the industrial revolution (ca. 1750s - 1914) -...

The Industrial Revolution

(ca. 1750s - 1914)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution (conditions

of pre-industrial Europe pre-1750): Factor 1: The Agricultural Revolution

New Crops (from the New World): Corn and Potatoes

New Farming Methods:

Enclosure Movement in Britain - Parliament passed laws to

allow landowners to fence off land

Allowed owners to better practice new farming methods

No more common lands - Smaller farmers and gleaners forced

out of rural lands/villages (forced to move to the cities)

New Technologies and knowledge to improve yields

Crop Rotation and Soil Mixing

Turnips - food source that also replenishes soil (pioneered by Lord

Charles Townshend)

Selective breeding of animals - e.g. stronger horses and fatter,

woollier sheep (pioneered by Robert Bakewell)

Seed Drill - machine that planted seeds deeper and in regular

rows (pioneered by Jethro Tull)


of pre-industrial Europe pre-1750):

Factor 2: The Domestic System/Cottage Industry

Small Scale Industry (done in peoples homes)

Most rural people were farmers - craft

production done to supplement income during

parts of the year when farm duties could not be

done

Mostly involving the production of textiles (cloth) -

mostly made of wool

Many men, women, and children skilled in the

various stages of producing cloth/clothing

(spinning, weaving, dying, etc.)


of pre-industrial Europe pre-1750):

Factor 3: New Economic Conditions

Increase of trade and demand for manufactured

products

New Theory Capitalism (which well discuss

later)

The Industrial Revolution Begins in Great

Britain by the 1780s - Why?

Reason 1: Abundant Natural Resources

and Food

More food because of the Agricultural

Revolution

Lots of coal and iron deposits

Waterways

Harbors and rivers = transportation

rivers = natural power sources for mills

Britain had colonies that supplied lots of

additional raw materials - e.g. India

supplied cotton (a new, cheaper material

for textiles)



Reason 2: Large Labor Supply

Rapidly growing population!

Agricultural Revolution caused lots of

people to move to the cities looking for jobs

Due to the Domestic System, many of these

people had experience in small-scale textile

manufacturing

Reason 3: Britains Favorable

Government

Parliament passed laws to promote

investment in businesses



Reason 4: Britains Prosperous Middle

Class

Entrepreneurs begin to invest in business

and open up factories and start

corporations

Successful merchants - sell the products

throughout Britain and the rest of the world


Britain by the 1780s - Why? Reason 5: New Inventions + Already Thriving Textile

Industry = Faster Production

Major Inventions to Speed Textile Production:

The Flying Shuttle (1733 - John Kay)

Spinning Jenny (1764 - James Hargreaves)

The Water Frame (1769 - Richard Arkwright)

The Spinning Mule (1779 - Samuel Crompton)

An Effective Steam Engine (1882 - James Watt)

Power Loom (1787 - Edmund Cartwright)

The Cotton Gin (1793 - Eli Whitney)

The Factory System:

Machines + Workers + Overseers = more efficient production

Division of Labor (based on one of Adam Smiths ideas)

Puddling (1780s Henry Court) => better quality iron

(impurities removed)

Flying Shuttle Spinning Jenny

Water Frame Spinning Mule

Power Loom Cotton Gin

Puddling Furnace

Steam Engine



Reason 6: Major Inventions to Speed

Transportation:

The Locomotive/Railroads

Richard Trevithick (1804)

George Stephenson (1830s) - The Rocket

Liverpool to Manchester railroad

Canals and Steamboats (Robert Fulton -

Clermont (1807))

The Second Industrial

Revolution (1870s - 1914)

What it means - Second, more

advanced wave of industrialization

involving

Steel (stronger than iron)

Chemicals

Electrical and Petroleum Power (more

reliable and easier to use than steam

power)



New Developments

Electric Streetcars/Trolleys (1880s)

Hydroelectric power (1910)

Electric Lights (Thomas Edison)

Factories - conveyor belts/assembly lines; electric lights

= 24 hour operation

Communication

Telegraph (1830s - Samuel Morse)

Telephone (1876 - Alexander Graham Bell)

Wireless Telegraph/Radio (1895 - Guglielmo Marconi)



New Developments

Internal Combustion Engine

Gasoline powered (1880s - Gottlieb Daimler)

Oil-mix powered (1880s - Rudolf Diesel)

Petroleum-powered Transportation

Dirigible/Blimp (1890 - Ferdinand von Zeppelin)

Airplane (1903 - Wright Brothers)

Mass-produced Automobile (1913 - Henry

Ford)



New Developments

Mass Production - now a wide range of

consumer products (e.g. sewing machines,

typewriters, firearms) and industrial

machinery could be produced quickly,

cheaply and in large quantities!

Interchangeable Parts (developed from ideas

by Eli Whitney)

Assembly Line (Frederick Taylor in the 1890s,

Henry Ford by 1913)

The Social Consequences of

Industrialization

Population Shifts

Huge Population growth (due to agricultural revolution and

better health care)

Urbanization - huge shifts from rural areas to cities

Due to factories (more jobs in cities)

Many cities (like London) grew in size tremendously

Some new cities (like Manchester, England) develop

Big problem: fast city growth many problems:

Overcrowding

Lack of sanitation

Epidemic diseases


Industrialization

New Social Classes

The (Industrial) Middle Class - usually lived very comfortably

and were fairly wealthy

The Working Class - miserable/dangerous conditions

Working conditions

On average, 14 hour days, 6 days per week

Men, women and children worked

Accidents common

Unsanitary dirty air (coal, lint)

Lived in slums (many times owned by their employers)

Some people resorted to rioting to protest

Luddites


Industrialization

Positive Effects of the Industrial

Revolution:

Average wealth and standard of living

increased

Better produced and cheaper

products

Eventually rights and conditions of

workers improved (which well talk

about later)

The Spread of Industrialization

At first, Britain tried to prevent the spread of

industrialization to other countries - Why?

If Britain produced more, its prices would be

cheaper and therefore its businesses would

outcompete the other countries businesses

Parliament passed laws forbidding the

sale/sharing of industrial secrets and the leaving

of machinery or craftworkers

By 1824, the philosophy and laws changed:

The new idea - profit from selling industrial

knowledge and technology and/or setting up

factories in other countries


The USA 1790 Samuel Slater and Moses Brown opened a

spinning factory in Rhode Island

1813 Francis Lowell opened a textile factory in Massachusetts

Success allowed Lowell to open other factories in other Massachusetts towns

Most of Lowells workers were young, single women who worked extremely hard for long hours

1865 early 1900s: Rapid industrialization of USA

Rise of corporations (who sold stock)

Carnegie Steel (Andrew Carnegie)

Standard Oil (John D. Rockefeller)

Railroad Companies (e.g. New York Central Railroad Cornelius Vanderbilt)


Western Europe

Belgium Technology smuggled from Britain by William Cockerill in 1799

Many other corporations set up soon afterward

Germany Industrialization in the Ruhr Valley in 1830s

Kaiser Wilhelm I and Chancellor Otto von Bismarck encouraged industrialization once Germany unified in 1871

France Napoleon III encouraged industrialization and development of infrastructure


Other Areas:

Japan Meiji Restoration (1860s 1880s)

Government and private investors began to build factories, infrastructure and mines

Zaibatsus monopolistic companies that controlled a bank, raw material production, and large factories producing one type of product

Mitsubishi (founded in 1870 by a former Samurai named Iwasaki Yataro)

Russia Czar Alexander III supported industrialization and let foreign companies build factories and railroads there


Why Did These Places Industrialize (and not others)?

These countries had governments favorable to industrialization

helped to fund new factories and build infrastructure (railroad lines, canals, training schools, etc.))

These countries were generally as wealthy (in terms of resources, population, and money) as Britain

Migration of British people (like Slater and Cockerill) and/or technology to these places

The Major Impacts of Industrialization

Industrialized countries richer than non-industrialized ones

Western Europe and USA (these societies largely prospered)

Southern And Eastern Europe (source of food)

Industrialized countries become colonizers of non-industrialized societies (in Africa and Asia)

Reform Movements in Industrialized Countries to attempt to solve social inequality

Reforming the Industrial World

Old Ideas that Supported Industrialization

Capitalism Pioneered by Adam Smith - The Wealth of Nations (1776)

A Few Main Ideas

Governments should not interfere with free trade and business - laissez faire economics

Only supply and demand should control prices and the success/failure of companies - the invisible hand

Competition and Free trade between people & countries

Many people working together in one workshop concentrating on separate component tasks of making something leads to faster production factories

Other Supporters of Capitalism:

Thomas Malthus wars and epidemics are natural to maintain balance of population

David Ricardo Iron Law of Wages: as population increased, pay should decrease (and there should always be a poor, working class)


New Philosophies develop addressing the problems:

Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill)

governments should pass laws and work to benefit the most

amount of people possible

Utopianism (Robert Owen) - promoted communal living and

cooperation on small scale

Socialism (Charles Fourier) the public should own all

businesses and work for everybodys good

Communism (Karl Marx and Frederich Engels) - promoted

global social revolution and total social equality

The Communist Manifesto (1848) - the proletariat (working

class) will rise up and overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class)

These ideas were promoted by some socialist

organizations/parties in Europe

Robert Owen and New Harmony, Indiana


Major Reforms (partially based on these

philosophies):

New Laws in Britain

Factory Act of 1833 - reformed working conditions for

Children (minimum ages, working hours reduced)

The Ten Hours Act of 1847 - reduced hours for women

and children workers

Labor unions & political parties

Formed to speak for rights of workers in government and

to businesses

Organized strikes as protests to gain more rights

Chartist Movement

Organized to increase voting rights for working class men

in Britain

By 1884, most adult men could vote in Britain


Major Reforms (partially based on these

philosophies):

Urban Reforms

Public Sanitation sewer systems, running

water, health codes/inspectors, garbage

collection, hot water

Public housing communities

Octavia Hill

British Housing Act

Police and Fire departments

Parks e.g. Central Park, Hyde Park


Major Reforms (partially based on these philosophies): Abolition of Slavery in mid to late 1800s

William Wilberforce (Amazing Grace)

Public Education for All Children (Horace Mann) Done by most industrialized countries (USA & Western Europe)

Funded by the government

Required for all boys and girls (from all classes) between 6 12 yrs old

Why?

Demand for more skilled laborers and workers in many fields

Instill nationalism in its citizens

Main Results

More opportunities for Women to be educated and work in educational jobs

Increase in Literacy mass media (newspapers)

Gender Relations and the Family

Working Women

Remember that men, women and children of the

working classes all worked!

New Jobs for Women:

Caused by number of white collar jobs and shortages of

available male workers

Examples clerk, typist, secretary, telephone operator,

teachers, nurses

Drawbacks relatively low pay, monotonous jobs

Benefits new opportunities to better status, escape

from the factory/farm work


Marriage and Family Issues

Ideal for the Middle Classes (The Institution of Family)

Husband Worked

Wife did not (or worked side jobs) and took care of children

(seen as desirable and necessary for women to marry and be

taken care of)

Children

go to school

Games and play at home/at friends healthy childhood

Obey and respect parents

An Improvement: decline in birthrate for many classes

Improvement for Working Class between 1890 1914: high

paying jobs in heavy industry => less need for women and

children workers

Results:

Development of more consumerism

Development of Compulsory Education


Womens Rights Movements (Feminism) Origins: French Revolution and

Liberalism/Socialism

New Rights by 1900: Seek Divorce

Own/inherit property

New Occupations (once reserved for men) Teaching

Nursing Florence Nightingale, Clara Barton, Amalie Sieveking

Jane Addams Settlement Houses (Hull House)

Suffrage (right to vote) Movement Major English Movement Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters began The Womens Social and Political Union (in 1903)

Carried out acts of civil disobedience to draw attention

Finally comes to pass after World War I

Leisure Activities

Industrial changes and reforms cause new leisure opportunities Shorter work week and days (weekends, evenings)

Railroads and Steamboats better/faster ways to travel Beginnings of Compulsory, Public Education (1870 1914)

New or Newer Leisure Activities: Vacation/Holiday/Tourism for upper and middle classes

Musicals and Vaudeville Theatre

Motion Pictures (silent, at first)

Professional and amateur sporting activities and leagues:

The Olympics

Professional Sports Leagues in Europe and USA

Recreational sports croquet, bowling, amateur sports leagues

Consumerism/Shopping for luxuries

the industrial revolution (ca. 1750s - 1914) -...

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