Group no.1

Chacón Guzmán Erickson Fernando

Present perfect

present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a past event that has present consequences. The term is used particularly in the context of English grammar, where it refers to forms such as "I have left" and "Sue has died". These forms are present because they use the present tense of the auxiliary verb have, and perfect because they use that auxiliary in combination with the past participle of the main verb. (Other perfect constructions also exist, such as the past perfect: "I had eaten.")

Analogous forms are found in some other languages, and these may also be described as present perfects, although they often have other names, such as the German Perfekt, the French passé composé and the Italian passato prossimo. They may also have different ranges of usage – for example, in all three of the languages just mentioned, the forms in question serve as a general past tense, at least for completed actions. In English, completed actions in many contexts are referred to using the simple past verb form rather than the present perfect.

English also has a present perfect continuous (or present perfect progressive) form, which combines present tense with both perfect aspect and continuous (progressive) aspect: "I have been eating". In this case the action is not necessarily complete; the same is true of certain uses of the basic present perfect when the verb expresses a state or a habitual action: "I have lived here for five years."

Examples I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California. People have traveled to the Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book yet? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States. I have been to France. This sentence means that you have had the experience of being in France. Maybe you have been there

once, or several times. I have been to France three times. You can add the number of times at the end of the sentence. I have never been to France. This sentence means that you have not had the experience of going to France. I think I have seen that movie before. He has never traveled by train. Joan has studied two foreign languages.

Exercises 1. I________ (fly) in a plane.

2. I _________(eat) crocodile.

3. I__________ (be) on stage.

4. We________ (give) blood.

5. She________ (meet) a famous person.

6. I __________(visit) a safari park.

7. I_________ (learn) another language.

8. I__________ (witness) a crime.

9. He_________ (break) a bone.

10. I__________ (hold) a snake.

11. I__________ (swim) in the ocean.

12. I__________ (cry) in the cinema.

13. Have you__________ (win) a trophy?

14. I___________ (tell) someone I love them.

Present simple

The present tense is the base form of the verb: I work in London.

But the third person (she/he/it) adds an -s: She works in London.

Use

We use the present tense to talk about:

something that is true in the present:

I’m nineteen years old.

He lives in London.

I’m a student.

something that happens again and again in the present:

I play football every weekend.

We use words like sometimes, often. always, and never (adverbs of frequency) with the present tense:

I sometimes go to the cinema.

She never plays football.

We use do and does with question words like where, what and why:

But look at these questions with who:

Who lives in London?

Who plays football at the weekend?

Who works at Liverpool City Hospital?

Look at these sentences:

I like tennis, but I don’t like football. (don’t = do not)

I don’t live in London now.

I don’t play the piano, but I play the guitar.

They don’t work at the weekend.

John doesn’t live in Manchester. (doesn’t = does not)

Angela doesn’t drive to work. She goes by bus.

With the present tense we use do and does to make negatives. We use does not (doesn’t) for the third person (she/he/it) and we use do not (don’t) for the others.

something that is always true:

The adult human body contains 206 bones.

Light travels at almost 300,000 kilometres per second.

something that is fixed in the future.

The school term starts next week.

The train leaves at 1945 this evening.

We fly to Paris next week.

Questions and negatives

Look at these questions:

Do you play the piano?

Where do you live?

Does Jack play football?

Where does he come from?

Do Rita and Angela live in Manchester?

Where do they work?

Example

John lives in New York.

We play football every day.

You are really kind.

The meeting starts at 3 PM.

Exercises 1. I usually ____________(go) to school.

2. They______________ (visit) us often.

3. You_______________ (play) basketball once a week.

4. Tom______________ (work) every day.

5. He always_____________ (tell) us funny stories.

6. She never ______________(help) me with that!

7. Martha and Kevin_______________ (swim) twice a week.

8. In this club people usually_______________ (dance) a lot.

9. Linda_______________ (take care) of her sister.

10. John rarely _____________(leave) the country.

11. We _________________(live) in the city most of the year.

12. Lorie _________________(travel) to Paris every Sunday.

13. I __________________(bake) cookies twice a month.

14. You always__________________ (teach) me new things.

15. She __________________(help) the kids of the neighborhood.

Past perfect

When we talk about something that happened in the past we sometimes want to refer back to something that happened before that time. We can use the past perfect tense (had + past participle) to do this.

Look at these two sentences.

John left the house at 7:30 yesterday morning.

Mary rang John’s doorbell at 8:15 yesterday.

Both actions happened in the past so we use the past simple tense. But look at how we can combine the sentences.

Mary rang John’s doorbell at 8:15 yesterday but John had already left the house.

We use the past perfect (had left) because the action happened before another action in the past (Mary rang the doorbell.)

Look at some more examples of the past perfect.

When Mrs Brown opened the washing machine she realised she had washed the cat.

I got a letter from Jim last week. We’d been at school together but we’d lost touch with each other.

The past perfect is used because they were at school before he received the letter. It refers to an earlier past.

Look at these 2 sentences.

James had cooked breakfast when we got up.

James cooked breakfast when we got up.

In the first sentence, the past perfect tells us that James cooked breakfast before we got up. In the second sentence, first we got up and then James cooked breakfast.

Past perfect continuous

The past perfect can also be used in the continuous.

I realised I had been working too hard so I decided to have a holiday.

By the time Jane arrived we had been waiting for 3 hours.

Examples Positive sentences They had visited a doctor.

He had slept.

I had finished my work last year.

It had rained heavily last month.

The film had started before we reached cinema.

Negative sentences They had not visited a doctor.

He had not slept.

I had not finished my work last year.

It had not rained heavily last month.

The film had not started before we reached cinema.

Interrogative sentences Had they visited a doctor?

Had he slept?

Had I finished my work last year?

Had it rained heavily last month?

Had the film started before we reached cinema.

Exercises Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple).

The storm destroyed the sandcastle that we (build)___________ .

He (not / be)_______________ to Cape Town before 1997.

When she went out to play, she (do / already) _______________her homework.

My brother ate all of the cake that our mum (make)____________ .

The doctor took off the plaster that he (put on)_______________ six weeks before.

The waiter brought a drink that I (not / order) ________________.

I could not remember the poem we (learn)________________ the week before.

The children collected the chestnuts that (fall)_______________ from the tree.

(he / phone)____________ Angie before he went to see her in London?

She (not / ride)________________ a horse before that day.

Past simple

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.

Form of Simple Past

Positive NegativeQuestion

no differences I spoke. I did not speak. Did I speak?

For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.

Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’

Exceptions in spelling when adding ed Example

after a final e only add d love – loved

final consonant after a short, stressed vowel

or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled admit – admitted

travel – travelled

final y after a consonant becomes i hurry – hurried

Use of Simple Past

action in the past taking place once, never or several times

Example: He visited his parents every weekend.

actions in the past taking place one after the other

Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.

action in the past taking place in the middle of another action

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.

if sentences type II (If I talked, …)

Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.

Signal Words of Simple Past

yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday

If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …)

Example I wanted

You wanted

He wanted

She wanted

It wanted

We wanted

They wanted

play – played

cook – cooked

rain – rained

wait – waited

I didn't want to go to the dentist.

She didn't have time.

You didn't close the door.

He didn't come to my party.

They didn't study so they didn't pass the test.

We didn't sleep well last night.

Exercises

Last year I (go)______________ to England on holiday.

It (be)_____________ fantastic.

I (visit)_____________ lots of interesting places. I (be)___________ with two friends of mine .

In the mornings we (walk) in the streets of London.

In the evenings we (go)______________ to pubs.

The weather (be)_____________ strangely fine.

It (not / rain)________________ a lot.

But we (see)_________________ some beautiful rainbows.

Where (spend / you)______________ your last holiday?

Future perfect

The future perfect is a verb form or construction used to describe an event that is expected or planned to happen before a time of reference in the future, such as will have finished in the English sentence "I will have finished by tomorrow." It is a grammatical combination of the future tense, or other marking of future time, and the perfect, a grammatical aspect that views an event as prior and completed.

Example

FORM Future Perfect with "Will"

[will have + past participle]

Examples:

You will have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Will you have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

You will not have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

FORM Future Perfect with "Be Going To"

[am/is/are + going to have + past participle]

Examples:

You are going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Are you going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.?

You are not going to have perfected your English by the time you come back from the U.S.

Exercises

Fill in the verbs in brackets in Future Perfect.

1) Anne________ her bike next week. (to repair)

2) We__________ the washing by 8 o'clock. (to do)

3) She__________ Paris by the end of next year. (to visit)

4) I ____________this by 6 o'clock. (to finish)

5) Sam___________ by next week. (to leave)

6) She___________ this with her mother tonight. (to discuss)

7) The police ___________the driver. (to arrest)

8) They_________________ their essay by tomorrow. (to write)

9) Paolo _________________the teams. (to manage)

10) If we can do that - then we______________ our mission. (to fulfil)

Future simple

simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Example This form is used to:

Describe a simple action in the future:

She‘ll write the e-mail after lunch.

Alice won’t help us decorate for the party.

Make a prediction or give a warning:

Don’t lift that. You‘ll hurt yourself

If you don’t finish the bid, the boss won’t give you a raise.

Make a spontaneous decision:

You dropped your purse. I‘ll get it.

Exercises Put the verbs into the correct form (future I simple). Use will.

Jim asked a fortune teller about his future. Here is what she told him:

You (earn)______________ a lot of money.

You (travel)_______________ around the world.

You (meet)______________ lots of interesting people.

Everybody (adore) __________________you.

You (not / have)_________________ any problems.

Many people (serve) __________________you.

They (anticipate)___________________ your wishes.

There (not / be)____________ anything left to wish for.

Everything (be)__________________ perfect.

But all these things (happen / only) __________________if you marry me.