The Industrial Revolution

1750-1900

WHAP Reminders● Read Ch. 17:

○ Should be through p. 835 by now○ Tonight: 835-846○ Tomorrow: 846-853○ Wednesday: 853-860

● Ch. 17 Activity is on the website- due Thursday● World History Valentine assignment due

TOMORROW- instructions are on the website

WHAP Agenda● Today: Industrial Rev. overview● Tomorrow: Urban Game● Wednesday: Industrial Rev. primary source

document activity● Thursday: Responses to the Industrial Revolution● Friday: QUIZ over Industrial Revolution

CONTEXT: Leading up to Industrialization

What were Europeans doing from 1450-1750?

(The Early Modern Era)

CONTEXT: Leading up to IndustrializationDuring the Early Modern Era (1450-1750), Europeans were:

● Exploring ● Colonizing (engaging in imperialism)● Expanding their economies (Commercial Revolution)- increased focus on

manufacturing● Seeking to establish trade connections with the East● Seeking to control profitable trades (silver, fur, spice, sugar)● Creating joint-stock corporations (British, Dutch, French)● Establishing banking centers and practices● Practicing mercantilism, which led to Triangular Trade● Exploiting sources of coerced labor

How did these things affect Western European nations?

CONTEXT: Leading up to Industrialization

Prior to 1750 in Europe:

-How were goods made?

-Where did people live?

-What did most people do for work?

CONTEXT: Leading up to IndustrializationPrior to 1750:

● Goods were made by hand (by artisans), often at home (cottage industries)

● Most people were still farmers and lived in rural areas (even though manufacturing had picked up and cities had grown into trade centers)

● Guilds set standards for craftsmanship

The Industrial Revolution began around 1750 in Britain.

Why Britain?

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN1. Improvements in agriculture (British agricultural revolution):● Larger farms (enclosures)- wealthy landowners bought smaller farms,

consolidated them into larger farms= more land to cultivate● Jethro Tull’s seed drill- sowed seeds automatically= more seeds take root● Crop rotation- replaced the medieval Three-Field system- 4 crops rotated in

different fields= more efficient use of fields, increased productivity● Selective breeding- animals bred for their desirable traits= bigger animals

with more meat

What effects did these changes have on Europe?

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN1. Effects of improvements in agriculture:● These changes led to more food being produced. ● More food= more people can be supported= population growth● More efficient farming= fewer people needed to farm- many go to cities● Poor farmers who lost their land to enclosures moved to cities● Higher population= increased demand for consumer goods

Seed Drill

Crop Rotation

Selective Breeding

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAIN2. Britain possessed natural resources required for industrialization:

● Abundant coal● Water power● Iron ore

3. Britain’s favorable geography:

● Navigable rivers● Proximity to coastline● Natural harbors

CAUSES OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN BRITAINIn addition, Britain also had:

4. An expanding economy

5. An established banking system= loans readily available for investment

6. Political stability in the 1700s

7. Growing overseas trade= more wealth (capital)

8. Culture of innovation (going back to the Scientific Revolution)

9. Raw materials from colonies

10. Political support for the merchant class

11. Strong military (esp. navy)

So… Why Britain? Britain had the right mix of ingredients for industrialization- it had all the factors of production:

-Land

-Labor

-Capital

Early Industrial Revolution (1750-1800)

● First Industry to industrialize- Britain’s textile industry (wool, linen, cotton)○ First weaving machines: Flying Shuttle- replaced by the Spinning

Jenny○ Water power led to the improved Spinning Mule and Power Loom○ These machines were set up in factories, first built near rivers/streams○ Eli Whitney’s cotton gin removed seeds from cotton= more raw cotton

available

Spinning Jenny Power Loom

Early textile factory in Britain

Early Industrial Revolution (1750-1850)● James Watt (Scottish) invented an improved steam engine in 1774● Robert Fulton (American) built a successful steamboat● Improved transportation: Canals, improved roads, turnpike roads (for-profit

roads), railroads

What were the EFFECTS of the Industrial Revolution?