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Chapter 22: TheIndustrial Revolution and Social ChangeSection I: The Industrial Revolution Begins

D.R.

A. Before Industrialization in Great Britain Main Idea Economic and social factors set the stage for the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution.A. Before Industrialization in Great BritainEarly Industry Before the Industrial Revolution, people and animals as well as moving water and wind, provided power.Before industrial times, people made goods, or products, by hand usually in their homes.By modern standards, through, manufacturing, the making of goods, was primitive.A. Before Industrialization in Great BritainDevelopments Toward IndustrializationThe Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1700s Several important developments set the stage : First, after the glorious Revolution of 1688, Parliament and the monarchy settled their differences. The result was Britains politics became more stableSecond, an agricultural revolution swept through Britain. Landowners experimented with new methods and tools that made farms more efficientThird, landowners sought to increase the size of their holdings.

A. Before Industrialization in Great BritainAdvantages for Great BritainThis system led to more efficient management of larger tracts, or areas, of landGreat Britains labor supply was plentiful because it had witnessed a greater than 50 percent population increaseBy the mid-1700s, Britains population was at its highest. B. The Textile Industry Main IdeaTextiles were the most important focus in the first stage of the Industrial RevolutionB. The Textile IndustryThe Demand for CottonIn the early eighteenth century, cotton along with spices, rugs, and china was among the most important items in Europes trade with AsiaThe demand for cotton in Europe was so heavy, in fact, that it caused concern for cloth-makers of silk, wool, and linenBefore the days of power machinery, India produced cotton fabrics that were cheaper than those made in Europe or the United StatesB. The Textile IndustryToward More Rapid ProductionBritish merchants had organized a cotton cloth industry with people working in their homesIn this putting-out system, raw cotton was given to families who spun it into thread In 1733, John Kay began the process of modernizing textile productionIn 1769, the inventor Richard Arkwright designed a water-powered spinning machine that truly deserved the name industrial.The machine was called the water frameC. The Development of Steam Power Main IdeaProgress in the mining industry led to the development of steam power and then to a revolution in transportationC. The Development of Steam PowerBuilding Better Steam EnginesBesides its political stability and large labor force, Britain also had a plentiful supply of natural resources like iron and coal.Beginning in the early 1700s, mining became an important activity. Wood had become scarce.As early as 1702, an English engineer named Thomas Newcomen had invented the first practical steam engine.The real breakthrough in steam power, however, came in 1765 when the Scottish inventor James Watt made his first improvement to Newcomens steam engine

C. The Development of Steam PowerA Revolution in TransportationSteam power soon led to a revolution in transportation.In 1807, Robert Fulton, an American inventor and engineer, successfully demonstrated that a steam engine could power a riverboat.The riverboat was named the Clermont.

D. Consequences of IndustrializationMain IdeaIndustrialization affected peoples everyday lives and led to new economic ideasD. Consequences of IndustrializationThe Impact of Industrialization on Everyday LifeOver time, the Industrial Revolution had an impact on peoples lives.Work in the mills was demanding, fourteen-hour days were commonThe closed-in atmosphere and repetition in mill work made daily tasks a burden for many workersTheir wages were as low as the owner could make them During the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, there were few attempts to regulate, or control by law, working conditions in the mill

D. Consequences of Industrialization Capitalism and Laissez-Faire EconomicsAlong with the practical impact of the Industrial Revolution on peoples everyday lives.The most important figure was the Scottish economist Adam Smith.Smith believed in the economic ideas of laissez faire and a free market economySmiths book The Wealth of Nations had a huge influence on economics

Chapter 22: The industrial Revolution and Social Change Section II: The Spread of IndustryA. The Spread of Industry in Europe Main IdeaThe Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to other parts of Europe and to the United States.

A. The Spread of Industry in EuropeFollowing Britains Lead The rapid advances in the textile industry, as well as the development of steam power, created a strong British economy.At the same time, the British were well aware that if other nations became industrialized, they would compete fiercely with Great Britain.Therefore, Britain passed laws forbidding people to take the designs of new machines abroad or overseas.A. The Spread of Industry in Europe An Uneven ProcessThe Industrial Revolution involved a set of events rather than a single occurrence.Many of the important discoveries were made in Great Britain, however, Eli Whitneys cotton gin was an American contribution.The Industrial Revolution also grew at an uneven rate. B. Industrialization in the United StatesMain idea The factory system, the arms industry, and rapid progress in transportation and communications were notable features of the Industrial Revolution in the United States.B. Industrialization in the United StatesThe Early Phase of Manufacturing After the American Revolution, the new government of the United States was still concerned about national defense, or protection of the country from outsiders. Eli Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin, also played an important part in the development of the weapons, or arms, industry. At the time, all guns were handmade, and their parts were each slightly different.In order to encourage American Industry, Congress enacted taxes called protective tariffs in the early 1800s.

B. Industrialization in the United StatesTransportation and CommunicationsFultons demonstration of the Clermont brought about a new era for transportation in the United States.To take advantage of water transportation, many canals were dug.The Erie Canal was completed in 1825In 1869, a transcontinental, or across-the-continent, railroad was complete

C. Advances and SetbacksAdvances in Technology and Science During the later 1800s, scientific discoveries quickened the pace of the Industrial Revolution. In the 1850s, a British inventor named Henry Bessemer and an American iron manufacturer named William Kelly, working independently, developed a process for making steel quickly and cheaper.In the field of medicine, Horace Wells, was an American dentist C. Advances and SetbacksEuropean Policies in India and IndonesiaThe height of the Industrial Revolution happened at the same time as European colonialism in many parts of the world, especially in Africa and Asia.In 1857, Britain put down a rebellion in India called Mutiny and strengthened its rule there. The economic goal of British rule was to hold India back.Much the same was true of the Dutch colonialists in Indonesia.

Chapter 22: The Industrial Revolution and Social ChangeSection III: Cities and the Middle ClassA. The Growth of CitiesMain IdeaThe Industrial Revolution caused the growth of cities in Europe and the United StatesA. The Growth of Cities Cities and the Industrial RevolutionIn Great Britain and in the United States, the development of cities was linked to the factory system.In 1800, Europe had only a few cities, such as London and Paris, with populations of over 500,000. By 1900, London had more than 6 million people--more than 7 times the number of people it had 100 years before.The process of urbanization, or the movement of more and more people from rural areas to cities, was equally evident in the United States.A. The Growth of Cities Immigration to the United States During the second half of the 1800s, cities in the Midwestern and Western regions of the United States grew enormously.This growth reflected the expansion of the American West.Beginning in the 1830s, the pace of immigration grew rapidly. A. The Growth of Cities Immigration and CitiesMany immigrants were too poor to buy land, so they lived in cities and worked at low-skill jobs.Each group of immigrants brought part of its culture After 1850, immigration to the United States increased even more.Over the 90 years, about 32 million immigrants arrived in the United States.B. Conditions of Urban Life Main IdeaThe conditions of urban life in the 1800s were challenging and often quite harsh.B. Conditions of Urban LifePublic SpacesMany features of cities today did not exist during the Industrial Revolution.Most streets were unpaved. Transport of heavy goods by horse and wagon was almost impossible in rainy, muddy conditions.There was almost no sanitation or sewage systems, no motorized vehicles, and until the late 1800s no street lighting.B. Conditions of Urban Life City LifeDespite unsanitary and difficult conditions, people moved to cities for job opportunities. Many workers spoke little English, the jobs they were offered involved physical laborMany workers who were poor lived in overcrowded conditions.

C. The Impact of Cities on Society as a Whole Main IdeaThe growth of cities was accompanied by an increase in the population of the middle class and by the development of cities as centers of culture.C. The Impact of Cities on Society as a Whole The Rise of the Middle Class One important result of the Industrial Revolution was the expansion of the middle class in Europe and the United States. The middle class factory owners, merchants, skilled artisans, and professionals such as doctors and engineers were not wealthy.However middle-class people profited from hard work.C. The Impact of Cities on Society as a WholeMiddle-Class Way of LifeThe middle class developed its own way of life, especially during the Victorian Age. Children in middle-class families were supposed to be seen but not heard The expansion of the middle class also had effects on the roles and organization of family members.Women were expected to stay home and settle into a domestic role.C. The Impact of Cities on Society as a WholeCities as Centers of CultureThe growth of the middle class and economic progress increased the amount of leisure time many people had.Outside the home, middle-class people also attended lectures and symphony performances.In the second half of the nineteenth century, cities became the sites of important cultural institutions.

Chapter 22: The Industrial Revolution and Social Change Section IV: An Age of ReformsA. Womens RightsMain Idea During the 1800s women campaigned for their rights, and some also took leadership roles in society.A. Womens RightsThe Seneca Falls ConventionLucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were two women who were strongly opposed to slavery in the United States.Both Mott and Stanton were also interested in womens rights.In July 1848, Mott and Stanton called a womens rights convention in Seneca Falls, New YorkA. Womens RightsThe Right to VoteMott, Stanton, and Anthony continued to support womens rights in the late 1800s.None of them lived long enough, though, to see passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.This amendment finally gave American women the vote in 1920.A. Womens RightsChanging Roles of WomenBesides being active in the causes of womens rights and ending slavery, a number of women took leadership roles in other areas of social reform. Another area of social reform was the temperance movement, which worked to outlaw alcoholic beverages.Some of the most dramatic reforms occurred in the health field.B. The Rights of WorkersThe Union MovementOne of the most important movements for workers rights was the union movement. A labor union is an association of workers formed to protect and promote the welfare, interests, and rights of its members. One of the labor leaders was Samuel Gompers he upheld the workers right to strike, or to refuse to work, if negotiations broke down. He supported collective bargaining, a system in which union officials, elected by the membership, negotiate with business owners B. The Rights of WorkersThe Progressives in the United StatesIn the early 1900s, the growth of labor unions to protect workers rights led to a more general reform movement in the United States.Some of the most forceful Progressives were called muckrakers.The muckrakers used newspapers, magazines, and novels to expose social concerns and problems. B. The Rights of WorkersProgressives and Politics Progressives steadily worked to tie state and city governments more to the people.In 1913, the U.S. Constitution was amended to give voters the right to elect senators directly.Another target of the Progressive movement was large companies. C. Economic Systems Main IdeaThe economic ideas of capitalism, socialism, and communism took hold during the Industrial Revolution.C. Economic SystemsCapitalism Capitalism is an economic system in which all of most of the means of production are privately owned.In the book The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued in favor of capitalism.Smith believed in free enterprises and free markets.

C. Economic SystemsOther Economic Systems During the Industrial Revolution, economic ideas opposed to capitalism arose. Two of the most important were socialism and communism. In Socialism , the means of production are collectivity owned or owned by the government.Many basic beliefs of Communism, were that the production of goods and services are controlled by the government, and property is owned by everyone equally.