The New Imperialism

1800-1914

Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution had strengthened Western Powers and given them confidence. This led to aggressive expansion called The New Imperialism. 1870-1914 was the most active time of the Imperialistic activity.

Who are the Western Powers?

Britain, Spain, Germany, Italy, America, Russia, France, etc

ImperialismDomination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country or region

ORA strong nation takes over a weak nation

Motives

Three main causes:-Economic

-Political/ Military

-Humanitarian

Economic

1. Booming industry needed natural resources and raw materials for manufactured goods. Materials such as Rubber, Petroleum, cotton and cocoa were needed in vast quantities.

2. The new factories could produce large quantities of goods. The Europeans needed new markets to sell their goods.

Political/Military

As new markets opened around the world, steam ships were relied on to quickly transportgoods. However, the new steam powered ships needed safe ports to get more coal and supplies. Both merchant and military ships would access these safe harbors.

Humanitarianism Some felt it was a duty to spread the blessings of Western Civilization such as medicine, law, and Christianity.

“Take up the White Man’s BurdenSend forth the best ye breed

Go bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;

To wait in heavy harnessOn fluttered folk and wild

Your new-caught, sullen peoplesHalf-devil and half-child.”

-Rudyard Kipling

How do you think the natives felt about this perception as outlined in “The White Man’s Burden”?

Social DarwinismThe social view applied to Charles Darwin’s theory of Survival of the Fittest. It states that the strongest nations will survive while others perish. To Social Darwinists, expansion was simply nature’s way of improving the human species, with Europeans being superior.

**These ideas have promoted Racism**

Why did Imperialism work?

Two parts:1) Old civilizations were declining including the largest empires:

a) The Ottomans in the Middle Eastb) Mughals in Indiac) Qing in Chinad) West African nations

2) Western Civilizations had industrialized and hada) Strong economies with well organized governmentsb) Medical knowledge to survive tropical diseasesc) superior gun power, such as the Maxim machine gun

Imperial Control

There were 3 types of imperial control1) Colonies

2) Protectorates

3) Spheres of influence

ColoniesColonies were run by governors sent by the host country to control the region directly

Colonies were costly and often required a large occupying force to ensure absolute control over the region.

Think of the US colonies owned by Britain in the 16th and 17th centuries. These colonies were often occupied by British troops to maintain order and Enforce taxes.

ProtectoratesLocal rulers are left in power but they had to accept the “advice” of the European Advisors on issues such as taxes, trade and foreign relations.

Protectorates are less costly because they only require a minimal military commitment, unless there is a crisis or revolt.

Spheres of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges. The goal is to prevent conflict with other western powers.

The Americans claimed a Sphere of Influence over all of Latin America

What is Latin America?

British Imperialism Some nations were VERY good at imperialism. Britain is an example. Their imperialistic achievements included areas around the world prompting the phrase:The Sun never sets on the British Empire

The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that

1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for

European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve

the lives of the colonial peoples

Review

ReviewIn the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies.

Which term refers to the situation described in this statement?1. Socialism2. Isolationism3. Imperialism4. monotheism

Throughout the 1800’s, an increased need for both raw materials and new markets for manufactured goods led various European nations to pursue policies of

1. Imperialism2. Socialism3. Isolationism4. communism

Review

Take up the White Man’s burden—Send forth the best ye breedGo bind your sons to exileTo serve your captives’ need;To wait, in heavy harness,On fluttered folk and wild—Your new-caught, sullen peoples,Half-devil and half-child.--Rudyard Kipling, “The White Man’s Burden”

The phrase “White Man’s burden” in this excerpt refers to the

1. Negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world

2. Advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America

3. Positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia

4. Challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans

Review

African Imperialism

Africa

Before Imperialism Africa was a very diverse land with hundreds of languages and cultures. Societies ranged from centralized government states, to village communities, to nomadic hunter-gatherer societies.

However, Africa was full of natural resources and raw materials, making it an ideal target.

The Dark Land

Most of Africa was unknown to the Europeans in the 1800’s. They had just explored the outer edges through the ports where they traded goods for slaves.

Europeans prior to the 1800s could not survive the tropical disease rampant in Africa.

As European nations began to outlaw slavery, the slave trade died down. This prompted Europeans to begin exploring the interior lands of Africa.

North AfricaFertile lands of the

Mediterranean region, and the Sahara desert. Various tribes controlled the region

South AfricaSouthern Tip including the

Cape of Good Hope.Controlled by the Zulus and

Boers

East AfricaEastern Coast and Red Sea allowed successful trading

empire based on selling African Slaves

West AfricaGrassy plains and forests. Predominately a Muslim area loosely ruled by the

Asante kingdom

Sierra Leone, 1787

One of the first colonies in Africa was set up by the British. However, it was not meant as a imperial location for the British. Instead, it was a destination for freed slaves from Europe and the Americas.

What do you notice about its location?

It is on the coast. Set up prior to the 1800’s before European exploration.

Exploring Africa

Explorers began by following the majors African rivers: Nile, Congo, and Niger

Livingston and StanleyDr. David Livingstone explored Africa for 30 years, writing about the people and cultures he saw. He promoted the end of slavery and hoped to see the interior of Africa opened to the world trade system.

In 1871, after many years of silence from Livingston, Henry Stanley went in search of the explorer. Upon finding him he greeted him with “Dr. Livingston, I presume?”

African Scramble

Prior to the scramble there was limited European influence in Africa. This all changed in 1884

Berlin Conference 1884

The Europeans powers meet to discuss the division of Africa. No Africans were invited. At the conference they decide: - a European power cannot claim a part of Africa unless they have set up a government office.

This conference starts the rush for Africa. European nations send officials to begin exerting control and maintaining a presence in certain areas.

The ScrambleIn 20 years, most of Africa was under imperial control. The exceptions: Ethiopia and Liberia

The English and French controlled a majority of Africa

3:25-6:34

Africans fight backSome African nations fought back, but were mostly unsuccessful. Only Ethiopia and Liberia successfully remained independent.

Ethiopia is an ancient Christian Kingdom. King Menelik II reformed the nation in the 1800s, building roads, bridges, and purchasing weapons from Europe. When Italy invaded in 1896 Ethiopia was ready and fought them off.

The Boer War 1899-1902The English acquired Cape Colony from the Dutch. The original Dutch settlers, the Boers, resented British rule and moved north of the colony. In the new settlements they found Gold.

The British and the Boers both laid claim to the gold, sparking a war between the two.

The British won and united the Boer republic and Cape Colony into the Union of South Africa with a new constitution. This new constitution set up Apartheid- a system of strict racial segregation.

Suez CanalAfter Muhammad Ali reformed Egypt and entered the World Trade market, French entrepreneur Cecil John Rhodes, built the Suez Canal. The canal links the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. It opened in 1869

The British soon extended its control over Egypt to control the canal.

What is the importance of the canal?

Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800’s?

1. new nations were based on old tribal boundaries

2. the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded

3. the continent was divided equally among the colonial powers

4. African unity was encouraged

Review

After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were

1. in need of land for their surplus populations 2. competing for raw materials and markets 3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem

world 4. interested in completing their geographic

knowledge of the world

Review

The 19th century term “White Man’s Burden” reflects the idea that

1. Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans 2. Asians and Africans would be grateful for

European help 3. imperialism was opposed by most Europeans 4. Europeans had a responsibility to improve

the lives of the colonial peoples

Review

In the past, European nations have conquered other lands, made them into colonies, and controlled their economies.

Which term refers to the situation described in this statement?

1. socialism 2. isolationism 3. imperialism 4. monotheism

Review

During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased contact between Europe and the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in

1. closer cultural cooperation between Europe and these continents

2. the exploitation of the labor and resources of these continents

3. a return to the political and economic systems of feudal Europe

4. preservation of the rights of the indigenous peoples

Review

Get out your maps

Label the following:-South Africa-Suez Canal-Red Sea-Sahara-Mediterranean sea

During the 18th and 19th centuries, Europeans improved roads and bridges and built railroads in their colonies primarily to

1. provide jobs for the colonists 2. obtain raw materials needed for

industrialization 3. impress the colonists with their technological

knowledge 4. help missionaries spread Christianity

Review

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