The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution1750-19141750-1914

The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolution Why was Why was

Great Britain Great Britain so so successful?successful?

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

Began in Great Began in Great Britain in the late 18Britain in the late 18thth centurycentury

The Industrial The Industrial Revolution is defined Revolution is defined as a basic change in as a basic change in the methods of the methods of producing goods, producing goods, using power drive using power drive machinerymachinery

Why did Britain develop Why did Britain develop first?first? Capital: a rich merchant class to Capital: a rich merchant class to

investinvest Markets: home & colonial empireMarkets: home & colonial empire Raw Materials: coal, iron ore, cotton Raw Materials: coal, iron ore, cotton

from colonies for textilesfrom colonies for textiles Man Power: Large Population & Man Power: Large Population &

excess unskilled laborexcess unskilled labor Merchant Marine: Largest & Best Merchant Marine: Largest & Best

FleetFleet Stable Government: Good for Stable Government: Good for

businessbusiness

Results of the Results of the Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution

Economic ChangesEconomic Changes

Factory System- Standardized Factory System- Standardized PartsParts

Industrial CapitalismIndustrial Capitalism Increased Standard of LivingIncreased Standard of Living Unemployment problems, slumsUnemployment problems, slums Expansion of World TradeExpansion of World Trade Unequal Distribution of WealthUnequal Distribution of Wealth

Exhibition of 1851Exhibition of 1851

On display, “the works of industry of all On display, “the works of industry of all nations.”nations.” Theme of the expo was progress.Theme of the expo was progress. Held inside the Crystal Palace.Held inside the Crystal Palace. 6,000+ exhibits from around the world were 6,000+ exhibits from around the world were

on display.on display. Britain was seen as the “workshop of the world.”Britain was seen as the “workshop of the world.”

The Agricultural The Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

A revolution in agriculture spurred the Industrial Revolution.A revolution in agriculture spurred the Industrial Revolution. Changes in farming:Changes in farming:

the amount and types of food producedthe amount and types of food produced potatoes and corn (Americas)potatoes and corn (Americas) New ways to use the landNew ways to use the land

Crop rotationCrop rotation Charles Townshend- proposed farmers rotate crops being Charles Townshend- proposed farmers rotate crops being

planted in their fields.planted in their fields. Example- Wheat and barley for a season or two, then clover and Example- Wheat and barley for a season or two, then clover and

turnips for a season or two.turnips for a season or two. Certain crops would replenish nutrient used by others.Certain crops would replenish nutrient used by others. Clover and turnips were good feed for animals, which led to farmers Clover and turnips were good feed for animals, which led to farmers

raising cattle and sheep.raising cattle and sheep.

The Agricultural The Agricultural RevolutionRevolution

New EquipmentNew Equipment Seed drill- invented by Seed drill- invented by

Jethro Tull, planted seeds Jethro Tull, planted seeds in a straight row.in a straight row.

Iron plows- during the Iron plows- during the 1700’s they take the place 1700’s they take the place of wooden ones.of wooden ones.

Mechanical reapers and Mechanical reapers and thrashers- made thrashers- made harvesting easier and harvesting easier and increased production.increased production.

The Enclosure The Enclosure MovementMovement The wealthy started to The wealthy started to

claim public land during claim public land during the 1500’s.the 1500’s.

Spread even more Spread even more during the 1700’s. during the 1700’s. Public land was fenced Public land was fenced off.off.

Wealthy landowners Wealthy landowners farmed more land and farmed more land and experimented w/ new experimented w/ new crops.crops.

Results of the Results of the Agricultural RevolutionAgricultural Revolution

More food for the people.More food for the people. Diets and health improve.Diets and health improve. Small farmers forced off land they had been on Small farmers forced off land they had been on

for years.for years. Tenant farmersTenant farmers

Rapid population growth.Rapid population growth. Led to demand for manufactured goods.Led to demand for manufactured goods.

New technology and the enclosure movement New technology and the enclosure movement led to fewer workers needed to work the landled to fewer workers needed to work the land Unemployment led to a larger labor force.Unemployment led to a larger labor force.

The Textile IndustryThe Textile Industry

Inventions led to the need for a larger labor force.Inventions led to the need for a larger labor force. domestic system- raw wool and cotton was sent to farm domestic system- raw wool and cotton was sent to farm

women and men, they earned money by spinning the wool women and men, they earned money by spinning the wool or weaving the cloth in their own cottages, this bypassed or weaving the cloth in their own cottages, this bypassed guild regulations.guild regulations.

Domestic system could not keep up with demand.Domestic system could not keep up with demand. 1733- John Kay, invented the flying shuttle replacing the hand 1733- John Kay, invented the flying shuttle replacing the hand

held shuttle used in weaving.held shuttle used in weaving. 1764- James Hargreaves, invented the spinning jenny. Spin 1764- James Hargreaves, invented the spinning jenny. Spin

several threads at the same timeseveral threads at the same time 1769- Richard Arkwright, invented the water frame. 100 threads 1769- Richard Arkwright, invented the water frame. 100 threads

at the same timeat the same time 1779- Samuel Crompton, invented the spinning mule.1779- Samuel Crompton, invented the spinning mule.All of these inventions increased the production of cotton thread.All of these inventions increased the production of cotton thread.

The Textile IndustryThe Textile Industry

1785- Edmund 1785- Edmund Cartwright, invented a Cartwright, invented a water powered loom.water powered loom.

1793- Eli Whitney, 1793- Eli Whitney, invented the cotton gin invented the cotton gin (actually there were (actually there were cotton gins before his, cotton gins before his, first to patent it)first to patent it)

Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Gradually replaced the domestic system.Gradually replaced the domestic system. New machines required more space and need to New machines required more space and need to

be located near a river.be located near a river. ExpensiveExpensive Required a water wheel to power them.Required a water wheel to power them. Many workers to work the machines.Many workers to work the machines.

Factory system- workers and machines were Factory system- workers and machines were brought together in one place to manufacture brought together in one place to manufacture goods.goods. Each worker had to work a set number of hours each Each worker had to work a set number of hours each

day, workers were paid daily or weekly wages.day, workers were paid daily or weekly wages.

Steam EngineSteam Engine

Early inventions were powered by water. Steam soon Early inventions were powered by water. Steam soon became a source of energy in the textile industry.became a source of energy in the textile industry.

1698- Thomas Savery built a steam driven pump.1698- Thomas Savery built a steam driven pump. Had problems with pressure.Had problems with pressure. During the early 1700’s Thomas Newcomen developed During the early 1700’s Thomas Newcomen developed

a safer engine.a safer engine. Suffered frequent breakdowns and needed to much Suffered frequent breakdowns and needed to much

coal.coal. James WattJames Watt

Repaired Newcomen’s engine and made it more Repaired Newcomen’s engine and made it more efficient.efficient. 4X’s the power on the same coal.4X’s the power on the same coal.

Iron & CoalIron & Coal

Britain had large deposits of both iron and coal.Britain had large deposits of both iron and coal. Better methods of production boosted the output.Better methods of production boosted the output.

Abraham DarbyAbraham Darby- developed a way to use coke (a - developed a way to use coke (a form of coal) in place of charcoal to heat iron ore.form of coal) in place of charcoal to heat iron ore.

Henry CortHenry Cort- developed a puddling process that - developed a puddling process that made iron stronger.made iron stronger. Created a method to produce iron sheetsCreated a method to produce iron sheets

Between 1788 and 1806 Britain quadrupled its iron Between 1788 and 1806 Britain quadrupled its iron production.production. There was also a high demand for coal to make iron and There was also a high demand for coal to make iron and

power steam engines.power steam engines.

Iron & CoalIron & Coal

Henry BessemerHenry Bessemer Developed a method that Developed a method that

produced steel and other produced steel and other materials.materials.

Bessemer process- Bessemer process- blasts of cold air were blasts of cold air were blown through heated blown through heated iron to remove iron to remove impurities.impurities. Steel more readily Steel more readily

available.available. Spurred growth in other Spurred growth in other

industries.industries.

Transportation & Transportation & CommunicationCommunication

Boom in industry created the need for a way to transport Boom in industry created the need for a way to transport materials and goods.materials and goods.

1759- Duke of Bridgewater built a canal to connect his coal 1759- Duke of Bridgewater built a canal to connect his coal mines and factories.mines and factories. Canals then began to pop up all over Britain.Canals then began to pop up all over Britain.

John McAdam- a Scottish engineer who invented a road John McAdam- a Scottish engineer who invented a road surface out of crushed stone that made roads usable in all surface out of crushed stone that made roads usable in all weather.weather.

RailroadsRailroads There was still a need for good transportation and this lead to the There was still a need for good transportation and this lead to the

development of the railroads.development of the railroads. 1829- George Stephenson invents the 1829- George Stephenson invents the Rocket, Rocket, the 1the 1stst steam powered steam powered

locomotive.locomotive. Could travel up to 36 mph.Could travel up to 36 mph. Between 1840 and 1850 the British built over 5,000 miles of track.Between 1840 and 1850 the British built over 5,000 miles of track. Steel rails would replace iron rails = speed increase (60 mph)Steel rails would replace iron rails = speed increase (60 mph)

Transportation & Transportation & CommunicationCommunication

Britain was a leader in Britain was a leader in railroad and shipbuilding.railroad and shipbuilding.

Robert Fulton- Robert Fulton- developed a way to use developed a way to use steam power for ships.steam power for ships. 1807- tested the 1807- tested the

Clermont Clermont on the on the Hudson River.Hudson River.

1850’s- steamships 1850’s- steamships regularly crossed regularly crossed oceans.oceans.

Transportation & Transportation & CommunicationCommunication

1837- Samuel F.B. Morse invented the 1837- Samuel F.B. Morse invented the telegraph.telegraph. Messages now delivered in minutes or Messages now delivered in minutes or

seconds instead of days.seconds instead of days. 1851- underwater telegraph cable installed 1851- underwater telegraph cable installed

under the English Channel.under the English Channel.

Why did Britain lead the Why did Britain lead the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution?

Agricultural Revolution- increased food production Agricultural Revolution- increased food production freed up workers to move on to industry.freed up workers to move on to industry.

Britain had large coal and iron supplies.Britain had large coal and iron supplies. Developed an excellent transportation system.Developed an excellent transportation system. British entrepreneurs had the capital to invest in British entrepreneurs had the capital to invest in

industry.industry. Britain had a large colonial empire.Britain had a large colonial empire.

Supplied Britain w/ a large amount of natural Supplied Britain w/ a large amount of natural resources.resources.

Colonials bought British finished goods.Colonials bought British finished goods. British gov’t encouraged growth.British gov’t encouraged growth.

Spread of Spread of IndustrializationIndustrialization

Britain was being challenged during the late 1800’s.Britain was being challenged during the late 1800’s. BelgiumBelgium

Had large coal and iron supplies.Had large coal and iron supplies. Long manufacturing tradition.Long manufacturing tradition.

TextilesTextiles Had a skilled labor force ready to work.Had a skilled labor force ready to work. Belgian entrepreneurs had the capital to invest.Belgian entrepreneurs had the capital to invest.

FranceFrance Had a strong textile industry.Had a strong textile industry. Inventions of its own.Inventions of its own. Joseph Marie Jacquard- developed the 1Joseph Marie Jacquard- developed the 1stst power loom to weave power loom to weave

complex patterns.complex patterns. Placed high tariffs on imported textiles to encourage buying French Placed high tariffs on imported textiles to encourage buying French

goods.goods. Gov’t backed building programs.Gov’t backed building programs.

Spread of Spread of IndustrializationIndustrialization

United StatesUnited States Had vast natural resources.Had vast natural resources. Europeans invested in the new nation.Europeans invested in the new nation. Railroad spurred economic growth.Railroad spurred economic growth.

1869- had a transcontinental railroad1869- had a transcontinental railroad By 1870 the U.S. was putting out more iron and steel than Britain.By 1870 the U.S. was putting out more iron and steel than Britain.

GermanyGermany Hurt by divisions among individual German states.Hurt by divisions among individual German states. After Germany became a unified nation they were able to compete After Germany became a unified nation they were able to compete

with the U.S. and Britain.with the U.S. and Britain.

Southern and Eastern EuropeSouthern and Eastern Europe Remained mainly agricultural during the 1800’s.Remained mainly agricultural during the 1800’s.

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

William Perkins- invented a dye that could be made cheap from William Perkins- invented a dye that could be made cheap from coal.coal. German chemists also produced dyes.German chemists also produced dyes. Replaced more expensive dies like indigo.Replaced more expensive dies like indigo.

1800- Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist built the 11800- Alessandro Volta an Italian physicist built the 1stst electric electric batteries. batteries.

Michael Faraday- led to the construction of electronic generators.Michael Faraday- led to the construction of electronic generators. 1866- workers complete the 11866- workers complete the 1stst underwater telegraph line across underwater telegraph line across

the Atlantic Ocean.the Atlantic Ocean. Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone 10 years later.Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone 10 years later.

Guglielmo Marconi- invented the radio or the wireless as it was Guglielmo Marconi- invented the radio or the wireless as it was called in England.called in England.

The Wizard of Menlo ParkThe Wizard of Menlo Park

Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison b. 1847 – d. 1931b. 1847 – d. 1931 Born in Milan, Ohio.Born in Milan, Ohio.

New Jersey inventor.New Jersey inventor. Workshop was in Menlo Park & West Orange. Workshop was in Menlo Park & West Orange. Edison’s InventionsEdison’s Inventions

PhonographPhonograph Incandescent light bulbIncandescent light bulb Designed an electric generating plant that provided Designed an electric generating plant that provided

power to NYC. power to NYC. Received 1,093 patents for his inventions.Received 1,093 patents for his inventions.

Thomas Edison Cont.Thomas Edison Cont.

Menlo Park known as the “invention Menlo Park known as the “invention factory”factory”

Most known for his light bulb Most known for his light bulb improvements.improvements.

1893- Edison’s West Orange lab became 1893- Edison’s West Orange lab became the 1the 1stst motion picture studio. motion picture studio. Kinetoscope- an early film projector.Kinetoscope- an early film projector. Phonograph- a device that recorded and Phonograph- a device that recorded and

played back sound.played back sound.

Transportation Transportation RevolutionRevolution

1886- Internal combustion engine1886- Internal combustion engine Invented by Gottlieb Daimler.Invented by Gottlieb Daimler.

German scientistGerman scientist Fueled by gasoline.Fueled by gasoline. Used the engine to build one of the 1Used the engine to build one of the 1stst automobiles. automobiles.

1886- Diesel engine1886- Diesel engine Invented by Rudolf Diesel.Invented by Rudolf Diesel.

German engineerGerman engineer Fueled by petroleum oil or fuel.Fueled by petroleum oil or fuel. Used to power larger vehicles.Used to power larger vehicles.

Trucks, locomotives, and ships.Trucks, locomotives, and ships. The combustion engine led to advances in other industries such as The combustion engine led to advances in other industries such as

petroleum, steel, and rubber.petroleum, steel, and rubber.

ProductionProduction

ProductivityProductivity- the amount of goods a - the amount of goods a worker can put out in a specific time.worker can put out in a specific time.

Interchangeable partsInterchangeable parts- identical - identical components that can be used in place of components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing.one another in manufacturing. Introduced by Eli Whitney.Introduced by Eli Whitney.

Assembly LineAssembly Line

Used by Henry Ford @ his automobile factory.Used by Henry Ford @ his automobile factory. Highland Park, MIHighland Park, MI Workers performed 1 or 2 tasks along a conveyer belt Workers performed 1 or 2 tasks along a conveyer belt

and the automobile was built along the line.and the automobile was built along the line.

This was a more efficient way to produce goods.This was a more efficient way to produce goods. Allowed goods to be sold at lower prices.Allowed goods to be sold at lower prices. More people could afford goods such as automobiles so More people could afford goods such as automobiles so

demand for these products rose.demand for these products rose.

Mass productionMass production was used to meet demand. was used to meet demand. Turning out large quantities of identical goods.Turning out large quantities of identical goods.

Financing IndustryFinancing Industry

$$$ was needed to pay for new machines.$$$ was needed to pay for new machines. This lead to the development of the corporation.This lead to the development of the corporation.

CorporationCorporation- a business owned by many investors.- a business owned by many investors. Investors buy one or more shares.Investors buy one or more shares.

Corporations would often establish a monopoly.Corporations would often establish a monopoly. MonopolyMonopoly- total control over the market of a - total control over the market of a

particular product.particular product. Standard Oil Co.- John D. RockafellerStandard Oil Co.- John D. Rockafeller

Population ExplosionPopulation Explosion

Industrial Revolution took place during a Industrial Revolution took place during a population increase in Europe.population increase in Europe. Between 1750 and 1914 population soared Between 1750 and 1914 population soared

from 140 million to 463 million.from 140 million to 463 million. Agricultural Revolution=improved diets and Agricultural Revolution=improved diets and

healthier people.healthier people. Medical discoveries and public sanitation Medical discoveries and public sanitation

decreased disease.decreased disease. 1815 to 1914 no large scale wars fought.1815 to 1914 no large scale wars fought.

Cities During the Cities During the Industrial Rev.Industrial Rev.

Located along trade routes. (water and land)Located along trade routes. (water and land) Served mainly as markets.Served mainly as markets. Cities popped up fast.Cities popped up fast.

People looking for jobs.People looking for jobs. Living conditions got worse.Living conditions got worse.

ManchesterManchester 1750- Population of 16,000.1750- Population of 16,000. Iron and coal was nearby.Iron and coal was nearby.

Result was textile factories were built here.Result was textile factories were built here. 1855- Manchester was the center of the British cotton 1855- Manchester was the center of the British cotton

industry.industry. Population of 455,000.Population of 455,000.

Manchester Cont.Manchester Cont.

Rapid growth caused major problems.Rapid growth caused major problems. Overcrowded houses.Overcrowded houses. Inadequate water system.Inadequate water system. No sanitation.No sanitation.

Pigs were the only “garbage collectors”.Pigs were the only “garbage collectors”. DiseaseDisease

Not a real city?Not a real city? No charter.No charter. Couldn’t tax to raise $$$.Couldn’t tax to raise $$$. Couldn’t pass certain laws.Couldn’t pass certain laws.

The Social StructureThe Social Structure

Before IndustrializationBefore Industrialization Landowning Landowning

AristocracyAristocracy Small Middle ClassSmall Middle Class Skilled WorkersSkilled Workers Small farmers or farm Small farmers or farm

workers.workers. Made up the majority Made up the majority

of the population.of the population.

After IndustrializationAfter Industrialization Middle Class expands and Middle Class expands and

challenges the aristocracy.challenges the aristocracy. Wealthiest of the middle Wealthiest of the middle

class were factory and class were factory and mine owners, bankers, mine owners, bankers, and merchants.and merchants.

Professionals joined them Professionals joined them such as lawyers and such as lawyers and doctors.doctors.

Artisans and business Artisans and business clerks made up the lower clerks made up the lower portion of the new middle portion of the new middle class.class.

Social StructureSocial Structure

New Social ClassNew Social Class Factory WorkersFactory Workers

Majority were unskilled.Majority were unskilled. Lowest class in society.Lowest class in society.

Workers knew they were a separate class.Workers knew they were a separate class. Had little political and economical power.Had little political and economical power.

They were aware of this.They were aware of this. By mid-century workers came together to improve By mid-century workers came together to improve

their working and living conditions.their working and living conditions.

The Role of WomenThe Role of Women

Women helped farm the land and/or earned Women helped farm the land and/or earned money through the domestic system.money through the domestic system.

Servants to the wealthy.Servants to the wealthy. Women worked in the factories and the mines.Women worked in the factories and the mines.

Families often worked together.Families often worked together.

Work added to a women’s responsibility.Work added to a women’s responsibility. Worked 12-16 hours but still had to cook and clean Worked 12-16 hours but still had to cook and clean

for her family.for her family.

The Role of Women Cont.The Role of Women Cont.

HousewivesHousewives Improved wages allow families to live on 1 Improved wages allow families to live on 1

income.income. Men start to become the wage earners while Men start to become the wage earners while

women tend to the home.women tend to the home.

Single WomenSingle Women Take jobs as servants.Take jobs as servants.

Cooks, maids, and nurses.Cooks, maids, and nurses. Made up about 1/3 of the female work force.Made up about 1/3 of the female work force.

Work ReformWork Reform

Factory Act of 1833- limited the working Factory Act of 1833- limited the working day for children; ages 9-13 was no more day for children; ages 9-13 was no more then 8 hours, 14-18 no more then 12 then 8 hours, 14-18 no more then 12 hourshours

Mines Act-barred women and girls from Mines Act-barred women and girls from working in mines and made 13 the working in mines and made 13 the minimum age for boysminimum age for boys

Combination Acts- outlawed labor unionsCombination Acts- outlawed labor unions

What type of power replaced waterpower as a source of energy in What type of power replaced waterpower as a source of energy in Britain in the mid-1700s?Britain in the mid-1700s?

What was the main advantage of crop rotation?What was the main advantage of crop rotation? Where did Britain get its labor force from for industry?Where did Britain get its labor force from for industry? Identify the improvements in farming during 18th century England.Identify the improvements in farming during 18th century England. How did Britain’s colonies contribute to the Industrial Revolution?How did Britain’s colonies contribute to the Industrial Revolution? What did Britain’s rapid population growth lead to?What did Britain’s rapid population growth lead to? What were consequences of the enclosure system?What were consequences of the enclosure system? What developments marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?What developments marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution? What did scientific farming include?What did scientific farming include? What conditions favored Great Britain in being the birthplace of the What conditions favored Great Britain in being the birthplace of the

Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution? James HargreavesJames Hargreaves Richard ArkwrightRichard Arkwright What was the purpose of the cotton gin?What was the purpose of the cotton gin? When did the Railroad Age begin in Britain?When did the Railroad Age begin in Britain? Why was the Industrial Revolution slow to spread to other countries?Why was the Industrial Revolution slow to spread to other countries?