25-1 25-1 The Beginnings of The Beginnings of

IndustrializationIndustrialization

The Industrial Revolution starts in The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to England and soon spreads to

other countries.other countries.

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

New Ways of WorkingNew Ways of Working Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution—greatly increases —greatly increases

output of machine-made goods.output of machine-made goods. Revolution begins in England in the middle Revolution begins in England in the middle

1700s.1700s.

Disadvantages of the old Disadvantages of the old systemsystem

Field left fallowPeople have to walk over your strips to reach theirs

No proper drainage

Animals can trample crops and spread disease

Difficult to take advantage of new farming techniques

Because land in different fields takes time to get to each field

No hedges or fences

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

The Agricultural Revolution Paves the The Agricultural Revolution Paves the WayWay EnclosuresEnclosures—large farm fields enclosed by —large farm fields enclosed by

fences or hedgesfences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once

owned by village farmers.owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with new Enclosures allowed experimentation with new

agricultural methodsagricultural methods

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

Rotating CropsRotating Crops Crop rotationCrop rotation——

switching crops each switching crops each year to avoid depleting year to avoid depleting soilsoil

Livestock breeders Livestock breeders allow only the best to allow only the best to breed, improve food breed, improve food supply.supply.

Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001

Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in Why the Industrial Revolution Began in EnglandEngland IndustrializationIndustrialization—move to machine —move to machine

production of goodsproduction of goods Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,

rivers, harborsrivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages Expanding economy in Britain encourages

investmentinvestment Britain has all needed factors of production—Britain has all needed factors of production—

land, labor, capitalland, labor, capital

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Changes in the

Textile IndustryTextile Industry Weavers work Weavers work

faster with faster with flying shuttlesflying shuttles and and spinning spinning jenniesjennies

Water frameWater frame uses water uses water power to drive power to drive spinning wheelsspinning wheels

Spinning Jenny

““Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up Carding” is a mechanical process that breaks up locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns locks and unorganized clumps of fiber and then aligns the individual fibers so that they are more or less the individual fibers so that they are more or less parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more parallel with each other. This enabled them to be more easily spun into thread. The old method was done by easily spun into thread. The old method was done by hand using these tools.hand using these tools.

carding carding machine-machine-replaces the replaces the hand process hand process of combing out of combing out the fibers the fibers before they before they can be spun can be spun into yarn or into yarn or thread.thread.

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Power loomPower loom, and , and spinning mulespinning mule (next slide) (next slide)

speed up production, improve quality.speed up production, improve quality.

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Factories—Factories—

buildings that buildings that contain contain machinery for machinery for manufacturingmanufacturing

Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization

Cotton ginCotton gin boosts boosts American American cotton cotton production production to meet to meet British British demanddemand

"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving "The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from from Harper's MagazineHarper's Magazine, 1869. This , 1869. This carving depicts a roller gin, which carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.preceded Whitney's invention.

James Watt

Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation

Watt’s Steam EngineWatt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, convenient Need for cheap, convenient

power spurs development power spurs development of steam engineof steam engine

James Watt improves James Watt improves steam engine, financed by steam engine, financed by Matthew BoultonMatthew Boulton

Boulton—an Boulton—an entrepreneurentrepreneur—organizes, manages, —organizes, manages, takes business risks.takes business risks.

Matthew Boulton

Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.

Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine

Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation

Water TransportationWater Transportation Robert Fulton builds first Robert Fulton builds first

steamboat, the Clermont, steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807in 1807

England’s water transport England’s water transport improved by system of improved by system of canalscanals

Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont

Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation

Road TransportationRoad Transportation British roads are British roads are

improved; companies improved; companies operate them as toll operate them as toll roads. These were roads. These were called “turnpike called “turnpike trusts”.trusts”.

The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.

Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation By the early Victorian period By the early Victorian period

toll gates were perceived as toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of being inefficient in use of resources and potentially resources and potentially suffered from petty suffered from petty corruption.corruption.

The railway era spelt The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike disaster for most turnpike trusts.trusts.

The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Steam-Driven Steam-Driven LocomotivesLocomotives In In 1804, Richard 1804, Richard

TrevithickTrevithick builds first builds first steam-driven steam-driven locomotivelocomotive

Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.

The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.

Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins In 1825, George In 1825, George

Stephenson builds Stephenson builds worlds first railroad worlds first railroad line.line.

He is called the He is called the “Father of Railways”.“Father of Railways”.

His rail gauge of 4 feet His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes mm), sometimes called "Stephenson called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's gauge", is the world's standard gauge.standard gauge.

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Liverpool-Manchester RailroadLiverpool-Manchester RailroadEntrepreneurs build railroad Entrepreneurs build railroad

from Liverpool to Manchesterfrom Liverpool to Manchester

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Stephenson’s Stephenson’s RocketRocket acknowledged as the acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)best locomotive (1829)

A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket

Rocket replica

The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins

Railroads Revolutionize Life in BritainRailroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobsRailroads spur industrial growth, create jobs Cheaper transportation boosts many Cheaper transportation boosts many

industries; people move to citiesindustries; people move to cities