sustainable design also called environmental design, environmentally sustainable design,...
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 1
1. INTRODUCTION
Researchers have analyzed different stages of a product's life and developed techniques
and logistics to improve the design of the product from an environmental perspective. These
techniques, all together, are referred as Green design .Products affects the environment at many
points in their lifecycles. Once a product moves from the drawing board into the production line,
its environmental attributes are largely fixed. Therefore, it is necessary to support the design
function with tools and methodologies that enable an assessment of the environmental
consequences in each phase. Green design and Manufacturing is more than using
environmentally friendly resources, it is based on “Manufacturing for Reuse”. “Design for
Disassembly”, etc. The benefits of green design include safer and cleaner factories, worker
protection, reduced future costs for disposal, reduced environmental and health risks, improved
product quality at lower cost, better public image, and higher productivity. The remainder of the
paper is organized as follows .Section 2 provides the review of literature on Green Design.
Section 3 discusses Methodologies Suggested and adopted for Green Design (Work done in the
field) section4 identifies gap in existing system section 5 provides the proposed green Design
model last section gives the conclusion.
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 2
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
It gives an account of what has been published on Green design by accredited scholars
and researchers. The readings have been taken from the Internet as well as from books, Journals,
research papers published on the subject.
2.1 The Past Approaches for Green Design
In many past situations, environmental effects were ignored during the design stage for
new products and processes. Hazardous waste was dumped in the convenient fashion possible,
ignoring possible environmental damage. Inefficient energy use resulted in high operating costs.
Waste was common in material production, manufacturing and distribution.
Consumers cast aside products, usually with only minimal re-manufacturing or recycling.
Since late ‘70s and early ‘80s, adopting an anti-toxics approach was a logical starting point
which leads to the defeat of incinerators; landfills; and other polluting facilities. People just
beginning to understand the dangers of the pollutants being released into the air, earth, and water.
From 1980, activities in sustainable manufacturing started to focus on waste reduction in
production, which are extended to the reduction of resources and energy use in production.
[12].Manufacturers early efforts was thus focused on ‘end of pipe’ treatment and waste disposal
system .early regulatory mandates focused on control of emission, employing a media based (air,
water and solid waste) approach.
2.2 Present Approaches for Green Design.
As an effect of Kyoto Protocol (1997), in September 2005 a total of 156 countries agreed
on the reduction of their carbon dioxide emissions and five other greenhouse gases. Regional
legislations are, for example, the European Union directives on Waste of Electric and Electronic
Equipment (WEEE) and End-of-Life Vehicle (ELV) are also in use. Europeans have alreadyimplemented take-back laws for autos, electronics and appliances. The rest of the world is fast
catching up and the only solution for the manufacturers is to find alternate ways of production
and alternate resources to use. According to Gungor, &. Gupta (1999) Green design aims to
design products with certain environmental considerations, and emphasized on both the life cycle
analysis (LCA) of the product and the design for environment (DFE).It can be broken down into
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 3
many stages, including, manufacturing, consumer use and the end-of-life of the product. There
are design objectives, include design for material and product recovery, design for disassembly,
design for waste minimization, design under legislation and regulations, etc. Disassembly is used
both in recycling and remanufacturing to increase the recovery rate by allowing selective
separation of parts and materials. Design changes can often be more effective at reducing
environmental burdens and more efficient at reducing costs than traditional “end-of-the-pipe”
clean up strategies, Richard Ciocci and Michael Pecht (2006), gives concern that Green
engineering requires environmental consideration at the design phase of a product. This
consideration includes all material and energy requirements and their effects over the lifetime of
the product. According to Seliger, G.et.al (2008) now, the scientific approaches have also
focused on the design for environmental and material level recycling.. Innovative technologies
can be applied to improve product and process design. Some techniques by which
environmentally benign manufacturing can be promoted are: Remanufacturing, Reuse, Recycling
Process Substitution, Process Control, Improved Process Layout, Treatment and Disposal of
Manufacturing Wastes. [15]
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 4
3. METHODOLOGIES SUGGESTED AND ADOPTED FOR
GREEN DESIGN {WORK DONE}
Schiavone Fet.al summarized a methodological approach that integrates cultural aspects,
product innovation issues and product strategic vision. Tsai-Chi Kuo·et.al presents an innovative
method, namely, green fuzzy design analysis (GFDA), which involves simple & efficient
procedures, to evaluate product design alternatives based on environmental consideration using
fuzzy logic. Teresa Wu et.al proposes use of multistage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to
assess corporate enactment of EBM as work parts move from place to place in a company. If one
organization has multiple locations or is responsible for multiple products, multi-stage DEA is a
promising approach. Gungor, & Gupta emphasized on environmentally Conscious
manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO) which involves integrating environmental
thinking into new product development including design,
material selection, manufacturing processes and delivery of the product to the consumers, plus
the end-of-life management of the product after its useful life. The recent World Technologies
Evaluation Center (WTEC) study of EBM found that, a systems approach to materials and
processing that considers comprehensive life cycle is necessary for evaluating design decisions
that promote reduced environmental impact. Robert Sroufe et.al, examines the factors affecting
Design for environment (DfE), and the role played by DfE tools, metrics, and personnel within
the new product design process. Two approaches are used to reduce the environmental impact of
manufacturing processes: eliminate or reduce the use of hazardous substances in the processes,
and analyze the mechanisms of waste generation in different alternative manufacturing
processes. In the first approach, most research focuses on the material substitution and selection,
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 5
while the second approach attempts to improve the safety of manufacturing process.[15] Jack
Jeswiet et.al provided some suggestions like Do not use toxic substances, but when necessary use
closed loops., Minimize energy and resource consumption in production and transportation by
striving for energy efficiency etc. Walker describes Two approaches, One contributes to
improving product design within the current product production system, the other is to redefine
the role of the product designer, and offers opportunities that are not available within,
conventional industrial design practice .Thus sustainable future will result from the continuing
development of technology and knowledge, so that future generations can overcome any
environmental problems caused now.
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 6
4. GAPS IDENTIFIED
Previous Research focuses on ‘End of pipe’ treatment like waste reduction, pollution
prevention etc. In Present situation manufacturers or designers are forced to adopt Regional
environmental legislation/Directives for design (WEEE, ELV, Takeback etc) .Most researcher
emphasis on material substitution, toxic reduction, product innovation, cost reduction .some of
them focuses on analyzing the life cycle and product design by applying various tools like fuzzy
logic. Beside this maximum attention is given to design for Recycling and disassembly ignoring
other environmental aspects. Researchers focus restricted to one or two environmental aspects of
design. There is no widespread consensus or agreement on the particular goals to be pursued by
green design. Till date no concrete model is there which act as a base for green design, thus there
is a nascent need arises to develop a Green Design model by considering both forward andreverse design aspects.
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
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5. PROPOSED GREEN DESIGN MODEL
An integrated model is proposed that takes into account all the aspects of green design.
This proposed model integrates Design for Environment with LCA and supported by Green PP.
The product designer must explore each and every aspects of green design model before
designing the product so that no corner should be left unturned for greening the product before
the actual production starts or during the design phase.
5.1 Designs for the Environment (DFE)
Design for the environment, like design for manufacturing or design for assembly, is a set
of guidelines to help designers meet particular design goals. It is a systematic consideration of
design performance with respect to environmental, health and safety objectives over the full
product and process life cycle .Green concept in design involves Resource saving, Utilize Green
production process, Selection of proper tools and equipment, Minimize the number of
components, Vendor selection etc. [10].As per the green design model, two approaches are to be
considered for DFE.
5.1.1 Forward Approach
This approach takes into account Design for Assembly, Design for maintenance, Design for
Manufacturing, Design for Quality, Design for Reliability, & Cost.
5.1.2 Reveres Approach
Here we have to take into consideration Design for Disassembly, Recyclability, and Design for
Reusability, Manufacturability Disposability, refurbishing etc.
5.2 Life Cycle Analysis or Assessment (LCA)
In order to design a product which is environmentally benign, the life cycle of the product should
be well understood. [18], the cycle starts at the designing of product. Literatures related to green
design emphasize both environmentally conscious design and life cycle assessment/analysis [6].
In designing a product, the designing team can change the raw materials or substances used
during the manufacturing to be less toxic, more environmental friendly. LCA is described as a
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Page 9
transparency and reliability of LCA. Use of LCA as a DFE tool can Benchmark the
environmental performance of existing products, Develop environmental targets for the product
development team, provide a 'work-In-progress' assessment tool to review how a concept or
detailed design might perform environmentally, and Help the product
Development team make decisions regarding materials and components, Identify previously
unknown impacts associated with a product & consumables.
5.3 Green Process Planning
Green process planning does not defy traditional process planning, but is a supportive
method to make manufacturing process more benign and is a supplement of traditional process
planning. The objective of the process planning for green Design is to improve the green
attributes of the manufacturing process by optimizing process elements, process courses, and
process projects. Web-based Process Database Support System which has the function of
distributed processing and storage of the data.is developed by Z.G.Jiang et.al.This process
database can provide required digital information of relevant criteria and consulting data such as
processing methods, machining parameters, green material, process equipments, etc. Felipe
Román et.al proposes an approach for storing and reusing environmentally-related process
information of similar component process plans via environmental process model templates.
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
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6. CONCLUSIONS
It has been estimated that most of the environmental impact of a product is determined by
its design, and design changes can completely change a product's environmental footprint
Various tools have been created to make it possible for designers to integrate the environmental
stake during the early design phase. Designing environmental products essentially aim to reduce
the use of restricted substances, minimize environmental impact, and increase the recyclability of
the products. All environmental consequences of a product or a process from initial design to
development phases need to be understood and analyzed .by considering both forward and
reverse design approaches which will definitely help the designers to ‘green design’ the products
for sustainable and green manufacturing.
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Green Design: Past, Present and Future
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REFERENCES
[1] Li, J., Wu, Z. and Zhang, H-C. ‘Application of neural network on environmental impact
assessment tools’, Int. J. Sustainable Manufacturing, 1(1&2), 2008, 100–121
[2] Seliger, G., Kim H,J.,Kernbaum, Zettl, M. ‘Approaches to sustainable manufacturing’,Int. J.Sustainable Manufacturing, 1(1/2), 2008, 58–77.
[3] Walker, S. ‘Extant objects: designing things as they are’, Int. J. Sustainable Design, 1(1),2008, 4–12.
[4] Jack Jeswiet et.al. Market forces & the need to design for the Environment Int J
Sustainability manufacturing, 1(1&2), 2008.
[5] Schiavone F et.al. Strategy based approach to Ecodesign, DFE,Database for LCA , EOL ,Ecoassessment tool. IJO sustainable design, 1(1), 2008.
[6] S.K.Shrivastava, A state of art review Int JO Management Review, 9(1), 2007.
[7] Teresa Wu et.al. ’Multi-stage DEA as a Measurement of Progress in Environmentally BenignManufacturing’ FAIM, 2006, Limerick, Ireland.
[8] Tsai-Chi Kuo · Sheng-Hung Chang · Samuel H. HuangI. Environmentally conscious design
by using fuzzy multi-attribute decision-making IJO Adv Manuf Technol 29, 2006, 209–215
[9] Richard Ciocci and Michael Pecht, Impact of environmental regulations, Microelectronics
International, 23(2), 2006, 45–50.
[10] Joseph Sarkis. Evaluating Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing Barriers withInterpretive Structural Modeling’ .IJOCI, 2002.
[11] Timothy G. Gutowski Hand book of Design and Manufacturing for the environment, 2004.
[12] T.G. Gutowski, et al. “Environmentally Benign Manufacturing in Japan, Europe and theUnited States, NSF Panel Study; Overview,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2002.
[13] Robert Sroufe et.al (2000), The new product design process and design for environment,
International Journal of Operations & Production Management, Vol. 20 No. 2, 2000,
[14] Gungor, S.M. Gupta. Issues in environmentally conscious manufacturing and Product
recovery, Computers & Industrial Engineering 36, 1999, 811-853.
[15] Hong C. Zhang,et.al. Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing: A State-of-
the-Art Survey, Journal of Manufacturing Systems 16( 5), 1997.