse to go to the effort of typing it.

Language is constantly evolving. Perhaps text speak will seem perfectly normal in 50 years' time. Perhaps there'll be a 21st-century edition of Shakespeare's collected works featuring "2B/not 2B", and the Oxford English Dictionary will define "2thless" and "1derment". Perhaps tragic memoirs will be written not in prose, but as a series of downcast emoticons. The result of such changes in language and style of writing is resulting in communications devoid of real feelings, where ‘I Love you’ is only a

template message that can be used for several receivers at once!

Lack of privacy and excessive exchange of information

Social media breaks down personal barriers. People post things on Facebook that they probably never would have called so many people on the phone to share. This indicates the danger of over sharing. Internet and Cyber law are not well laid out, partly because the legal system hasn’t been able to keep up with the rapid changes in technology. Words like “piracy,” “identity theft” and “copyright” are now being heard of. The internet is like a giant toolbox that offers you an array of tools to help you quickly deliver content. Your content, which in its basic form is really different types of data can be shared through a number of tools like forums, blogs, email, etc. Many of these tools are on a public platform that allows people to not only interact with each other, but to listen in to other people’s conversations as well: this is where social media comes into play. If we are in a room with 40 people, and we are only interacting with five of them, we never forget the larger audience in the room. But, when we communicate in an electronic forum, interacting with five people, we tend to forget about the other 35 people. When we have 1,000 facebook friends, that dynamic fact is magnified. Also, many people do not understand the precise settings and defaults for who can see what of your online presence, and may not realize that what they


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say isn’t limited to their Friends, but can be viewed by their Friends’ Friends, or even by the whole world if they really don’t have their privacy settings in line.

Communication has become ineffective

The elaborate prose of earlier generations is being replaced by concise writing. Blogging has also contributed to this as most successful bloggers know they only have a few seconds to intrigue a reader in before he clicks away.

Feelings of Social inadequacy

Smart phones and popularity of applications like whatsapp ensure that all of us have been with someone who was there, but not quite there. People stay glued to technology even in social settings. The more people indulge in social networking, the more lonely and anxious they may begin to feel. Analysis of data from a longitudinal study in 2005 by Dutch twins showed that the tendency toward loneliness has almost the same genetic component as other psychological problems such as neuroticism or anxiety, facebook and twitter feed anxiety. People report that their confidence fell after comparing their own achievements to those of friends online. Many people say they had been left facing difficulties in their relationships or workplace after becoming confrontational online. Social anxiety is the fear of being judged and evaluated negatively by other people, leading to feelings of inadequacy, inferiority, embarrassment, humiliation, and depression.

Social anxiety disorder (formerly termed "social phobia") is a common problem today.

Cyber-bullying

The immediacy provided by social media is available to predators as well as friends. Kids are especially vulnerable to cyber-bullying in which the perpetrators, anonymously or even posing as people their victims trust, terrorize individuals. These online attacks can leave deep mental scars, sometimes physical harm and even suicide.

Decreased productivity

While many businesses use social networking sites to find and communicate with clients, the sites can also prove a great distraction to employees who are more interested in what their friends are posting than in their work. Companies thus seek to block social networking sites in offices.

4. CONCLUSION

Social Networking has many positive outcomes, but several problems threatening to cause psycho-social harm to society are emerging. These must be dealt with great urgency before they obliterate the good that can accrue out of social networking completely. The bottom line is that while people would rightly refuse to walk around with a billboard declaring their personal information to the world, social networks make people happily give up personal information without any kind of prodding or pushing. This may be a dream for advertisers


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and marketers, but a nightmare for the rest of society.

References: [1] http://www.whatissocialnetworking.

com/

[2] http://smallbusiness.chron.com/ negative-effect-social-media-society-individuals-27617.html

[3] http://www.fourthsource.com/social-media/with-great-power-comes-great-responsibility-the-dangers-of-social-media-14772

[4] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/ personal-view/6017629/Texting-is-making-English-a-foreign-language.html

[5] http://www.sfwa.org/2010/06/social-media-and-your-lack-of-privacy/

[6] https://www.aclu.org/blog/technology-and-liberty/how-social-networks-short-circuit-our-inborn-privacy-intuitions

[7] http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/ archive/2012/05/is-facebook-making-us-lonely/308930/

[8] http://www.telegraph.co.uk/ technology/ 9383609/Facebook-and-Twitter-feed-anxiety-study-finds.html

[9] https://socialanxietyinstitute.org/what-is-social-anxiety

[10] Shirky Clay, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Penguin Press HC, 2008

[11] Christakis Nicholas A. and Fowler James H, Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives, Little, Brown and Company, 2009

[12] Qualman Erik, Socialnomics: How Social Media Transforms the Way We Live and Do Business, John Wiley & Sons, 2009


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Technology Enriched Instructions for 21st Century Learning by Driving Technology in the Class Rooms

Ajay Sharma*, Ekta Sharma** Assistant Professor, Biyani Institute of Science & Management, Jaipur

Abstract: Technology of education comes close to examine varying teaching and learning relationships in the educational technology background. A technology of education provokes thinking about all extent of the design of teaching and learning environments. Recent decades have seen a scholastic revolution. The days of the selective academy are gone, supplanted by a race for so called ‘Massification’ and ultimately universal access to advanced education. This paper is focused about few challenges due to lack of integration of IT into instruction such as changing conditions of teaching and learning, circumstances of teaching and learning resulted in different expectations and needs for students today, use of technology to address today’s students effectively. This research article communicates the characteristics of today’s learners and instructional challenges in education for today’s era.

Purpose of presenting of this research paper is to increase knowledge of the benefits of technology integrated into instruction in classroom studies. This article also indicates awareness of the span of technology available. Discussion is focused on the methods to Increase enthusiasm among teachers for investigating and increasing appropriate use of technology in their own classrooms and building capacity for increasing enthusiasm among students.

Keywords: Classroom technology, 21st century, learning methodology, pedagogy, smart classrooms

1. INTRODUCTION

In this Paper it is discussed that educators and educational designers need to create engaging learning environments whether in traditional face-to-face, blended and virtual settings, it is worthwhile to reflect on the theoretical conceptions of teaching and learning and make them explicit. This paper is focused on the association of three major factors in education that are technology, content and pedagogy.

Technology is the collection of techniques, methods or processes used in the

accomplishment of objectives, such as scientific investigation. Technology can be the knowledge of techniques, processes etc. This is the technology which is used worldwide for teaching methodology, through the association of IT and teaching, for example Web Based Analysis, Power Point Presentation, Video Lectures, Video Conferencing, Office 365, Excel, one drive, picture presentation, movie making, E-Journals, skype etc.

Content is high quality, useful information that conveys a story presented in a contextually relevant manner with the goal


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of soliciting an emotion or engagement. Delivered live or asynchronously content can be expressed using a variety of formats including text, images, video, audio and/or presentations.

Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of education; it thus concerns the study and practice of how best to teach. Its aims range from the general (full development of the human being via liberal education) to the narrower specifics of vocational education (the imparting and acquisition of specific skills). Some common teaching pedagogy used worldwide are discussion, interview, survey, report, research article, notes study, question/ answer, assignments, debate, word, graphical/poster making.

Figure 1: Major Factors in Education

Above mentioned major factors in figure 1 of education needs to intersect each other to provide the innovation in teaching and learning. The technology of education approaches to the effective use of information and communication

Technologies (ICTs) in teaching and learning.

2. CONCEPT OF TECHNOLOGY ENRICHED INSTRUCTIONS (TEI):

Before understanding TEI we need to understand the nature of classrooms. Questions are raised in the class room presentations, regular testing of the students knowledge, chains the cognitive raise which underlies the testing effect. The students provide immediate and effective reaction to each other, far more knowledgeably than a tutor or lecturer could. General feedback has been very good. The blogs and comments themselves show the quality of the student engagement with the class. Figure 2 explains the engagement of students in the class room with the help of power-point presentation technology (a method of 20th century learning).

Figure 2: Students Engagement in the Class

2.1 Changing face of teaching

It is important to first understand the point of view of both student as well as the educator. Here, we are comparing two different approaches of delivering education in the


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present as well as future aspect with student’s prospective and method of receiving the education.

Table 1.1: Changing Face of Teaching

20th Century 21st Century Educator Delivery of

content & information (assumed that learning was a reflex of teaching)

Guiding students’ process of creating intellectual outcomes (ideas, understandings, knowledge, methods, processes)

Student Content & information consumption (reflect back information)

Deep grasp of underlying concepts, systems, theories, connections, potentials

Face of teaching is changing day by day. In Such a scenario we need quick answers of few questions such as:

1. What is different? What is the same?

2. What are the New Skills, Tools, and Literacy Needed for Effective Teaching and Learning Today?

Focusing on the solutions of above given questions, we also need to ensure the quality of the content continues to improve each week, showing the greater depths on which the students have to research. Student feedback is mixed at this stage, with some still structure; however the majority is

enjoying the freedom to challenge each other and Research creatively.

3. CHALLENGES FOR TEI Teacher/Educator need to think and answer the following questions to their selves:

What are my specific learning objectives?

What are the activities my students will do to reach these objectives?

How do these activities “grade out” using the 21st Century Learning Design rubrics?

What evidence will I be collecting to evaluate progress toward my objectives?

How will I use evidence of student learning to improve my teaching?

Frameworks for 21st Century Learning Design

3.1 TEI Framework

For 21st century learning and teaching following framework strictly need to be followed:

Rubric Key Questions

Collaboration Are students required to share responsibility and make substantive decisions with other people?

Knowledge Construction

Are students building new knowledge? Is that know-ledge interdisciplinary?


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Table 1.2: TEI Framework

4. 21ST CENTURY LEARNING DESIGN

A Basic design for the 21st century learning design describes the step by step solution of the problem. It is focused on first posing an instructional problem and analyzes best exercise practice for the particular problem. Teacher need to find IT solution tools or IT practice to enhance the learning for the activity/problem. The collaboration of IT, content, context, pedagogy will create new approaches for learning the same old problem.

Figure 3: 21st Century Learning Design

4.1 What Digital Makes Possible

The association of technology with pedagogy and content will replace the traditional method of teaching with modern methods of teaching. It replaces heavy backpacks with light weight digital devices. This methodology also replaces static text books with engaging and creating interactive courseware, which is the demand of the day for today’s youth.

Figure 4: Traditional Vs Modern Methodology

5. CONCLUSION

Educator needs to take initiative to change the paradigm of 20th century education by the understanding of incorporating learning with “content + context + technology + pedagogy”. Educator needs to ensure with the help of Technology Enriched Instruction (TEI) that learning objective, content topics

Use of technology for learning

Do students use technology to support knowledge construction? Is ICT necessary to that knowledge construction?

Self-regulation Are clear learning goals and expectations shared? Do students have opportunities to plan and revise their own work?

Skilled communication

Are students creating effective communication?

Real-world problem-solving and innovation

Does the learning require solving authentic, real-world problems? Are students’ solutions implemented in the real world?


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to be covered, pedagogical strategies should be driven in the classroom with the help of leading technology. With this practice teacher and students can understand the difference and innovation.

References: [1] www.pil-tei.com

[2] http://1drv.ms/1pdw0MI

[3] www.yammer.com/ microsoftteiMicrosoftTEI

[4] http://editlib.org

[5] http://www.gapminder.org/world

[6] http://www.bangor.ac.uk/ psychology/ teaching/ docs/Blogging %20as%20Assessment.pdf

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy

[8] http://www.ascilite.org.au/ conferences /melbourne08/procs/osullivan-poster.pdf

[9] https://www.blackboard.com/ resources /k12/Bb_K12_WP_BlendedLearning.pdf

[10] http://www.gse.upenn.edu/ pressroom/faculty/teaching_force

[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Technology

[12] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedagogy


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Greening of IT, Greening by IT and Greening with IT—A Megatrend Prof. Shobha Khinvasara

Professor, Subodh Institute of Management & Career Studies, Rambagh Circle, Jaipur

Abstract:

Not taking an action towards environmental sustainability poses great risks, corporate all over the world have realized this. As a result, environmental sustainability initiatives are gaining strength and momentum, both. “Green” has become a new buzzword and “IT” is equally inseparable from any kind of business activity. Apparently, it seems that the use of information technology takes a toll on our environment. It is true to a certain extent. But there is also a growing universal awareness about “GREEN IT”. This paper addresses its focus towards this growing MEGATREND. The first part of this paper takes into account “Greening of IT” This implies the efficient and effective design, manufacture, use and disposal of computer hardware, software and communication systems without having an adverse or minimal impact on the environment. The second part deals with the steps taken by corporate to pursue green IT, that is the use of IT and information systems to empower – that is, support, assist and leverage – other enterprise-wide environmental initiatives throughout the entire value chain, and the third part of this paper focuses its attention towards creating a climate for implementing green IT by harnessing IT to help create awareness among stakeholders and promote the green agenda and green initiatives. By focusing the organization’s efforts on these fronts, it can achieve total environmental sustainability from the IT side and make IT greener throughout its entire lifecycle. The paper concludes with the impact of green IT practices, the opportunities and challenges it puts forth for organizations. It is definitely emerging as a megatrend which shall be talked about, thought of, written about, discussed and deliberated upon in the next decade. And, of course organizations will not be allowed to ignore it---whether voluntarily or under a compulsion!!.

Keywords:

Megatrend, Green Technology, Smart Grid, Green Engineering, G-Readiness, Green Washing


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1. INTRODUCTION

Green is the new colour, corporate throughout the world are focussing their efforts on painting their businesses Green, and those who are not taking any action today shall be doing so in the near future.

Corporate, societies and government have a new agenda—tackling environmental issues and adopting environmentally sound practices.

At the same time Information Technology is the new weapon that organizations are using compulsorily. The explosion in information technology has created new alternatives, dimensions and opportunities for every business. No organization, big or small can afford not to use it. It has fundamentally altered the way an organization functions, decide and implement work to contribute to the productivity, economy and social well being. IT is no longer a voluntary choice, it has become a compulsion. But the dark side of using IT is that it consumes a whole lot of resources which are adversely impacting our planet, which most people do not realize. Computers and other IT infrastructure consumes significant amount of electricity contributing to GHG (Greenhouse Gas Emissions)

At global level the use of IT equipment result in CO2 emissions similar to those of air traffic equivalent to approximately 2% of the global emission.

Among other things IT equipment contains heavy metals brominated flame retardants, PVC and other substances which are harmful

to humans and the environment, if not handled correctly.

During the past decade, the energy consumption by the commerce and service sector rose by 12.4%. Much of the increase can be attributed from increasing use of IT equipment, especially server rooms.

Some 1.5 tons of raw materials go into producing a single PC6.

Al Gore in his Oscar winning documentary film and the book “An Inconvenient Truth” has highlighted the imminent dangers of climate change and the state of global warming. The recent storms, floods, droughts and excessive heat and cold waves all around the globe have forced even those who did not take the issue of global warming seriously, to pay more attention to it and think about how can they address this problem. This highlighted awareness and urgency to find solutions, drives the focus to an important pertinent question—

“What can and should IT do in creating greener, sustainable environment?”

Before we proceed to deliberate on the above question, it is pertinent to address the concept of sustainability.

Sustainability is all about meeting needs and seeking balance between People, Planet and Profits. According to Brundtland report 1987, sustainable development is the development that meets the need of the present without compromising the economic and social dimensions in the future.


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The terms Green and Sustainability are often used interchangeably, but there is a subtle difference: Whilst Green normally refers to environmental aspects, Sustainability encompasses Economic, environmental, and social dimensions.

These three dimensions are integrated and interrelated:

Economic growth without addressing its environmental impact diminishes quality of life.

Environmental protection without considering local culture and traditions creates social injustice.

Social disruptions like riots and war jeopardize the environment and the economy.

A healthy economy enables a better environment and social welfare.

It is in this context and the present scenario that IT can now emerge to play a new role in creating a greener and sustainable planet.

2. GREEN IT

“GREEN IT” is the new terminology that corporate is now seeking. Green IT is an umbrella term referring to environmentally sound information technology and systems, applications and practices (Murugesan 2008).

It encompasses three complementary IT enabled action areas in order to improve and

proactively tackle the environmental/ sustainability issue.

1. Greening of IT—Making IT itself greener

2. Greening by IT—Using IT to make corporate greener encompassing the entire value chain greener.

3. Greening with IT—Partnering with IT to create awareness, promote the green agenda and green initiatives amongst various stakeholders.

The three action areas are gaining momentum and strength, both—all around the globe. Some organizations are proactively and voluntarily taking action, whereas, some are still passive. But, even the dormant ones are gradually realizing that neither “Green” nor “IT” can be taken for granted. A conscious application of Green IT has to be integrated as a part of their strategic focus.

The framework below is suggestive of the various actions that an organization can choose to cater to the sustainability issue.

3. THE FRAMEWORK

The framework that is suggested is a holistic one which brings in its ambit, all the action that can be taken by the corporate, individuals, society, government and various stakeholders. It discusses the role of IT as a Green initiative at three important levels.


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Figure 1: Green IT Framework

3.1 Greening by IT at level I Greening of IT focuses its attention towards making the various aspects of technology itself greener. This involves the future-oriented organization of the purchasing processes relating to IT equipment, relative to development, production, packaging, transport, operation and disposal/recycling, and the entire equipment lifecycle in mind. Although, power consumption is one of the many factors which must be considered, other factors like environmentally-friendly product development and production processes, optimized logistics processes until the IT equipment arrives at its place of use

and information about the total environmental impact of the IT equipment, including circumstances surrounding the handling of worn-out equipment also cannot be overlooked. The focus areas are:

Green PCs, Notebooks and Servers

We can significantly reduce energy consumption by making small changes to the ways we use computers.

Green Data Centres

Data centres must become greener as well. A green data centre is one in which IT system, air-conditioning systems, electrical and mechanical systems and the buildings that house the data centre are designed and operated for maximum energy efficiency, low carbon footprint and minimum environmental impacts.

Green Cloud Computing

Cloud computing represents a paradigm shift. It is a transition from computing-as-a product to computing-as-a-service, which is shared and scalable on demand. Cloud computing is a green solution as cloud infrastructure embraces two critical elements of a green IT viz resource efficiency and energy efficiency.

Green Data Storage

Data and information storage requirements keep growing drastically. Storage systems in data centers consume significant amounts of power and cooling. For instance, in a data centre, storage systems consume anywhere


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between 24% and 40% of total IT power usage. So, besides making servers energy efficient, the focus is on greening data storage.

Green Software

Software plays an important role in determining overall energy consumption and computational efficiency. An inefficient or power-unfriendly software component on a system can combat all of the power management benefits built into the hardware. Software is a key element in improving environmental sustainability. Green software is environmental friendly software that helps in the improvement of the environment.

Green Networks and Communication

Networks and communications play more significant roles than ever before, and facilitate data transfer and sharing. Green networking refers to ways of minimizing networks’ impact on the environment using energy-efficient networking technologies, protocols and products and minimizing resource use whenever possible.

3.2 Greening by IT at Level II

Besides focusing on making IT itself greener, IT can be a key driver in greening several industries and activities, and a positive force towards environmental sustainability initiatives.

Some of the opportunities for this are as follows:

? Software tools can be developed for analyzing, modeling and simulating environmental impacts and for environmental risk management.

? Eco-management, emission trading and ethical investing can be facilitated with the help of IT.

? Tools for auditing and reporting energy consumption and savings and for monitoring GHG emissions.

? Environmental knowledge management systems, where the acquisition and transfer of environmental knowledge, decision support systems and collaborative environments is made possible with the help of IT.

? Technology tools for urban environment planning.

? Integration and optimization of existing environmental monitoring networks.

? Tools and systems for optimizing organizational workflows.

? To reduce their carbon footprint, organizations can dematerialize some of their products and activities embracing IT. Dematerialization refers to the transformation of physical goods to information goods represented in digital form – “turning atoms to bits.”

? Organizations can adopt electronic billing (e-billing) instead of paper-based billing, offer music and videos for online download rather than on CDs, use e-books and electronic documents rather


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than printed documents and do video conferencing rather holding face to-face meetings.

? Using smart grid which is digital technology to improve reliability, security, and efficiency of the electric system: from large generation, through the delivery systems to electricity consumers and a growing number of distributed generation and storage resources.

3.3 Greening with IT at Level III

Greening with IT involves an attitudinal and behavioral change amongst the employees, management and various stakeholders throughout the entire value chain. Each enterprise must develop a holistic, comprehensive green IT strategy, which should be a component and aligned with, an enterprise-wide green strategy. An overall green behavior needs to be developed.

? Greener employee behavior concerns how one can cultivate a culture and attitudes among employees where environmental considerations are given high priority.

? Employee behavior is one of the most important factors in terms of minimizing the environmental impact of IT.

? Most corporate IT equipment in the form of PCs and other peripheral IT equipment is located in employees’ workplaces, and it is here that, altered habits and behavioral patterns can make a difference.

? Provide exact knowledge on how corporate activities affect the environment in order to establish Some good advice about green employee behavior.

? Information campaigns about the environmental and financial conseq-uences of employee behavior and possible behavioral changes are good point of departure towards making positive progress.

? Rendering visible certain environmental facts, such as the environmental impact of printing and photocopying is the best route towards a gradual change in culture.

? Spread awareness of equipment possibilities to familiarize staff with all the features of IT equipment.

As Albert Einstein once said, ‘The significant problems we have, cannot be solved at the same level of thinking with which we created them’. The green IT agenda represents a major shift in priorities for the IT industry, and IT professionals, educators, researchers and users so that they are prepared to adjust their ‘level of thinking’ to realize IT’s potential.

While making organizations greener with IT, care must be taken that they do not indulge in green washing.

Green washing refers to the practice of organizations exaggerating their green credentials and environmental sustainability attributes, and making false claims. Green


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washing is a combination of the terms green and whitewash. It is an unjustified appropriation of environmental virtue. This socially irresponsible and unethical practice misleads customers and the public regarding the company’s environmental practices or the environmental benefits of its product or services. It is a marketing ploy to establish an eco-friendly image to consumers, investors, businesses and regulators.

An important question which needs to be addressed here is -

What capabilities and infrastructure is needed to exploit the green IT initiative to the advantage of corporate?

Besides the IT Technical Infrastructure, IT Managerial Capability and IT Human Capability need to be integrated so that the organizations are ready for becoming greener through Green IT. This is known as G Readiness of the organization.

G-readiness is an organization’s capability as demonstrated through the combination of green IT attitude, policy, practice, technology and governance in applying environmental criteria to its IT technical infrastructure, as well as, within its IT human infrastructure and management across the key areas of IT sourcing, operations and disposal to reduce IT business process and supply chain related emissions, waste and water use.

4. CONCLUSION

Whenever there is debate about climate change and environmental issues, IT is

considered a part of the problem – and part of the solution, both. Environmentalism and economic growth can go hand in hand in the battle against global warming.

A vigorous green IT plan is an economic – as well as an environmental – imperative. Companies can create a competitive advantage against their peers by tackling sustainability through using green IT, engaging stakeholders, developing partnerships and adding environmental stewardship to their corporate culture. Every business, big or small, faces environmental risks and opportunities. Companies have benefited from taking these challenges as strategic opportunities.

Businesses must develop a positive attitude towards addressing environmental concerns and adopt forward-looking, green-friendly policies and practices. The challenges are immense; however, recent developments indicate that the IT industry has the will and conviction to tackle these environmental issues head on. Computing has the capacity to make a crucial contribution to ensuring a sustainable future for society and the planet. Bringing together computer scientists, electronic engineers, business leaders, and industrial researchers, shall definitely pave way for the green road ahead! A Megatrend has already emerged!

References: [1] Green IT in your company- ideas and

inspiration for a greener profile, National IT and Telecom Agency.


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[2] Curley, M. (2004) Managing Information Technology for Business Value, Intel Press, Santa Clara, CA.

[3] Broadbent, M. and Weil, P. (1997) Management by maxim: How business and IT managers can create IT infrastructures. Sloan Management Review, 38 (3), 77–92.

[4] Byrd, T.A. and Turner, D.E. (2000) Measuring the flexibility of information technology infrastructure.

[5] Baldwin, E. and Curley, M. (2007) Managing IT Innovation for Business Value, Intel Press, Santa Clara, CA.

[6] Olson, E.G. (2008) Creating an enterprise-level green strategy. Journal of Business Strategy, Kuehr, R. and Williams, E. (2004) Computers and the Environment: Understanding and Managing Their Impacts, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

[7] www-03.ibm.com/press/attachments/ Green IT-The Green Grid: http://www.thegreengrid. org/

The Subodh Journal of Recent Trends in Information Technology • [ISSBN No. 0975 – 9875] • June-2014

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Nanotechnology & Human Life: Impact and Implications

Priti Gupta

Subodh Institute of Management & Career Studies, Rambagh Circle, Jaipur

Abstract: Nanotechnology, an emerging global trend has become an inescapable part of modern everyday life. Though a relatively new science, it already has numerous applications in medicine, electronics, environment, consumer products, sporting goods, food etc. Nanotechnology may be defined as a science that manipulates materials by controlling their shape and size at the nanoscale, a scale at which particles can exhibit new and unusual properties, such as altered chemical reactivity or changed electronic, optical or magnetic behavior. The paper draws attention to the fact that man has barely begun to explore nanotechnology's possibilities, and that inspirations can be drawn from nature where nanotechnology always existed .These can be used to imitate devices or applications based on it .The paper also highlights the fact that a number of safety, environmental, ethical, policy and regulatory questions have also popped up as an outcome of nanotechnology applications largely because the science is still in its infancy and the current pool of evidence on nonmaterial and their behavior in the human body is limited. In the times to come focus should be on designing products that complement the living world, not harm it like in Green nanotechnology . Keywords: Nano-technology, Nano-size, Nano-scale, Nano-medicine 1. INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology may be defined as a science that manipulates the size and shape of materials by limiting them on the nanoscale. The idea of the size of a nanoscale may be had from the fact that it would take approximately 800 nanometer particles side by side to match the width of a human hair. It’s only recently that through the use of powerful microscopes scientists and biologists have made it possible to see and therefore manipulate these nano particles for applications in human life. This has tremendously helped scientists to work with these particles that are one millionth the size of a thread. At this scale particles exhibit

new and unusual properties, such as altered chemical reactivity or changed electronic, optical or magnetic behavior. These nanomaterials have many applications across a range of sectors, from healthcare to construction and electronics.

2. HOW IS NANOTECHNOLOGY IMPORTANT?

Ever since the establishment of the first commercial nanotechnology laboratory in 1999, scientists have been researching different applications for nanotechnologies. The focus in particular has been on finding applications that have the potential to offer benefits to mankind-consumers as well as to


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industry. We have been using this emerging technology in our daily lives so frequently without even realizing it. Nanotechnology has found a place in consumer products, medical treatment, the food industry and so much more. Although some of the simplest forms of nanotechnology are commercially available in the marketplace many of the big breakthroughs are still being worked out in laboratories.

There are ongoing debates regarding the present and probable future applications of nanotechnology. Debates also continue on the claims by researchers that it can be used to extend the human lifespan extensively or imitate devices or applications based on inspirations drawn from nature where nanotechnology exists. But would nanotechnology have a significant impact on our day to day life in the near future remains a mystery to be solved. However, yet another important issue of concern is the ethical imperative-would there be enough monitoring or understanding regarding the regulation of technology in an eco friendly manner?

3. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN NATURE: DRAWING LESSONS

Mimicking nature's nanotech is becoming big business. Human implications of nanotechnology in day to day life may be commonly viewed all around but when it comes to manipulating materials on the smallest scales one cannot compete with nature. Several lessons have been drawn from nature wherein there are many

examples of functioning at nanoscale structures. It starts with the cell biology wherein all biological reactions occur at molecular levels.

? Consider raindrops bead roll off a lotus leaf – or many other leafy plants that live in marshy areas – here natural nanowhiskers are at work. The lotus leaves are covered with nano-sized hair that supports droplets of water, preventing them from getting absorbed or stuck to the leaf's surface. For years, the textile industry has been trying to develop effective stain proof fabrics. It was only when they started using nanowhiskers that all those accidental spills really stopped soaking in. By adding nanotubes to the fibers of clothing, manufacturers could create cotton, wool or synthetic fabrics capable of repelling liquid.

? Teams of researchers studied geckos (lizards) and mussels in order to draw lessons for developing adhesives that bind to dry and wet surfaces alike. Inspirations have been drawn from nanofibres in the geckos' foot hairs, which allow these lizards to cling upside down on inclined surfaces, and the nanoscale structures used by mussels to "glue" themselves to rocks despite being underwater. Biologists and engineers replicated the gecko feet fuzz to create pads that allowed a human climber to scale the side of a building.


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? Silk is yet another example of naturally occurring nanotechnology. Studies showed that the strength of silk comes from the way its molecules are aligned into a set of cross-links. Kevlar, used in everything from flak-jackets to frying pans, was constructed by engineering its constituent molecules in a similar fashion.

? The wings of cicada insects contain small projections or nanostructures, spaced about 200 nanometers (a nanometer is equivalent to one billionth of a meter) apart, which allow 98% of light to pass through them. Drawing lesson from these, non-reflective materials have been improved by imitating the nanostructures found in the wings.

? The arrangement of Nanostructures /molecules within the cyphochilus beetle's scales scatter almost all incoming light thus lending the brilliant white coloring to it. Mimicking this molecular arrangement in made-made materials has eliminated the need for potentially toxic pigments, which were often used to create white paint and paper.

? Nanostructures on the surface of lotus leaves repel water which carries away dirt as it rolls off the leaf, allowing the lotus to remain spotless despite growing in muddy water. This "lotus effect" is the basis behind self-cleaning windows.

? It is very intriguing to watch a particular breed of beetles found in the Namibian desert using certain nanostructures on

their body to trap in some moisture from the morning mist to last the whole day. Applying the same idea to buildings has allowed researchers to trap moisture for use inside.

Despite the above discussed examples, there is still much more untapped potential left to explore. The overlap between the way nature solves these problems and the way humans do, using technical solutions, is only 10-20%. Man has barely begun to explore nanotechnology's possibilities, and if he moves on in the right direction, many more upcoming developments could come straight from nature. The tough part however shall be to design products that complement the living world, not harm it.

4. NANOTECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN DAY TO DAY LIFE

Breakthroughs and advances in the ability to see nano sized particles and materials have made it possible to initiate their use in several industrial and scientific endeavours. Some of them are as follows:

4.1 Medicine (Nanomedicine)

Nanotechnology offers an entirely new approach – nanomedicine, though at the nascent stages of testing, for example:-

? If some nanoparticles are artificially released in the human vascular system they can easily catch hold of free radicals present during allergies or may help deliver drugs to specific types of cells – like chemotherapy to cancer cells.


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? Nano silicate when topically put on wounds can substantially bring down blood loss by quickly soaking the water thus resulting in faster blood clotting.

? Lasers may use “nanoshells” which would help focus the concentrated beam towards the targeted cells thus protecting the surrounding healthy cells from damage.

? Blood tests being done through pin pricks can be made easier in the near future through the use of ‘nanotubes”.

4.2 Electronics Capabilities of electronic devices may be substantially expanded along with substantial reduction in their power usage and body weight through ‘nanoelectronics”.Some possibilities include:

Display quality improvement on display screens of electronic devices by enhancing the memory chip density.

Reduction in the size of transistors used in integrated circuits.

Researchers even point out to the possibility of concentrating the efficiency and efficacy of present day computers in the hand palm.

4.3 Environment

Nanotechnology applications find a popular usage in contributing towards environmental improvement. The probable impactful areas include reducing the existing pollution levels, significant transformation in present

day manufacturing techniques which would generate less pollution, devising innovative and cost effective alternate energy sources etc. Some of the future implications may include:

Researches across the globe have indicated that organic solvents polluting the underground water can be substantially cleaned up by the usage of ferrum nanoparticles. Another added advantage of their usage is the fact that these cost much less than the traditional methods which demand pumping out of the polluted groundwater.

Modifying manufacturing techniques in a manner that substantially reduces pollution. For e.g. the extremely harmful polluting by-products produced during the manufacturing of “propylene oxide” (an important constituent of common day usage materials like detergents, plastics and paints etc.)can be reduced upto a great extent by catalyzing the process through “silver nitrate”.

Windmill blades if made by using carbon nanotubes containing epoxy can significantly increase the amount of electricity generated by the windmills. Additional advantage of such blades is that they have a greater strength and even weigh less.

Researchers have proved that silicon nanowires immersed in a particular polymer increase the efficiency of solar cells. These solar cells have the ability to


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produce electricity as cost effectively as any other fuel.

4.4 Consummable Products

A wide range of day to day consumer usage products are making use of nanotechnology in their manufacturing.Some such examples are:

Odour resistant fabric for clothing can be made by using silver nano particles which have the ability to destroy bacteria thus making it resistant to any type of odour.

Vitamins can be made to penetrate deep into the skin by making use of nanoparticles in the manufacturing of skin care products.

Electrodes based on nanoparticles can be used in lithium ion batteries thus enabling powering up of electric cars through a simple plug in.

Carbon nanofibres if coated on the foam used in furniture becomes fire resistant.

4.5 Sporting goods

Current nanotechnology applications in the sports arena include:

Tennis racquet frames made by using nanotubes have an enhanced strength thus enabling greater power and control of the player while hitting the ball.

Nanoparticles may be used to fill up any minor imperfection in a golf club shaft. This will enhance the uniformity of the shaft resulting into an improved swing.

Nanoparticles embedded in the ball coat considerably reduce the rate of air leakage from the tennis balls. It helps maintain the ball bounce for a longer time frame.

4.6 Food

Most foods contain nanoparticles in a natural form. Some foods which are traditionally prepared or processed also involve the formation of nano particles naturally during the process. To exemplify-during the natural process of formation of Ricotta cheese, whey proteins coagulate to form protein molecules which are “nanosized’.As far as the existence of natural nanoparticles in the food is concerned, there is no problem. But the problem surely arises when “engineered” nanoparticles are thought to be made use of for enhancing the pace of preparation, longer shelf life, size, odour, colour etc.Nanotechnology being in its nascent stage, there are no scientific evidences regarding their harmful impact on human health and the ecosystem in general. However, it is predicted that over the next five years more food products containing functional nanomaterials will be developed. Some of the common ideas being researched include ways of:

? producing foods with the same taste properties but are lower in fat, salt or sugar

? encapsulation of flavors, vitamins and minerals


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? developing packaging that keeps food fresh for longer, or even packaging that ‘tells’ the customer when the food is no longer safe to eat (by a change in color), with the aim of reducing food waste.

? Manufacturing breads which contain nano-capsules of fish oil to provide omega 3 fatty-acids.

5. EMERGING TREND IN NANOTECHNOLOGY: GREEN NANOTECHNOLOGY

Green nanotechnology has been described as the development of those technologies which minimize potential environmental and human health risks associated with the manufacture and use of nanotechnology products. It aims to motivate replacing the currently existing products with the ones that are yet more ecofriendly at all stages of the product life cycle thus minimizing the unforeseen consequences. Green nanotechnology has two goals:

? Producing materials and products without harming the environment or human health

? Encouraging the production of nano products which in some way contribute positively towards solving environmental problems.

For example,

? Nanoscale membranes which can enable the segregation of useful chemical reaction byproducts from the waste by-products.

? Chemical reactions can be made to occur faster and that too with less wastage through the use of nanoscale catalysts.

? Process control systems can work at nanoscale with nanosensors.

? Alternative “green” manufacturing processes can be generated through nanotechnology enabled alternative energy system.

? Sanitizing hazardous waste sites, desalinating water pollutants, treating, sensoring and monitoring pollutants in the environment can be done through nanomaterials.

? Nanocomposites that are almost weightless can be used in automobiles to make them not only fuel efficient but also for reducing the cost of manufacturing.

? Fuel cells and LEDs, through innovative nanotechnology usage can significantly lower down pollution occurring from light generation thus helping in saving up of fossil fuels.

? Nanoscale surface coatings that are self cleaning in nature can cut down the expenditure incurred on chemicals used for regular maintenance of cleanliness.

6. FUTURE SCOPE AND CHALLENGES

Although several applications of nanotechnology have been possible due to the novel properties that nanomaterials possess because of their small size, a number


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of safety, environmental, ethical, policy and regulatory issues have been identified. This is mainly because of the fact that the science is still in its infancy and the current pool of evidence on nanomaterials and their behavior in the human body is limited. The evidences available are not enough to predict with any conclusive certainty the future impact nanomaterials may have on human health or on the wider environment. When studied in detail the potential risks of nanotechnology can broadly be grouped into four areas:

? Issues pertaining to health-Nanomaterials and their impact on human biology

? Issues pertaining to the environment- Nanomaterials and their impact on environment

? Issues pertaining to the society-The ways in which the availability and usage of nanotechnology enabled devices would impact societal human interactions

? Issues pertaining to speculation-A speculated view of the risks associated with the use of nanotechnology “grey goo” which is a hypothetical end of the world scenario involving molecular nanotechnology in which out-of-control self-replicating robots consume all matter on Earth while building more of themselves, a scenario that has been called ecophagy.

7. CONCLUSION

The science of nanotechnology continues to evolve and find more uses in everyday life. It is being predicted that in the near future, humanity will be faced with a powerful, accelerated social revolution as a result of this technology. As the world really grasps the reality that nanotechnology presents, economies will be further driven forward Scientists will also succeed in constructing the nano-sized robots capable of self replication. Consumable goods would abound, become inexpensive, sleek, smart and even more durable. Advancements in medical science would be mind blowing. Space travel and even the dream of establishing a human habitation over there would one day become achievable and affordable. In fact the life styles across the globe would be drastically impacted and changed substantially.

References: [1] "Grey Goo is a Small Issue". Center for

Responsible Nanotechnology. 2003-12-14. Retrieved 2009-12-28.

[2] "Nanotechnology pioneer slays "grey goo" myths". Nanotechnology. Institute of Physics. 2006-07-[06. Retrieved 2009-12-28.

[3] Freitas Jr., Robert A. (2000-04-00). "Some Limits to Global Ecophagy by Biovorous Nanoreplicators, with Public Policy Recommendations". Retrieved 2009-12-28.

[4] Joseph, Lawrence E. (2007). Apocalypse 2012. New York:


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Broadway. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-7679-2448-1.

[5] Giles, Jim (2004). "Nanotech takes small step towards burying 'grey goo'". Nature 429 (6992): 591. doi:10.1038/429591b. PMID 15190320.

[6] "Modern Marvels: Doomsday Tech DVD". History Channel. 2004-12-28. Retrieved 2013-07-28.

[7] Drexler, K. Eric (1992). Nanosystems: molecular machinery, manufacturing, and computation. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-57518-4.

[8] "Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties". The Royal Society. Retrieved 2011-08-23.

[9] "Leading nanotech experts put 'grey goo' in perspective" (Press release). Center for Responsible Nanotechnology. 9 June 2004. Retrieved 2006-06-17.

[10] "Current Results of Our Research". Center for Responsible Nanotechnology. Retrieved 2006-06-17.

[11] Rincon, Paul (2004-06-09). "Nanotech guru turns back on 'goo'". BBC News. Retrieved 2012-03-30.

[12] Phoenix, Chris; Eric Drexler (August 2004). "Safe Exponential Manufacturing". Nanotechnology (IOP Publishing Ltd.).

[13] "Foresight Guidelines for Responsible Nanotechnology Development". Foresight Institute and IMM. Retrieved 2012-05-07.

[14] Vallero, Daniel (2007). Biomedical Ethics for Engineers: Ethics and Decision Making in Biomedical and Biosystem Engineering. Academic Press. ISBN 9780080476100.

[15] Irving, Dianne (October 28, 1999). "Science, the formation of conscience and moral decision theory". Proceedings of the Guadalupan Appeal: The Dignity and Status of the Human Embryo, Mexico City, Mexico.

[16] Lemos, Robert (2006-12-24). "Second life plagued by 'grey goo' attack". The Register. Retrieved 2009-12-28.

[17] Colin Milburn, "Atoms and Avatars: Virtual Worlds as Massively-Multiplayer Laboratories", Spontaneous Generations 2 (2008): 63–89.


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Role of computers in Forensic Science Investigations with Special Reference to Lie Detection

Dr. Rituja Sharma Assistant Professor, Amity Law School, Amity University, Jaipur

Abstract:

The role of computer forensics is very important in every corner of criminal investigation. It starts playing its role right from scene of crime till the latest concept of forensic psychology, Polygraph test, Narco-analysis, P-300 test etc. Although, this branch of computer system technique has been extensively used in foreign countries but still it’s application in India is conditional.

Keywords:

Forensic Science, Narco-analysis, Polygraph Test, Forensic Psychology

1. INTRODUCTION

The field of Computer forensics is a combination of the fields of computer science and law to investigate crime. For digital evidence to be legally admissible in court, investigators must follow proper legal procedures when recovering and analyzing data from computer systems. Unfortunately, laws written before the era of computer forensics are often outdated and cannot adequately assess the techniques used in a computer system search. The failure of the law to get along with technological advancements may consequently restrict the use of computer forensics evidence in court. Few sects of advocates are growing (especially concerned with computer searches) relating to forensic psychology and as per this sect, use of forensic psychology is breach of a suspect’s human rights.

Furthermore, as methods for encryption and obscurity grow more advanced, technology may be maltreated by helping criminals in hiding their actions. Ultimately, the role of technology in computer forensics may not reach its full potential due to legal boundaries and potential malicious intentions.

2. ROLE OF COMPUTER FORENSICS

It plays a very incredible role in dispensing conviction of many well-known criminals, including terrorists (Kasab’s case), sexual predators, and murderers. Computers also encroaches the police department in a way to improve its functioning, all around and are being extensively utilized in all aspects of its functioning. Specially, in fields like – fingerprinting records, weapon possession


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records, Pscho-linguistic analysis, absconders’ records, photo fit reconstruction of facial features, brain printing etc. The most conspicuous use of computers and forensic psychology has been in the field of detection of deception in general.

3. THE POLYGRAPH INSTRUMENT

The journey of polygraph examination have been initiated by the efforts of Lombroso (a criminologist), who performed his experiments with a machine which measured blood pressure and pulse to ascertain the credibility of persons suspected of criminal conduct. The device used by Lombroso was hydrosphygmograph. In the same manner, similar device was used by William Marston (psychologist) during World War I in espionage cases, which proved to be a pioneer to its use in the criminal justice system. Later on, in 1921, John Larson incorporated the measurement of respiration rate in the earlier device. In 1939, Leonard Keeler made it more advanced by adding skin conductance and an amplifier to the parameters examined by a polygraph machine.

Although this journey of lie detection began with analog polygraphs, but with advancement in technology, now a day’s digital equipments are being used. The scrolling paper has been replaced with sophisticated algorithms and computer monitors.

Figure: 1 Basic components of a lie

detector system

When a person sit down in the chair for a lie examination, several tubes and wires are connected to his body in specific locations to monitor his physiological activities. Misleading behavior is supposed to generate certain physiological changes that can be detected by a polygraph and a trained examiner i.e by forensic psychophysiologist (FP). The examiner used to notice the amount of fluctuation in certain physiological activities.

In some examinations relating to polygraphs, the arm and leg movements are also recorded. When the examiner asks questions, signals from the sensors connected to the body of the person to be examined, are recorded on a single strip of moving paper.

4. PRINCIPLE BEHIND LIE DETECTION

When a person is lying in response to a question, he/she will produce physiological responses that are different from those that arise in the normal condition. In this examination, several instruments are attached to the body of the person to be


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examined, for measuring and recording his physiological responses. After completion of the procedure of polygraph test, examiner then reads these results, analyzes them and proceeds to estimate the reliability of the responses given by the alleged person. Different instruments like- cardiographs, pneumographs, cardio-cuffs and sensitive electrodes are being used during this examination. With the help of these instruments, changes in respiration, blood flow, B.P, pulse and galvanic skin resistance can be examined and recorded. Thereby, the truthfulness or reliability on part of the alleged person can be analysed on the basis of the records of the physiological responses. There are three prominent polygraph examination techniques - (i) The Relevant-Irrelevant (R-I) technique (ii) The Control Question (CQ) technique (iii) Directed Lie-Control (DLC) technique.

Each of the above mentioned techniques includes a pre-test interview. During which the alleged suspect is make familiar with the test procedure and the examiner summon up the information which is needed to settle the questions which are to be asked. The main objective behind this exercise is to lessen the possibility of a feeling of surprise on part of the suspect person which could be stimulated by unexpected questions. It is important as an expression of surprise could be mistaken for physiological responses which are just like those associated with deception. The concerned polygraph examiner should be familiar with not only with the details but with lacunas attached with the ongoing

investigation. In order to mitigate this problem the investigators must have copies of documents like—the First Information Report (FIR), Post-Mortem Reports (PMR) and Medico-Legal Reports (MLR) as per the requirements of the nature of the facts being investigated.

The control-question (CQ) technique is the most common technique to be used. This technique consists of both control questions and relevant questions. The control questions are those questions which are irrelevant to the facts being investigated, but are such so as to provoke distinct physiological responses, as well as false denials. Thereafter, these responses of alleged suspect are compared with the responses obtained by the relevant questions. Theoretically, an honest/reliable person if examined will show greater physiological responses to the control questions which he/she has intentionally answered falsely, than to the relevant questions, which that person can easily answer truthfully. Conversely, an unreliable person if examined results in greater physiological responses while giving false or untruthful answers to relevant questions. The scoring is done by assigning a numerical value, positive or negative, for each answer given by that person. After calculating all the numbers, the result is compared to a standard numerical value to find out the overall level of deception. The net conclusion may indicate truth, deception or uncertainty.


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5. LACUNAS OF PRESENT TECHNIQUES

In the criminal justice system, this polygraph examination is debatable because of several drawbacks-

(i) The pragmatic changes in physiological responses are not necessarily stimulated by lying or deception. It might be due to emotions like - nervousness, anxiety, fear, confusion.

(ii) The physical conditions of polygraph examination room may also results in distortions of the recorded responses.

(iii) The test should be performed in comfortable surroundings where there are no potential distractions for the alleged person and complete privacy is maintained. The mental state of the person to be examined is also important since a person in a state of depression or hyperactivity is likely to offer highly contrasting physiological responses which could lead in wrongful conclusion by the examiner.

(iv) Where the person to be examined does not remember the facts relating to the asked question, there will be absence of self-awareness of truth or deception and hence the recording of the physiological responses will not be helpful.

(v) Errors may be due to `memory-hardening', i.e. a process by which the person to be examined, has created and

consolidated false memories about a particular incident.

(vi) The biggest lacuna of polygraph test is the error on the part of the examiner that he may not be able to recognize intentional attempts on part of the alleged suspect to manipulate the test results.

(vii) The commonly used `neutralizers' are those of creating a false sense of mental anxiety and stress at the time of the interview, so that the responses triggered by lying cannot be readily distinguished.

The main advancement in the tradition polygraph has been the introduction of computer to record & analyse the physiological response along with data. Some advancement are relating to the input devices results in increasing the number of recording, to decrease the discomfort & reduce the time for examination. John C. Kircher, did a tremendous work to produce computer assisted polygraph system. He developed an algorithm for fieldwork. Latest instruments have been attached with software, which sample, process and evaluate the data automatically with the help of the algorithm, for diagnostic purposes. Computerized polygraphs have the following merits-

Operational training needs less time

Provide better interpretable data

No frequent calibrations as in traditional polygraphs due to pen distortion


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Data can be stored/printed

Physiological signals analog can be digitized and algorithm can be developed.

6. CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that computer forensics play a vital role in judiciaries justice dispensing system. Inspite of having ample of benefits flow from computer forensics, in Indian judiciary its role is limited i.e conditional and subject to certain limitations and formalities to be fulfilled before its application. In a landmark judgment of Apex court, use of computer forensics in suspects psychological test, is declared as unconstitutional, subject to certain conditions like-

1. No polygraph test can be performed without the consent of suspect.

2. All the physical, emotional and legal implication should be explained to the suspect before this test.

3. His consent should be taken before judicial magistrate and he should be duly represented by his lawyer during the hearing before the magistrate.

4. Polygraph test must be done in the authorized hospital in the presence of his lawyer.

Therefore, it can be said that polygraph test is a boom in criminal investigations along with certain drawbacks, which can be removed in forthcoming years with advancement in computer technologies.

References : [1] Best, M.A. Statistical presentation of

forensic data. in: R. Rapley, D. Whitehouse (Eds.) Molecular Forensics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., West Sussex, England; 2007:185–195.

[2] Allery, J.P., Telmon, N., Mieusset, R., Blanc, A., Rouge, D. Cytological detection of spermatozoa: comparison of three staining methods. J. Forensic Sci. 2001;46:349–351.

[3] Gaensslen, R.E. Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry. U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC; 1983.

[4] Virkler, K., Lednev, I.K. Raman spectroscopy offers great potential for the nondestructive confirmatory identification of body fluids. Forensic Sci. Int. 2008;181:e1–e5.


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Information and Communication Technology used in Educational Institutions

Neha Shrivastava Research Scholar, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur

Abstract:

Information and Communication Technology (ICT’s) plays an important role in changing educational background. It includes some tools which are very helpful in education training like Internet, Radio and Television etc. Through different ICT’s, education can be expanded to access the strength, the reliability and quality of education which helps in making teaching and learning very effective. This paper explores the importance of ICT in Educational Institutions.

Keywords:

Information and Communication Technology, Strategic Information, Tactical Information, Operational Information

1. INTRODUCTION

In today world, Globalization of technology change the scenario of educational Institutions. In 21st century” According to futurist Alvin Toffler, ―Will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, Unlearn & relearn”, reliability and quality of education is co-exist with the expanding opportunities to those peoples who are low income groups, women, girls and workers. To acquire new skills global changes constantly put pressure on all the groups. Requirements for education and training for low group peoples , new global economy defines it as a primary education for all peoples, Day-Night School education, core work skills and learning skills. In

concern to this, Information and Communication Technology (ICT’s) plays an important role in changing educational background. It includes some tools which are very helpful in education training like Internet, Radio and Television etc. Through different ICT’s, education can be expanded to access the strength, the reliability and quality of education which helps in making teaching and learning very effective.Basically ICT is an integration of various devices and technology and multi-process system. In this module we will get an overall idea about the concept of ICT’s. We will also discuss the need & significance of ICT’s in Education with specific reference to Impact and trends.


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2. INFORMATION

Data is raw, unorganized facts that need to be processed. Data can be something simple and seemingly random and useless until it is organized. For example: Each student’s test score is one piece of data. When data is processed, organized, structured or presented in a given context so as to make it useful, it is called information. For example: The average score of a class or of the entire school is information that can be derived from the given data. Information is a terminology which is derived from data. After receiving the data it can be transformed into meaningful information and conveyed as a content or message. Information can be encoded into various forms: such as sign, symbols etc.

2.1 Classification of Information

Information can be classified into several ways:-

Figure 1.1 Classification of Information

Information can be classified by characteristics as - Strategic Information,

Tactical Information and Operational Information

Information can be classified by Application as - Planning Information, Control Information, Knowledge Information, Organizational Information, Operational Information, Database Information.

2.2 Need of Information

Following are the factors which state the needs of Information:-

It is helpful in decision making for organizations with the increasing impact of information processing.

All the sectors including banking, financial organization, health care, entertainment, tourism and travel, education and numerous others are dependent on information.

Helpful in improving the scenario of employment sector, manual work is shifted to automation and other industry related jobs.

Overall scenario of Industries and development.

Importance occurs over growing Industry.

Need for quality product and development.

With the use of Information Processing, improvement occur in communication and transportation

Reduction of energy consumption, reduction in pollution by the use of


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Information system for better growth of ecological balance in future.

Use of information processing in land record managements, legal delivery system, educational institutions, natural resource planning, customer relation management and so on.

3. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

The potential of each technology varies according to how it is used. Haddad and Draxler identify at least five levels of technology use in education: presentation, demonstration, drill and practice, interaction, and collaboration. It has opened new avenues, like, Online learning, e-learning, Virtual University, e-coaching, e- education, e-journal etc. Third Generation Mobiles are also part of ICT. Mobile is being used in imparting information fast and cost effective. It provides e-mail facility also. One can access it anywhere. It will be cost effective. We see in education sector, how ICT is used in making business operation progressive and beneficial. Many Businesses used different ICT (Information and Communication Technology) models to increase their business operations. Through ICT models they easily access their information at their right place and time for decision making, so that business earn more profit in less time. ICT provides variety in the presentation of content which helps learners in concentration, better understanding. Most of the areas were covered by ICT (i.e. Information and

Communication Technology) in the world. ICT provides flexibility and learning methods in any business in a very short time to that of traditional process which was used earlier in business. This makes business intelligent. We see today classes were changed, students learn new mode of classes through new technology. The students understand better, if they do some practical related to the concept. It makes learning easy and interesting. Like Certain colleges used ICT models to develop their business and make business intelligence. These models are ERP. Likewise, in some companies we prepare MIS (Management Information System) reports to access day-to-day information or data. Accuracy, Consistency, Completeness, Relevance and Timeliness are the five usable elements of MIS (Management Information System).

Most of the developed countries used ICT models or Products for their growth. In most developing countries, access to ICT based information is very limited, but we will have to have tried to implement it in our country for our next generation.

3.1 Significance of Information and Communication Technology: Application of Information and communication Technology helps in improving our work life and every area of life. Significance of ICT is occurring in private sector in media coverage, growing sectors of Business etc. ICT based solution are very helpful in Trading and manufacturing industries.


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Many developing countries have been improving very quickly through application of modern ICT, and through the creation of various categories of skills in this field. In recent years, we see rapid evolution of ICT’s which provides a great opportunity to apply such technology for achieving great impact on people's well being [9]. Effective use of ICT can be seen under different areas across the world such as:- Education Sector, Health Sector, Agriculture Sector, Weather Forecasting and Telecommunication Sector.

3.2 Impact of ICT in Educational Institution:

In new educational system, we see the system has changed due to ICT’s. Students have facility to get their lectures & Notes online. Teaching pattern is changed & done through audio and visual techniques. Library Management, fees deposition, admission of students & all other activities are also done through certain ICT models or software’s.

There are Eight ways Technology in Improving Education:-

Better Simulation and Models : Teachers can take help of digital simulation & models to explain their concepts that are too big or too small.

Global Learning : Through this students can attend the lesson via video-Conferencing. Certain classes or trainings are scheduled for the learners & beginners who live in another Country. If any queries they can make a video-conferencing call to solve it.

Virtual Manipulative : Teaching & learning mathematics using manipulative & computers is emerging. This creates a new class of manipulative called virtual manipulative.

In the figure 1.2 students were learning about the relationship between Fractions, Decimal and Percents.

Figure 1.2: Learning Way

Probes and Sensors : About an years ago, Teachers spend lot of time to explain Physics topic like, What is velocity and what does motion really means etc.They spend whole period in creating Graphs and trying to translate them. Today we use Ultrasonic detectors to demonstrate concepts. Students can compute dew point with a temperature sensor, test pH with a pH probe, observe the effect of pH on a MnO3 reduction with a light probe, or note the chemical changes in photosynthesis using pH and nitrate sensors [8].

More Efficient Assessment : Teachers can give students much more like performance


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Assessment to see how much time student can spend on their assignments to reach an end. After that teacher understand whether trial-and-error or actual knowledge leads to correct answer, whether their answers are correct or not, teachers then decide for which topic students are struggle and then they took that topic on projector for discussion.

Storytelling and Multimedia : Through multimedia project-based technology students learn teamwork and excited to create something. In addition, it makes sense to incorporate a component of technology that has become so integral to the world outside of the classroom. [8]. Storytelling is also an impressive tool to teach students.

E-books : In Earlier teaching methods Books also plays an important role. It is very tough for students to carry their heavy books from here to there. Digital text books or E-books makes studies easier and merely a PDF on a tablet can carry anywhere.

Epistemic Games : Creative professionals learn innovative thinking through training that is very different from traditional academic classrooms because innovative thinking means more than just knowing the right answers on a test. It also means having real-world skills, high standards and professional values, and a particular way of thinking about problems and justifying solutions. Epistemic games are about learning these fundamental ways of thinking for the digital age [8].

ICT trends used in Educational Institution:

Mobile Learning : New advancement in hardware and software are making mobile “smart phones”. Earlier, as cell phones have limited line of technology in the telecommunications industry. Mobile devices with Internet access and computing capability very soon overtake as a personal computer in the class room.

Cloud Computing : Applications are increasingly onto the server accessible through Internet and moving off of the stand alone desk top computer. To implement this trend for education system is a very huge; “they will make cheaper information appliances available which do not require the processing power or size of the PC. The challenge will be providing the ubiquitous connectivity to access information sitting in the “cloud” [1].

Personalized learning : Education systems are increasingly focus on the technology used to teach students from prior learning to higher studies. In Classrooms, teachers focuses on each and every student whether they are weak or strong individually.

Teacher-generated open content : Every School is increasingly identified well qualified teachers and network of teachers who find out the best learning sources in the classroom. Teachers may use online resources to help students in learning their course material. These resources such as e-books, textbooks are become primary learning source for students.


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Gaming : As per Survey by the Pew Internet and American life project found that young people who increasingly play games have social interaction and civic engagement among youth.” The phenomenal success of games with a focus on active participation, built in incentives and interaction suggests that current educational methods are not falling short and that educational games could more effectively attract the interest and attention of learners”[1].

One- to one Computing: In one-to- one computing, Classroom provides an appliance to every student for learning such laptops with internet facility.

Teacher managers/mentors: The role of the teacher in the classroom is transformed knowledge to an instructional manager helping students through individualized learning pathways, provide 40 minute instruction period to students in helping and clear their doubts.

4. LATEST TRENDS IN ICT APPLICATION:

Augmented Reality, Service Oriented Architecture, Semantic Web: Concepts, Technologies and Applications, Web2 and Web3 new development paradigm, Web Ontology and Development, Context-aware Computing and Location-based Services, Social Network Analysis Methods and Applications, New SPI Models: SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, CaaS, XaaS, Location and mobility semantics, Concepts and Development of Information Systems, Information System

Tools, Standards, Architectures, Platforms, Advanced database and Web Applications, Cloud Computing, Distributed Processing, Decision Support Systems, Distributed and Parallel Computing, Social Applications, GIS and Remote Sensing, Green IT Technologies, Virtualization Concept, Mobility, Web-based system are the latest trends in ICT Applications.

References: [1] http://blogs.worldbank.org/edutech/10-

global-trends-in-ict-and-Jackie Davies: ICT in the Health Sector.

[2] Gérard Comyn (HoU), Silas Olsson and Rainer Guenzler, DG INFSO/H/1Rukiye Özcivelek, Dieter Zinnbauer and Marcelino Cabrera, IPTS: Users needs in ICT research for Independent Living, with a focus on health aspects.

[3] E.Gelb, A Maru, J.Brodgen: Adoption of ICT enabled Information Systems for Agricultural Development and Rural Viability.

[4] Jillian Dellit: Using ICT for Quality Teaching, Learning Evaluation Process.

[5] Mansura Khanam, Shoshana Goldstein, Michael Cahayla: ICT for Development : Environmental Sustainability.

[6] Jonathon Osborne, King’s College London, Sara Hennessy, and University of Cambridge: Literature Review in Science Education and The Role of


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ICT: Promise, Problems and future directions.

[7] http://mashable.com/2010/11/ 22/technology-in-education.

[8] Mohammad Ali, ASPBAE Research on Information and Communication Technology (Mumbai: Asian South Pacific Bureau of Adult Education, 2003), http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/file_download.php/1bb1630.

[9] Robert B. Kozma, Ph.D.(2005): ICT, Education Reform, and Economic Growth.

[10] Mr. D Hindle (Director-General): Guidelines for Teacher Training and Professional Development in ICT.

[11] Thabani Mdlongwa: Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a Means of Enhancing Education in Schools in South Africa: Challenges, Benefits and Recommendations.

[12] Marianne Kolding , Vladimír Kroa (January 2007) : e-Skills — The Key to Employment and Inclusion in Europe.

[13] 2002,New York and Geneva, UNITED NATIONS: How to prepare your Business Plan.


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Network Performance Management System used in Power Utilities Dr. Poonam Sharma

HOD IT Dept, Biyani Group of Colleges, Jaipur

Abstract :

To transform the legacy system into newly build IT system there will be huge efforts shall be needed from State Power Utilities and the ITIA implementation partners to make this project successful. In this process an EMS solution proposes to help R-APDRP to manage service availability by identifying critical services, the infrastructure they depend on and the business processes they support. Identify all the components for each service including Network, Systems, Desktops, Databases and Applications in the R-APDRP infrastructure.EMS solution provides monitoring of the infrastructure and performance reporting. Hence the Performance Management System is designed to analyze the performance of the network as well as the systems in the infrastructure.

Network Performance Management system provides access to integrated fault and performance management for rapid problem diagnosis by drilling down to historical and real-time reports from network, system, application response information.

Network Performance Management system will have one Ehealth server which will be installed in Standalone mode for monitoring up to 1500 network devices (routers, links and L3 switches) installed at various locations. The distribution of devices and grouping of elements will be discussed and finalized during implementation stage. NPM will poll SNMP enabled (routers and L3 switches) devices at 5 minute interval however this parameter is configurable and will be changed as per requirement.

Keywords:

EMS, NPM, SNMP, NFM, EMS, Ehealth Server, Network

1. INTRODUCTION

NPM Service Availability would provide the functionality to test the availability of the services like IIS, Http, and ICMP etc from various remote locations of R-APDRP. This will be achieved by installing SA agent on systems where there is a need to test

availability for these services like IIS, Http and ICMP etc. The SA Agents will be deployed on any one server at remote location. NPM will be integrated with NFM which is further integrated with Service desk for automatic ticket generation and email notification.


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2. OBJECTIVE

NPM will proactively identify trends and deviations from normal activity in the network. This will help in reducing downtime and repair times with rapid problem identification. It will help administrators to analyze network capacity, optimize resource utilization and perform predictive capacity planning using what-if reports etc.

NPM will poll SNMP enabled network devices to collect performance data. It will proactively identify trends and deviations from normal activity in R-APDRP’s network reducing downtime and repair times with rapid problem identification.

3. METHODS

The proactive intelligence in NPM is based on two key algorithms that are used to understand exceptions in a historical context :

Time Over Threshold : This algorithm compares the value of a variable at each poll to a predefined threshold and reports if the value has been “too wrong for too long”. Instead of generating a trap each time, the threshold is crossed, the software looks to the historical date to spot real, persistent problems.

Deviation from Normal : This algorithm exploits NPM’s ability to baseline the end-to-end performance of network infrastructure. Rather than comparing current performance to a fixed threshold, the

software uses historical data to establish what is normal for a specific day and time and then assesses whether the current behavior deviates from that norm.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The proactive intelligence in NPM is based on two key algorithms that are used to understand exceptions in a historical context.

TIME OVER THRESHOLD : This algorithm compares the value of a variable at each poll to a predefined threshold and reports if the value has been “too wrong for too long” Instead of generating a trap each time the threshold is crossed, the software looks to the historical data to spot real, persistent problems.

DEVIATION FROM NORMAL : This algorithm exploits NPM’s ability to baseline the end-to-end performance of network infrastructure. Rather than comparing current performance to a fixed threshold, the software uses historical data to establish what is normal for a specific day and time, and then assesses whether the current behavior deviates from that norm.

Using these algorithms and applying out-of-the-box rules, NPM will baseline the network performance and begin detecting performance degradations. Ongoing service availability testing will help to assure the availability and response time of R-APDRP network circuits, router ports and critical network services.


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Figure: 1 NPM Algorithms Performance

There shall be one NPM server at the DR site which will collect performance data from network devices during DR hours. This server shall have provision for all typical console functionalities (database, discovery, polling engine, administration GUIs, reporting GUIs, etc). The server shall be configured to replicate the database and files from the primary server to secondary server using XOsoft. XOSoft manager shall reside on one of the systems at DR while XOsoft engine will reside on both primary and secondary NPM server. The services in the secondary server shall remain stopped during replication and shall have to be started manually in case of a fail-over. The replication shall be configured to happen only during off peak hours. The polling interval will be increased during DR operations to compromise the network traffic during DR hours.

Figure: 2 E-health Disaster Recover

5. CONCLUSION

NPM will have one server which will poll all devices across the network and monitor for performance issues. The events shall be generated for threshold violations (on parameters like CPU, Memory, link utilization etc) for monitored network devices and forwarded to NFM server for further action like incident ticket creation, email notification etc. Also, allows operator / administrator / troubleshooter to navigate to NPM historical reports from one click console.

Acknowledgment

I want to express my deep and heartfelt gratitude to all those who contributed to complimented of my research work. This research project bears the imprint of many persons of R-APDRP, Ministry of Power, Govt. of India, JVVNL, Jaipur and ITIA, RAPDRP. I whole- hearted thanks to our Project Guide, Dr. UtkarshSeetha , who took all the efforts to explain the facts and helped me. I am thankful to him for the encouragement he has provided us on every step.


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References: [1] Poonam Sharma, Dr. UtkarshSeetha

“Training Need Analysis & Methodology Transform Legacy System For Using IT In Power Utility”, International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology, Vol.1,Issue 3 :Page No.266- 268 ,September-October (2012)

[2] R-APDRP, Power Finance Corporation of India . 2009-10

[3] Ministry of Power, Govt. of India . 2009-10

[4] JVVNL, Jaipur, Rajasthan . 2009-10

[5] ITIA, RAPDRP - 2010.


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INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS

Criteria for Acceptance

In accepting work for publication, the editors and reviewers give special weight to readability and interest value for a wide readership. All papers are reviewed by at least three experts as well as an editor. The editors’ decision is final.

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Papers should be in English with paper length not more than 8 pages, line spacing 1.5” on A4 paper size, two columnar format & generous margins (1”/2.5 cm) in MS Word.

Every Paper submitted should be clearly labeled as being either :

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