The Beginnings of Industrialization

The Beginnings of IndustrializationMONEY, LABOR, and ECONOMYObjectives(sec 1) Explain the origins of the Industrial Revolution. (sec 1) Explain the impact of mechanization (machines).(sec 2) Describe the social and economic effects of industrialization.(sec 3) Explain the impact on land, labor and corporations.(sec 4) Explain the reaction to industrial capitalism.(sec 4) Explain the origins and main concepts of capitalism, socialism, and communism.

Questions to ConsiderWhat were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?How did rising population help the Industrial Revolution?What American invention aided the textile industry?Was the revolution in agriculture necessary for the Industrial Revolution?What effect did entrepreneurs have on the Industrial Revolution?The Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainAgriculture paves the way for more foodMore food=more people (workers)Enclosures (fields) Crop-rotation (better soil/yield)Experimentation in farmingSmaller farmers were leaving to cities (workers)

Why the Revolution Began In EnglandLarge populationNatural resourcesWater and coal powerIron ore for machinesRivers/Harbors

Why the Revolution Began In EnglandThey also had the Factors of Production:LandLaborCapital ($$)

Changes in the Textile IndustrySeveral inventions were made to increase textile (cloth) productionFlying ShuttleSpinning JennyWater FrameSpinning MulePower Loomhttp://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-7833539046121151628#A power loom at work

Changes in the Textile IndustryIn America, things were changing tooEli Whitney invented the Cotton GinEasier to separate cotton from bollIncreased demand for cotton in US and BritainIncreased demand for slave labor in US

Improvements in TransportationSteam Engine-James Watt (with help of entrepreneur or investor)Steamboat-Robert FultonBetter paved roads-John Mc Adam

Trains and Boats

10Questions to ConsiderWhat were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?How did rising population help the Industrial Revolution?What American invention aided the textile industry?Was the revolution in agriculture necessary for the Industrial Revolution?What effect did entrepreneurs have on the Industrial Revolution?Section 2-IndustrializationObjective:

Describe the social and economic effects of industrialization.

Size of CitiesGrowth of factories, bringing job seekersUrban areas doubling, tripling, or quadrupling in sizeFactories developing near new sources of energyMany new cities specializing in certain industries

Living Conditions in CitiesNo sanitary codes or building controlsLack of housing, education, and policeNo running water or indoor plumbingFrequent epidemics sweeping through slums

Tenement Life

Jacob Riis-Tenement Life

Leisure Time

Lewis Hine

Lewis Hine

Lewis Hine

Working conditionsIR creating new jobs Workers trying to keep pace w/machinesFactories dirty and unsanitaryRunning dangerous machines long hours in unsafe conditions

Harsh and severe disciplineEventually shorter hours, higher wages and better conditions

Emerging social classesGrowing middle class of factory owners, shippers and merchantsUpper class of landowners and aristocrats resentful of middle classLower middle class of factory overseers and skilled workersOverworked and underpaid

Positive effects of Industrial Revolution (Eventually)More jobsContributed to wealth and power of nation (who specifically?)Healthier dietsBetter housingCheaper, mass-produced itemsEventually there were labor gains made:shorter hours higher wages better working conditions

Section 2-IndustrializationObjective:

Describe the social and economic effects of industrialization.

Section 4-Reforming the Economic WorldObjectives(sec 4) Explain the origins and main concepts of capitalism, socialism, and communism.(sec 4) Explain the reaction to industrial capitalism.

Questions to ConsiderWhat were Adam Smiths three natural laws of economics?What kind of society did early socialists want?What were Karl Marxs key ideas?Why did workers join together to form unions?Why did the labor reform movement spread to other areas of life?Effects of IndustrializationAs industry grew, so did wealth. Philosophers started looking at how wealth and labor affected society.Some believed government should have a role in business, others did not.

CapitalismLaissez faire (let do) The Invisible Hand that guides the market.privately owned industry and businesses would set standards for working conditionsfavors free market economy unregulated by government

CapitalismEconomy is based on supply and demandHigh supply=low pricesLow supply=high pricesHigh demand=high pricesLow demand=low pricesGovernment would screw this up (ability to make $$$)

Capitalism-Adam Smith-1776 book The Wealth of Nations" detailed that economic liberty guaranteed economic progress for everyone

Three laws:Law of self interest (people act in their own interest)Law of competition (forces people to make a better product)Law of supply and demand (enough goods would be produced to meet societys demands)

Socialism (roots)Other philosophers felt that government should intervene in businessThey saw the low wages of the lower class, the poor living and working conditions, and uncaring business owners as a problem for society.

Socialism (Utilitarianism)An early form of socialism was Utilitarianism.Jeremy Benthams idea was that people should judge institutions, ideas, and actions based on their usefulness.Government should promote programs that would benefit the greatest amount of people.

Benthams Head

Socialism (Utilitarianism)John Stuart Mill Felt that it was wrong that workers lived hard livesWanted to create policies that would lead to more equal division of profitsWanted to reform womens rights, voting rights, and prison reform

SocialismTook Utilitarianism one step furtherCharles Fourier and Saint-Simon wanted to offset the negative aspects of industrializationThey created philosophy of socialism

SocialismSocialism is when the factors of production (Land, Labor, and Capital) are controlled by the public (government) and industry is run and controlled for the benefit of all people in the society.Government control of factories, railroads, raw materials, and other key industries would end poverty and poor working conditions brought on by the quest for profit (by private owners of industry).What is Socialism?

Marxism (Radical Socialism)AKA=CommunismOutlined in Karl Marx and Friederich Engels pamphlet The Communist Manifesto

Marxism (Radical Socialism)Society has always been divided into warring classes: The Haves or bourgeoisie (wealthy)AndThe Have-nots or proletariat (working class)

Marxism (Radical Socialism)The wealthy controlled means (L, L, C) of producing goodsThe poor did the back-breaking labor of actually producing the goods (in terrible conditions).The Industrial Revolution made the rich richer and the poor poorer.The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite.From the Communist Manifesto

Marxism (Radical Socialism)World View:Large industries would crush smaller artisans and control all of the wealthLarge proletariat would revolt and seize control of industry and produce what was needed for societyWorkers would share profits and bring economic equality for all peopleWorkers would control government/economy in a dictatorship of the proletariat. A classless society would develop over timeMarxism (Radical Socialism)This was pure communism, or radical socialismAll means of productions are controlled by peoplePrivate property would cease to existAll goods and services would be shared equally

Marxism (Radical Socialism)Marx and Engels felt that economics alone controlled societyHistory has shown that religion, nationalism, ethnic loyalties and a desire for democratic reforms may be as strong of influences as economics are Also, the gap between the rich and poor closed over time

Democratic ReformsFaced with tough working conditions, workers formed unionsThese were organizations that bargained for better working conditions, wages, benefits, etc.If the owners of industry would not negotiate, the workers would stop working (strike)

Democratic Reforms Factory Act of 1833>Illegal to hire children under 9 years old.9-12 year olds could only work 8 hours a day13-17 year olds could only work 12 hoursWomen and children couldnt work underground (mines)This spirit spread to other areas:SlaveryWomens rightsEducationPrisons

Questions to ConsiderWhat were Adam Smiths three natural laws of economics?What kind of society did early socialists want?What were Karl Marxs key ideas?Why did workers join together to form unions?Why did the labor reform movement spread to other areas of life?