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The Cell and Tissues

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Contents

• Cell overview• Control of cell cycles• Mitosis & Cytokinesis• Phagocytosis• Stem Cells• Cell types in the body• Transport systems• Tissues

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The Cell• Basic units of the body• Different types of cells have different functions• All have a nucleus, a membrane, chromosomes, cytoplasm and protoplasm• Cells divide by process called mitosis• Groups of cells with similar functions combine to form tissues.

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Cell Structure• Cell Membrane• Cytoplasm• Nucleus• Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Rough & Smooth• Mitochondria• Golgi apparatus• Ribosomes• Lysosomes• Cytoskeleton• Centrioles• Cilia• Flagella

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Cell Membrane

• Contains cellular contents

• Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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Cytoplasm

• Surrounds and supports organelles

• Medium through which nutrients and waste move

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Nucleus

• Contains genetic information

• Control center of the cell

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

• Transports material through the cytoplasm

• Rough: Contains the ribosomes where protein is synthesixed

• Smooth:Site of steroid synthesis

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Mitochondria

• Convert energy in nutrients to ATP (power plants of the cell)

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Golgi apparatus

• Packages protein in membranes

• Puts the finishing touches on protein

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Ribosomes

• Sites of protein synthesis

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Lysosomes

• “Housekeeping” within the cell.

• Phagocytosis through powerful enzymes

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Cytoskeleton

• Provides for intracellular shape and support

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Centrioles

• Help separate the chromosomes during mitosis

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Cilia

• Create movement over the cell surface

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Flagella

• Create movement of cell

• E.G. allow sperm to swim

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Stem Cell

• Are relatively undifferentiated or unspecialized cells whose only function is the production of additional unspecialized cells.

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Stem Cells

• Each time a stem cell divides, one of it’s daughter cells differentiates , while the other daughter cell prepares for further stem cell division.

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Cell types in the Body

• Red Blood cells (Erythrocytes)• Primarily involved in the transport of oxygen to all body tissues.

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Cell types in the Body

• Hepatocytes• Specialized

epithelial cells.• Performs all the

functions ascribed to the liver of which there are over 400.

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Cell types in the Body

• Osteoblast : A bone forming cell.

• Synthesize the collagen and glycoproteins to from the osteoid matrix.

• (Mosby’s Medical, Nursing &Allied health

Dictionary. 2002 6th ED Mosby,.USA.)

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Transport Systems• Web CT -- Diffusion -- Facilitated Diffusion -- Osmosis

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Tissues• Four basic types

– Epithelial tissue• Covers internal and external body surfaces

– Connective tissue• Anchors, connects and supports other body structures

– Muscle tissue• Allows the body to move

– Nerve tissue• Carries impulses to the brain and back to body parts

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Epithelial Tissue• Helps from the skin and covers the entire outer surface of the body.• Also lines most of the inner cavities such as mouth, respiratory tract, and the reproductive tract.

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Connective Tissue• Most abundant of the four tissue types and is widely distributed throughout the body.• Is found in blood, under the skin, in bone, and around many organs. • Connects or binds together the parts of the body.

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Types of Connective Tissue• Loose Connective• Areolar• Adipose• Retricular

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Types of Connective Tissue• Dense Fibrous Connective• Tendons, Ligaments, Capsules, and fascia• Skin (Dermis)

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Types of Connective Tissue• Cartilage

• Hyaline

• Fibrocartilage

• Elastic cartilage

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Types of Connective Tissue• Bone – bones of the skeleton

• Blood – Blood vessels throughout the body.• Lymph – Lymphatic vessels throughout the body.

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Muscle Tissue• Composed of cells that shorten or contract. Resulting in movement of a body part.

• Three types of muscles 1. Skeletal2. Smooth3. Cardiac

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Skeletal Muscle

• Generally attached to bone.

• Due to shape is often called striated muscle.

• Move the skeleton, maintain posture

• Stabilize joints

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Smooth Muscle

• Generally found in the walls of viscera or organs, such as the stomach, intestines and the urinary bladder.

• Also found in the bronchioles and blood vessels

• Function is related to the organ in which it is found.

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Cardiac Muscle

• Found only in the heart• Function is to pump blood

into a vast network of vessels.

• Contains long branching cells that fit together tightly at junctions allowing for rapid conduction of electrical signals throughout the heart.

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Nervous Tissue• Makes up the brain, spinal cord and nerves.• Nervous tissue consists of two types of cells neurons and neuroglia.

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Neurons

• Nerve cells that transmit electrical signals to and from the brain and spinal cord.

• Has 3 parts the 1. Dendrites receive

information.2. Cell body contains the

necleus3. Axon transmits

information

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Neuroglia

• Or glia, cells that support and take care of the neurons.

• Stick together the vat network of neurons.

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References• Herlihy, B. 2007 3rd Ed. The Human Body in Health and Illness, Elsevier. Canada. • Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins 2009 4th Ed. Pathophysiology made Incredibly Easy. Wolters Kluwer Health, Philadelphia. • Mosby’s 2002 6th Ed. Mosby’s Medical, Nursing,& Allied Health Dictionary. Elsevier. USA.• Tortora, G.J. & Derrickson, B. 2006. 11th E.d. Principles of anatomy and Physiology. Wiley & Sons, USA.