The Age of ExplorationLate 1400’s, 1500’s

When one group suffers, another group

prospers.

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• You are leading a mission to Planet X, a newly discovered planet in our galaxy. Very little is know about this planet other than its existence.

• Why do you want to go explore Planet X? What are your goals for this mission?

Essential Questions•1. What were the causes and/or

motivations for exploration?

•2. How is exploration an example of cultural diffusion?

•3. How did cultural diffusion through exploration impact societies?

What did Europe know?

Why start exploring? • God

–Europeans wanted to convert people to Christianity (spread the word)

– Missionaries = those who travel to new areas to spread their religion

• Gold–Spices, raw materials = $–Eliminate the Italian & Muslim middlemen- Mining for silver and gold

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Spain

PortugalItaly Ottoman

Empire

India

China

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• Glory–Renaissance -> spirit of inquiry

–Honor to their name, desire to be the first country to claim •Bragging Rights

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Put it together:

• Create a cartoon that includes the three motivations for exploration in ONE unified picture.

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Why now?• Technological Advances

– Created sturdier ships called caravels

• Triangular sails can sail against the wind

• Lateen sails (Romans)

• Square sails (Vikings, Chinese)

– Navigation techniques• Astrolabe (Muslims)

• Compass (Chinese)

Why are these advances important forexploration?!

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Create an Analogy

The Caravel/Astrolabe/Compass

Exploration

Reformation

is to

is to

AS...

Relationship: A technological change that enables the event

Text

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Space Exploration

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• 1. Read the article titled “ The Real Reasons We Explore Space” with a partner.

• 2. Compare and Contrast the motives for European exploration with the motives for space exploration though a venn diagram or chart.

• 3. Answer the following questions in complete sentences– Do you agree with the author’s argument about the reasons

for space exploration? Why or why not?– Do you think space exploration is more, less, or equally as

important as the European age of exploration? Why or why not?

– Based on what we learned about the motivations for exploration, the context for european exploration, and the innovations of the time, what do you think would have to change to spur a greater interest in America in space exploration? Why? How is this similar to European exploration?

How can our study of exploration relate to modern day exploration?!

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ExplorersPortuguese Henry the Navigator - Funded explorationVasco da Gama (1498) - IndiaPedro Cabral (1501) - Brazil

SpainChristopher Columbus* (1492) - CaribbeanFerdinand Magellan* (1519)- Circumnavigated the globeHernando Cortes (1519) - MexicoFrancisco Pizarro (1532) - South America

*non-Spanish – sailed for Spain

What did they find?

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Match the following answers and questions

A: Gold

B. Vasco da Gama

1. This motive relates to European desire for new raw materials

2. He is a portuguese Prince who funded exploration

3. He is a Portuguese explorer that was thefirst to sail around the world for Spain

4. Missionaries were motivated by thisreason for exploration

5. European countries wanted to be the firstto explore new areas for bragging rights.

6. A technological innovation that allowed explorers to find where they are going

7. A Portuguese explorer who sailed to Indiaand spurred interest in Indian spices

C. Astrolabe

D. Glory

E. God

F. Magellan

G. Henry the Navigator

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What was the impact of exploration?

• 1. Effects on Native Populations• 2. European Empires Begin• 3. Columbian Exchange• 4. Commercial Revolution

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Impact of Exploration

• Death by Disease• Conquered • Converted• Enslaved

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1. Effects on Native Populations

Effects on Native Populations:Disease

–Native American populations dropped due to smallpox, measles, malaria and the flu- about 80%

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• Conquistadors = European explorers who conquered large populations in Central and South America– Cortes ( Aztecs in Mexico) – Pizarro (Incas in Peru)

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Effects on Native Populations:Conquered

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Cortes

Pizarro

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Effects on Native Populations:Conquered

• Why were these conquistadors able to conquer such large populations?– Cortes

• Resembled Aztec god• Made allies of native

Aztec enemies• Had guns and artillery• Diseases

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Effects on Native Populations:Conquered

– Pizarro• Kidnapped ruler

Atahulpa and killed him after receiving ransom

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Effects on Native Populations:Converted

• Native populations were forced to convert to Christianity by missionaries

• Leads to loss of cultural heritage

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Effects on Native Populations:Enslavement

• Native populations enslaved under the Encomienda System– Native populations enslaved and forced to

farm or ranch or mine for European landowners

– In Central and South America– Named for large farms/ranches called

Encomiendas

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Connecting HistoryMachiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 where he pens the famous phrase “the end justifies the means” after Columbus’ voyages beginning in 1492.Based on the Columbus point/counterpoint article answer the following questions

1. Do you think Machiavelli would have agreed with Columbus’ actions? Why or why not? 2. Do you think the interactions between explorers and natives had to happen the way it did or could this interaction have been different in history? Why or why not? * Hint: think about where each group’s mindset and the time period

3. Do you think exploration was a good thing? Why or why not?

Impact of Exploration

• 2. Beginning of Empire building - European countries claimed territories in new world

• 3. Columbian Exchange – Exchange of plants, animals, people, disease and

ideas between the Eastern and Western Hemisphere after 1492

– What are some items that are exchanged?

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Impact of Exploration

• 4. Commercial Revolution– Joint Stock Companies

• Many investors together funded exploration

– Mercantilism• Wealth = power• Increase wealth in two ways

– 1. More gold and silver– 2. Favorable balance of trade (sell more than you buy)

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• Mercantilism continued..–A country must be self-sufficient

–A colony exists for the parent country to provide either gold, silver, raw materials

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Mercantilism

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The Pros and Cons• Identify the pros and cons of exploration.

Create a T chart to show this information. You need to have at least 3 pros and cons

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Pros Cons

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What about Non-European Exploration?!

• China–Ming Dynasty–Great Ming Naval Expeditions

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Chinese Exploration (1405-1433)

•Zheng He sailed from the Indian Ocean as far as Africa

•300 ship fleets•Demonstrated Ming China’s power

•After Zheng He, China stopped funding explorers and turned to isolationism - Why?36

• Why become isolated?–Voyages were expensive

–European traders brought new goods and ideas

–Christian missionariesWhy would this cause isolation?

–Potential loss of tradition

Results of Chinese Isolation–Smugglers still brought in products

–Failed to keep up with European advances

http://famoustraveler.blogspot.com/2007_07_01_archive.html

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Japan and Exploration• Portuguese sailors arrive in Japan in 1543

for first time – brought new goods (eyeglasses, firearms,

tobacco)– 1549 - Christian Missionaries began arriving -->

Jesuits

• 1639 - “Closed Country Policy”– Attempt to protect Japan from European

ideas/Christianity – Only one port opened - Nagasaki – Rest remained closed for 200 years

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