The Beginnings of Industrialization• Industrial Revolution- Great increase in machine

production that began in England in the 18th century• Enclosure- Large closed-in field for farming• Crop Rotation- Planting a different crop in a

different field each year• Industrialization- Process of developing machine

production of goods• Factors of Production- conditions needed to

produce goods and services• Factory- building where goods are made• Entrepreneur- Person who organizes, manages, and

takes on the financial risk of business enterprise

Background

• Greatly increased output of machine made goods that began in England during the 18th century.

• Wealthy landowners bought up land where small farmers worked– Dramatically improved farming methods– “Agricultural” Revolution– Led to Industrial Rvolution

Agricultural Revolution

• Wealthy landowners enclosed their land with hedges or fences– Experimented with new farming methods– Forced smaller farmers to move to the cities

Jethro Tull – Seed Drill placed seeds at specific depths straight rows

more seeds germinated

Crop Rotation

• Improved upon older methods of farming• Replenish nutrients depleted by previous

corps– Wheat to turnips to barley to clover

Why did it start in Britain?

• Large population of workers• Natural resources– Water power and coal to fuel new machines– Iron ore to construct machines, tools, and

buildings– Rivers for inland transportation– Harbors for merchant ships

Why Britain?

• Expanding economy could support industrialization

• Banking systems allowed business development

• Political Stability• FACTORS OF PRODUCTION– Land, Labor, and Capital (wealth)

Inventions Spur Advances

TEXTILES (Cloth / Fabric)• 1733 – John Kay – Flying Shuttle• 1764 – James Hargreaves – Flying Jenny• 1769 – Richard Arkwright – Water Frame• 1779 – Samuel Crompton – Spinning Mule• 1787 – Edmund Cartwright – Power Loom• 1793 – Eli Whitney – Cotton Gin

Other Advancements

• James Watt – improved the steam engine 1764

• Robert Fulton – Steam driven boat Clermont• “Macadam Road”• Expansion of Rail System