sunflower report (awais) (1)

8/22/2019 Sunflower Report (Awais) (1)

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DEVELOPMENT AND MAINTENANCE OF INBRED

LINES

BY

MUHAMMAD AWAIS FAROOQ

B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture 8th Semester

Regd No. 2009-ag-2492

DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BREEDING AND GENETICS

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD

PAKISTAN

2013


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C E R T I F I C A T I O N

Certified that the contents and format of the internship report entitled Development andMaintenance of Sunflower Inbred Lines during spring 2011 submitted by Mr.Muhammad Awais Farooq fulfills the partial requirement for the degree of B.S.c(Hons), Agriculture.

Internal Supervisor _____________________ ProfessorDr. Asif Ali Khan,

Department of Plant Breeding and GeneticsUniversity of Agriculture Faisalabad

External Supervisor _________________________ Dr. Muhammad Ayub Khan

Principal Scientist Officer

Oilseed Program, NARC.

Coordinator Oilseed Program _____________________ Dr. Muhammad Amjad

____________________________________________________

Chairman Department of PBGDr. Abdus Salam Khan

Professor

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4

Dedicated

To

TO MY LOVING FATHER AND

MOTHER

ONE WORD MOTHER

COMPARE IT WITH NO ONE

OTHER

SO KIND AND SO

FORGIVING

THE FIRST WORD OF AN

INFANT THE LAST WORD OF

BRAVE

PRAISE HER WHILE SHE IS

LIVING

FOR THERE IS NO TRUER

RELATION THAN A MOTHER


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CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTON

PARC

NARC

Oilseeds Research Program

Sunflower

Sunflower Inbred Development Program

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

GENERAL INFORMATION ABOUT SUNFLOWER

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

REFERENCES

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

All praise to almighty Allah, the creator, the dominant, the most supreme, the self

existing and all sustaining whose grace and mercy has enabled me to accomplish

this research work by sacredness of Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him)

who is forever an entire source of guidance and knowledge for humanity.

I am also thankful to Dr. Asif Ali Khan, my supervisor at University for making

arrangements of my internship at NARC.

I gratefully acknowledge the sincere efforts of Dr._Muhammad Amjad

Coordinator Oilseed Program NARC, Islamabad for facilitating me in all possible

ways to carry out my internship at Oilseed Research Program, NARC.

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my worthy supervisor Dr. Muhammad

Ayub KhanPrincipal Scientific Officer, Mr. Saleem ud din, Research Fellow and

all the field staff, Oil Seed Program, NARC, Islamabad for their continuous

support, guidance, suggestions, encouragement and personal interest during this

internship period.

And I wish to express my real affection to my parent who supported me in every

aspect of my life.

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A B B R E V I A T I O N S

DFI Days to Flower Initiation

PH Plant Height

NP Number of Plants

SG Stem Girth

g Gram

Ha Hectare

Kg kilogram

ORI Oilseed Research Institute

PODB Pakistan Oilseed Development Board

PARC Pakistan Agriculture Research Council

PSC Punjab Seed Corporation

RARI Regional Agriculture Research Institute

SO Scientific Officer

RA Research Associate

SSO Senior Scientific Officer

PSO Principal Scientific Officer

CSO Chief Scientific Officer

DG Director General

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1.1. IMPORTANCE OF INTERNSHIP PROGRAM

Internship program is compulsory requirement (with 20 credit hours) for the award of

B.Sc. (Hons) Agriculture degree in which students of 8 th semester are sent to different

research organization/institutions/stations to work with the scientists and gain practical

knowledge in their respective field of specialization.

This internship program provides opportunity to students in learning:

How to conduct field experiments.

Gain knowledge about the respective crop/field in depth.

How to interact with supervisors and colleagues in the offices. What are the important parameters and how to record data on different parameters.

Acquire skills in selfing and crossing techniques for crop improvement.

Data compilation, analysis and report writing and presentation of research results.

Therefore, I understand that internship program is really a good opportunity for the

students to gain practical knowledge in their respective field before entering in the

practical life. As an essential requirement of internship program for the award of B.Sc.

(Hons) Agriculture degree, I was placed by the Department of PBG in Oilseed Research

Program, Crop Sciences Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad as

an internee.

I joined Oilseed Research Program on march 12, 2013 and Coordinator Oilseeds,

Dr. Muhammad Amjad, Coordinator advised me to work on sunflower. At that time

sunflower research group has already planted sunflower experiments of summer season

in last week of 25 February, 2013 and crop was at germination stage.

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1.2 PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (PARC)

Pakistan Agricultural Research Council

(PARC), established in 1981, is an

autonomous apex body with the mandate to

undertake aid, promote and coordinate

research at the federal and provincial levels in

the country to provide science-based solutions

for agricultural development.

Statutory Functions

Undertake aid, promote and coordinate research.

Expedite utilization of research results.

Train high level scientific manpower.

Generate, acquire and disseminate agricultural information.

Establish research library.

1.3. NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH CENTRE (NARC)

National Agricultural Research Centre(NARC) established in 1982, is the apexresearch institution of Pakistan AgriculturalResearch Council (PARC) at federal level.

NARC serves as common platform for thescientists working in different federal andprovincial agriculture research and academicinstitutions to jointly plan their researchactivities to avoid un-necessary duplicationof

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research activities. In particular, research on problems requiring sophisticated techniquesand instruments like electron microscope, ultra centrifuges, molecular lab facilities andquality testing facilities are under taken at NARC supported by highly qualified andtrained manpower. These facilities are also available to all the research scientists of the

country. NARC field area is spread over 565 ha including office building and requiredinfrastructure.

Objectives:

The center was established with the following objectives:

To conduct high level basic/ applied research in crops, natural resources, livestock

and agricultural production resources that require highly sophisticatedequipments, trained manpower and can best be carried out at one place.

To acquire, test and disseminate germplasm of various food grains, vegetables

and fruit crops and to act as repository of seed and clonally propagated materialsfor food grains and horticultural crops.

To develop appropriate agricultural machines and provide necessary technical

support for mechanized farming.

To establish a reference library and agricultural research information and

documentation systems.

To build in-service and pre-service manpower training facilities for the national

agricultural research system.

Location

NARC is located on the southern periphery of the Federal Capital and about 10 km from

centre of the city. It is situated near Rawal Lake on the Park Road, Islamabad.

Physical facilities in terms of experimental fields, laboratories, green houses, gene bank,

library, documentation, auditorium, farm machinery and lab equipments, repair

workshops, central stores, hostels, cafeteria, audiovisual studios, have also been

established at NARC. The total manpower at NARC is 1241 with 149 Ph.D. 211 M.Phill/

M.Sc/M.A., 40 Graduates and 841 supporting staff.

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Organizational Structure

The center is headed by the Director General, helped by the Directors of following

different Institutes.

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1.4. CROP SCIENCES INSTITUTE (CSI)

The Crops Sciences Institute (CSI) has the following research programs:

Rice

Research Program.

WheatResearch Program

Fodder

Research Program

Maize,

Sorghum & Millet Research Program

Oilseeds

Research Program

Pulses

Research Program

Sugar

Crops Research Program

Food

Quality and Nutrition Program/GrainQuality Testing Lab

Plant

Physiology Program

1.5. OILSEEDS RESEARCH PROGRAM

Cooperative research program on oilseedswas started in 1977 with the primaryobjective of increasing the production ofoilseed crops in Pakistan to achieve selfsufficiency in edible oil. Oilseed ResearchProgram on oilseeds coordinates at nationallevel with the provincial research institutesand different stake holders in private sector

for the research, development and promotionof oilseed crops in the country. Oilseedprogram is conducting research on differentoilseed crops i.e. Rapeseed-mustard,Sunflower, Soybean, Groundnut, Sesame,Safflower and linseed.

Objectives of the program:

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http://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/RiceProg/rice.htmhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/RiceProg/rice.htmhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/Wheat.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/Wheat.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fodder.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fodder.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/msm.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/msm.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/msm.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/oil.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/oil.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pulses.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pulses.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/sugar.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/sugar.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fqnp.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fqnp.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fqnp.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pphys.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pphys.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/RiceProg/rice.htmhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/NARC/RiceProg/rice.htmhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/Wheat.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/Wheat.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fodder.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fodder.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/msm.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/msm.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/oil.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/oil.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pulses.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pulses.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/sugar.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/sugar.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fqnp.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fqnp.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/fqnp.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pphys.htmlhttp://www.parc.gov.pk/1SubDivisions/NARCCSI/CSI/pphys.html


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To coordinate with provincial research institutes and provide them germplasm andimproved lines.

Collection, evaluation, maintenance and multiplication of genetic material.

Development of improved hybrids/varieties.

Development of desirable cropping systems for oilseeds crops.

Development of improved production technology for oilseeds crops. Identification and screening of diseases in oilseeds crops.

Explore the potential areas for introduction oil seed crops.

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1.6. Oilseed Crops in Pakistan

The oil crops in Pakistan are many, however, most of these are cultivated on smallacreage.

Rapeseed & mustard, sesame, linseed and castor bean are grown in this regionsince time immemorial and are called traditional crops.

Sunflower, soybean, and safflower are called non-traditional. In addition, threeoil bearing trees (coconut, olive and oil palm) also maintain their presence insome agro-ecological niches.

Edible oil situation in Pakistan

Pakistan is facing chronic deficiency of edible oil and its indigenous production is below

the consumption level with a very wide gap between production and consumption. This

gap is bridged through import of edible oil worth more than Rs.200 billion annually.

Presently the domestic oilseed production only meets about 30-35 % of the total

requirements. Cotton is the major source of edible oil in the country which contributes 65-

70 percent of the domestic production; sunflower is the second important oil crop

contributing about 25% in domestic oilseed production, followed by rapeseed, mustard with

10 % contribution in year 2011-12 (Fig-1). For the last three decades, domestic edible oil

production from all sources has grown at the rate of 2.56 % annually, whereas

consumption is increasing at an annual rate of about 8 %. The indigenous edible oil

production could not meet the demand of growing population. Therefore, rapid expansion

of domestic oilseed production is only the solution of this problem.

Sunflower

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), belongs to the family compositae. Its 2n

chromosome number is 34. Sunflower is native of temperate regions of North America.

During early 18th century, it was grown as an oil crop in Russia for the first time. There

are two types of cultivated sunflower, i.e.

Oil-type and

Confectionary type


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Its growth habit is annual with average plant height ranging from 1.5 to 2.5m while head

diameter range is 15 to 30 cm. Sunflower is highly cross pollinated crop, honeybees

being the major pollinators. The best temperature for its production is 20-25c. The leaves

exhibit heliotropism they are directed East in the morning and turning to West in theevening. Its average 1000-seed weight ranges from 40-60 g with oil contents up to 55%. Its

oil composition comprises of normally 25.1 % oleic, 66.2 % linoleic acids while protein

contents ranged from 20-30 %.

Sunflower is important source of vegetable oil at world level after soybean, oil palm and

rapeseed, whereas, 2nd in Europe after rapeseed and also second in Pakistan after cotton

seed. Area under sunflower (world) is about 30 mha, with a production of about 32

million tons. Major sunflower growing countries are Russia, Argentina, CIS,

European Union (France, Spain, Germany, Romania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia), China,

USA, and India.

In Pakistan it is cultivated on area of 412,146 ha with the production of 603,894 tons.

Fig. 1. Trend in area and production of sunflower in Pakistansince 1970-71 to 2011-12.


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. Major sunflower growing areas in the country are following.

Punjab: Multan , Vehari , Lodhran , Bahawal Nagar, Bahawalpur , Rahim Yar Khan ,D.G. Khan , Muzafar Garh and Rajan pur.

Sindh: Thatta, Badin, Hyderabad, Dadu, Tando Allah Yar, Umar Kot and Nawab ShahDistricts

Khyber Pakhtun Khwa: Mardan, Sawabi, D.I.Khan, Bannu

Baluchistan Sibi, Quetta, Qallat, Nasirabad, Lasbela, Dera Murad, Jamali

Average yield at farmers' fields is 1520 Kg/ha, while potential yield at progressive farmers

field is 4000 Kg/ha. However, potential yield at research station/institute is > 4000 kg/ha.

In Pakistan, sunflower was introduced during early sixties as oilseed crop, but now it is thesecond important source of vegetable oil after cottonseed. Its expansion since its

introduction remained restricted due to the absence of systematic marketing mechanism,

non-availability of quality seed and poor adaptability of imported hybrids.

1.6.1. Uses of sunflower oil

To date, sunflower oil has only been used as edible oil due to its higher price and limited

supply in comparison to other oils. But due to its naturally high proportion of linoleic acid and

advances in oil processing technology, the oil has advantages as a drying oil over linseed oil as

it does not yellow with time. (The yellowing is due to the high linolenic acid content of the

linseed oil). With the development of varieties high in oleic acid, and if a reduction in

production costs can be achieved, sunflower oil could be used in the oleo chemical industry.

However, there is limited production of non-oilseed varieties for use in confectionery and as

bird feed.

1. Edible oil: Commercially available sunflower varieties/hybrids contain from 40 to 50%

oil in the seed. It is third largest source of vegetable oil worldwide. Sunflower oil is generally

considered premium oil because of its light color, high level of unsaturated fatty acids and lack

of linolenic acid, bland flavor and high smoke points. The primary fatty acids in the oil are oleic

and linoneic (typically 90% unsaturated fatty acids), with the remainder consisting of palmitic

and stearic saturated fatty acids. The primary use is as salad and cooking oil or in margarine.

High oleic sunflower oil (80% oleic acids) is now available world-wide. It has expanded the


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application of sunflower oils for frying purposes, tends to enhance shelf life of snacks, and could

be used as an ingredient of infant formulas requiring stability.

2. Meal: Sunflower meal is higher in fiber, has a lower energy value and is lower in lysine

but higher in methionine. Protein percentage of sunflower meal ranges from 28% for non-

dehulled seed to 42% for completely dehulled seeds. The color of the meal ranges from grey to

black, depending upon extraction processes and degree of dehulling.

3. Non-oil seed: The use of sunflower seed for bird feed or in human diets as a snack has

grown consistently over the past 15 years. Varieties used for non-oil seed purposes are

characterized by a larger and require slightly different management practices. During

processing, seed is divided into 1) larger seed for in-shell roasting, 2) medium for dehulling and

3) small for bird seed. Standards for different uses vary.

4. Forage: Sunflower can also be used as a silage crop. It can be used as a double crop after

early harvested small grains or vegetables, an emergency crop, or areas with a season too short

to produce mature corn for silage.

5. Medicinal uses: i: The seeds of sunflower are used in treatment of bronchial and

pulmonary affections, coughs and colds, also in whooping cough.

ii. A tincture of flowers and leaves has been recommended in treatment of bronchitis.

iii. Sunflower oil like other oils, can retain moisture in the skin. It may also provide a protective

barrier that resists infection in premature infants.

6. Industrial Application: There are several industrial applications of sunflower, e.g. used

in certain paints, varnishes and plastics because of good semi drying properties without color

modification associated with oils high in linolenic acid, Sunflower oil is also used commonly in

the manufacture of soaps and detergents .Sunflower oil is now used as bio-fuel, an alternate fuel

source in diesel engines. Blends of sunflower oil and diesel fuel are expected to have greater

potential then the burning of pure vegetable oil.


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1.6.2. SUNFLOWER BREEDING PROGRAM AT NARC

The Oilseed Research Program,NARC has strong and wellestablished breeding program on

sunflower. Breeding program wasstarted in 1985 and developed morethan 100 inbred lines (CMS,maintainer and restorer lines) andmore than 1000 hybridcombinations. All the combinationswere evaluated in preliminary yieldtrials at NARC and the promisingones were selected and included inmulti-location trials (NationalUniform Yield Trials (NUYT) for

testing their adaptability underdifferent environmental conditions.Since 2010, program was successfulin developing four potential hybrids,having equal yield potential asimported hybrids (Hysun-33 fromAustralia and NK-S-278 from USA).One of the hybrids (Parsun-3) hasbeen (recommended by varietyevaluation committee) VEC on May15, 2013 for approval..

1.6.3. Development of Local sunflower Inbreds

Sunflower breeding program at NARC has the following components

Development of inbred lines

Maintenance of inbred lines

Development of new hybrid combinations

Evaluation of Local & Exotic Inbred lines.

Seed multiplication of parent inbred lines of potential hybrids

Seed production of potential hybrids on pilot scale

Development of parent inbred lines used in the hybrid development takes 6-7 years for

use in hybrid development. This involves a number of selfing and crossing steps to make

the lines genetically pure and uniform. For any successful breeding program genetic

variability of the crop is very important. Sunflower has narrow genetic base and the

variability in the breeding material is also low. It is therefore, necessary to enhance the

variability in available and new inbred lines by various means. As genetic variability is the


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key to success in developing new varieties/hybrids. Therefore, at present more emphasis is

to develop inbred lines with more genetic variation.

1.6.4. Internship in Oilseed Program

When I joined sunflower breeding program, sunflower group had already plantedfollowing different experiments:

1) National Uniform Yield Trials on Sunflower = (24 hybrids)2) Evaluation of local sunflower hybrids = (42 hybrids in 2 sets)3) Maintenance of sunflower inbred lines = (14 inbred lines)4) Development of hybrid combinations = 26

The above mentioned sunflower experiments were planted on 26th February 2013.

H`owever, the experiment were badly damage due to hailstorm on March 14, 2013,therefore, fresh planting of the experiment was done on March 16 and 17, 2013. The

Sunflower research group comprised of following scientists and field staff:

S. No. Name Designation

1. Dr. Muhammad Ayub Khan Principal Scientific Officer

2. Dr. Muhammad Arshad Principal Scientific Officer

3. Mr. Saleem-Ud-Din Research Fellow

4. Mr. Abdul Ghaffar Scientific Assistant

5. Mr. Muhammad Amin Field man


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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Venkanna, V. (2008) studied that twelve cytoplasmic male sterile lines belonging to

four cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) sources were crossed with twelve inbreds to

identify fertility restorer lines for each cms source. For the same source differing in

line, the inbred behaved as either maintainer/restorer. Out of the twelve new inbred

lines tested, fertility was restored in 9 inbreds for DRSF-114A (PEF), DRSF- 132A

(PET-2) and DRSF-105A (PET-1), 11 inbreds for DRSF-116A (PEF) and DRSF-127A

(CMSI), 4 inbreds for DRSF-115A (PEF), 5 inbreds for DRSF- 125A (CMSI) and

DRSF-107A (PET-1), 6 inbreds for DRSF-124A (CMSI), DRSF-131A (PET-2) and 10

inbreds for DRSF-109A (PET-1). However, DRSF- 117A (PEF) was not restored by

any of the inbreds tested. The study identified several effective restorers for newly

developed cms sources for the first time in India, which can be exploited in developing

highly heterotic hybrids possessing alternate cytoplasms.

Jayalakshmi, et al., (2001) studied that five inbred lines viz., IB19, IB29, IB32, IB41 and

IB49 were crossed with CMS 302A, CMS 234A, CMS 821A, CMS 850A and CMS

7-1A in a line x tester fashion to study their maintainer or restorer reaction. None of

the inbreds could restore fertility in all the five CMS lines. IB29 and IB32 acted as

restores for three CMS lines where as IB41 and 49 acted as maintainers for two CMS

lines. The use of inbreds with restorer behaviour in future heterosis breeding

programmes and those with maintainer behaviour in the development of new CMS

lines through conversion has been suggested.

Mohan and Seetharam., (2005) studied that genetic divergence was assessed in

137 inter specifically derived and known sunflower lines, 1 hybrid, 1 three way cross,

and 1 open pollinated variety for 17 characters . The lines, irrespective of their pedigree,

segregated into 6 clusters. Cluster I had maximum number (137) of lines. Highest

intercluster distance was observed between clusters II and IV, followed by IV and VI,

and IV and I. Selection of few lines from the clusters based on inter cluster distance and

cluster mean values for hybridization is suggested. The divergence among the lines was


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mainly due to five characters (accounting for 67.08%) given in the order of magnitude

of contribution viz., head diameter, plant height, seed length, oil content, and days to

50% flowering. The limited divergence observed might be due to high levels of

backcrossing to the recurrent parent (cultivated sunflower), which is normally in vogue

in wide hybridization programs to obtain desirable agronomic background. However, it

was difficult to obtain an optimized blend of genes from wild and cultivated forms

leading to limited divergence in the resultant lines. Restricting to BC1F2 generation for

selecting superior introgressions and intercrossing might help in obtaining lines having

higher heterogeneity and per se performance.

Reddy et al., (2008) studied that fertility restoration in three diverse CMS sources of

sunflower was studied using fifty inbreds (testers). While 22 inbreds maintained

sterility of CMS PET 1 and CMS ARG 1, 28 inbreds restored their fertility. The third

CMS line GIG 1, was maintained by all the inbreds indicating involvement of different

gene(s). Most of the commercial sunflower hybrids are been produced using CMS PET

1. Now with the identification of restorers for CMS ARG 1, new more productive

commercial hybrids can be produced. Efforts should be made to locate restorers for

CMS GIG 1 for its utilization in production of sunflower hybrids.

Horn and friedt, (1997) studied genetic diversity from 263 test crosses involving nine

new CMS sources, i.e. ANL1, ANL2, MAX1, PEF1, PET2, ANN1, ANN2, ANNS and

ANN4, five lines were selected as potential restorers for PEF1, PET2 and ANN4. In

test crosses between all nine CMS sources and these five restorer lines evaluated in 2

years, seven fully restored hybrids could be identified. These hybrids, based on ANL1,

ANL2, MAX1, PEF1, PET2, and ANN4, showed good agronomic performance for

plant height, days to flowering, maturity and oil content. Segregation analyses of the F2

populations indicate that a single dominant restorer gene was sufficient to restore pollen

production of hybrids based on ANL2, PEF1 and PET2. For restoration of ANN4, two

dominant complementary genes are required. In restoration of fertility in the crosses of

ANL1 and MAX1 investigated, two dominant genes are involved each of which on its

own allows the production of fertile plants.


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Sujatha et al., (2002) studied that the analysis of variance of 51 inbreds and 3 checks

revealed significant differences for all 15 characters studied. The range of variation was

maximum for percent autogamy followed by plant height and oil yield, while it was

lowest in the case of days to 50 percent flowering and stem girth. The magnitude of

variation was maximum for oil yield, 100-seed weight, head diameter, percent

autogamy, husk percentage, seed density, plant height, seed test weight and oil content.

Except for oil content, all other characters studied were least affected by environment

showing a close correspondence between phenotypic co-variance (PCV) and genotypic

co-variance (GCV). High heritability estimates were obtained for all the characters

studied except for oil content, the value of which was moderate. High heritability

coupled with the high genetic advance was recorded for plant height, percent autogamy,

percent seed set and yield per plant. High heritability along with low genetic advance

was observed for the number of leaves per plant, head diameter, stem girth, days to 50

percent flowering, 100-seed weight and oil yield, suggesting that these characters

cannot be effectively improved by selection.


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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Development of Inbred lines

The offspring of a cross-pollinating plant obtained as a result of repeated forced self-pollination.

With repeated self-pollination the viability and yield of the offspring are decreased, while the

homogeneity in respect to the genotype is increased. As a result of heterosis, hybrids from the cross

breeding of the inbreds are substantially superior to the parent forms in vigor of development and

seed yield. For this reason, inbreds are important in the production of hybrid seeds of field crops and

vegetables.

Varieties serve as the source material in the development of inbred lines. Succeeding generations are

selected until the necessary homogeneity is attained, usually in the sixth generation. During selection,

special attention is paid to the combining ability of inbred lines. The inbred lines that produce high

yielding hybrids are selected.

For the development of inbred lines following material may be used.

1) Adapted varietal populations,

2) Local varietal populations

3) Inter-varietal Hybrids,

4) Lineal Hybrid

5) Different gene pools.

Method to work:

In the first year of work 100 plants from source material are selfed to make S0

generation. Since sunflower is prone to many diseases so it is better to test these lines for

resistance before further experimentation. Promising lines are forwarded in successive

generations on the basses of desired characters. The sunflower is an open pollinating

plant species with a low percentage of autofertility. To obtain sufficient amount of seeds

of inbred lines, it is necessary to help the pollinating by dabbing heads of individual plant

with cotton wads. Seeds of S0 generation are sown next year in two rows, phenological

observations are made. For developing inbred lines, attention should be paid to the

following characters already in S1 generation:


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1) Maturity

2) Plant height

3) Number of seeds per plant

4) Number of yield per plant in open pollination and selfing,

5) 1,000 seeds weight

6) Oil and protein contents in seeds

7) Resistance against diseases and pests (by inoculation method)

It is equally important to know the manifestation of heterosis for the important agronomic

characters and correlations for these characters between parents components and F1

progenies.

Specific combining ability and general combining ability of the inbred lines should be

tested. Combining ability testing may be started in 3 rd and 4th generation. Inbred lines are

tested for general combining ability (GCA) by Poly cross method and top cross methods.

Whereas, specific combining ability (SCA) is tested by the method of diallel crossing.

.3.1. Data Recorded:

1. Days to flower initiation.

2. Plant height (cm)

3. Stem girth (mm)

Procedure for data recording:

1. Days to flower initiation (DFI):

Data on days to flower initiation were recorded from the date of planting till the

date when 5 % of the buds per plot opened.


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2. Plant height (PH):

Data regarding plant height were recorded on randomly selected 10 plants from two

central rows at physiological maturity in centimeters from the ground level to the

attachment of head with the stem.

3. Stem girth:

Data on stem girth (mm) were recorded 6 inches above the ground level of five

randomly selected plants per plot and then mean values were calculation.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

STUDY OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS OF SUNFLOWER

4.1. Development of inbred lines:

During the period of internship data were recorded on days to flowering initiation, plant

height and stem girth. Information on days to flowering initiation is very important in

sunflower breeding due to its single headed nature.

Days to flower initiation

It was observed that there was variation in days to flower initiation of different CMS

lines ranged from 51 to 68 days. Whereas, days to flowering initiation was 52-69 days

in the restorer lines. HA-64, HA-72, CMS-HA-76 and HA-80 took minimum days (51

days). Whereas, HA-71, HA-75, CMS-HA-77 and HA-77 were late in flower initiation

and took maximum days (68) for flowering. Among restorer lines, some restorer lines

were earlier in flowering except HEL-487 which was latest in flower initiation. RHP-46

also took more (68 days) for flower initiation.


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Plant height (cm)

Plant height is also an important agronomic trait in selection of sunflower

inbred lines for high input response and better crop management. There was great

variation in height of sunflower inbred lines ranging from 98- 203cm. it was

observed that generally CMS and maintainer lines attained more height as

compared to restorer lines with few exceptions. Among CMS lines, CMS-HA-70

and its maintainer line attained maximum height of (203cm and 195cm

respectively. Whereas, CMS-HA-78 and HA-78 were shorter in stature. In restorer

lines the maximum height (176cm) was recorded in HEL-487(MH) followed by

HEL-203(MH) , RHP-72 and RHP-68 were shorter in stature with 100 and 101cm,

respectively.

Stem girth (mm)

Stem girth or thickness is also important character because it protect crop from

lodging. The inbred lines with stronger (thicker) stem can tolerate the lodging caused

by extreme weather conditions.it was observed that restorer lines have relativelylesser girth as compared to CMS and maintainer lines. Stem girth recorded in different

CMS lines varied between 13.86 and 32.66. HA-73 had maximum stem girth

followed by CMS-HA-68 with 30.14mm. Among restorer lines, HEL-117 had

maximum stem girth (30.05), followed by HEL-182 with 28.86mm. Minimum stem

girth was recorded in RHP-42.

Table .2 Data on some agronomic traits of sunflower inbred lines used in

Hybrid Combinations Development


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S.No. Inbred line DFI PH (cm) SG(mm)

1 HA-58 62 176 18.46

2 CMS-HA-58 58 183 15.30

3 HA-59 60 166 24.02

4 CMS-HA-59 64 155 15.98

5 HA-60 56 151 13.86

6 CMS-HA-60 56 147 13.92

7 HA-61 57 154 21.50

8 CMS-HA-61 64 161 23.56

9 HA-62 61 182 24.94

10 CMS-HA-62 61 193 21.73

11 HA-63 56 165 24.10

12 CMS-HA-63 57 158 20.08

13 HA-64 51 154 19.56

14 CMS-HA-64 52 151 22.69

15 HA-65 57 157 16.07

16 CMS-HA-65 56 167 29.62

17 HA-66 56 159 9.50

18 CMS-HA-66 57 167 29.88

19 HA-68 60 155 28.36

20 CMS-HA-68 60 150 30.1421 HA-69 60 172 27.29

22 CMS-HA-69 57 165 20.15

23 HA-70 67 195 25.26

24 CMS-HA-70 66 203 18.33

25 HA-71 68 167 19.88

26 CMS-HA-71 65 171 18.72

27 HA-72 52 142 16.26

28 CMS-HA-72 51 147 23.70

29 HA-73 56 160 32.66

30 CMS-HA-73 54 151 26.11

31 HA-74 66 102 17.0632 CMS-HA-74 63 109 17.11

33 HA-75 68 155 19.00

34 CMS-HA-75 64 167 25.62

35 HA-76 66 171 18.31

36 CMS-HA-76 61 165 14.45

37 HA-77 68 162 24.32

38 CMS-HA-77 68 156 18.47

39 HA-78 54 98 23.44

40 CMS-HA-78 56 105 19.72

41 HA-79 61 136 19.85

42 CMS-HA-79 59 127 18.13

43 HA-80 61 149 23.85

44 CMS-HA-80 65 160 24.15

45 HA-81 59 152 26.05

46 CMS-HA-81 61 144 18.12

47 HA-84 52 126 15.81

48 CMS-HA-84 57 136 19.80

49 HA-85 59 149 25.14

50 CMS-HA-85 59 156 22.59

51 HA-86 53 150 28.86

52 CMS-HA-86 58 163 21.2153 HA-111 54 150 19.79

54 CMS-HA-111 56 165 24.85


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SUMMARY

Development of Sunflower Inbred Lines is the main objective of sunflower breeding program

because inbreeding lines with good combining ability are pre-requisite for successful hybrid

development. Sunflower in Pakistan is planted with almost 100% imported hybrid seed on which

huge amount of foreign exchange is spent. Therefore, efforts are being made at NARC to

develop local hybrids with higher yield potential and other important agronomic traits. During

spring 2013, parent lines (23 cytoplasmic male sterile lines, 23 maintainer lines and 18 restorer

lines) were planted on 17th March 2013. There was significant variation in days to flowers

initiation (51-69), plant height (98-203) and stem girth (13.86-32.66) in CMS lines and

maintainer lines. Whereas, similar results were observed in the restorer lines in days to

flowering initiation (52-69), plant height (100-176) and stem girth (11.23-30.05) respectively.

CULTURAL OPERATIONS

All the recommended cultural practices were done for better crop growth during the

cropping season. Fertilizers were applied at a rate of 120 kg/ha Nitrogen, 60 kg/ha

phosphorus and 60 kg/ha P2O5 were applied. Optimum plant population was

achieved by maintaining proper plant to plant distance by manual thinning done

after seedling emergence.

CONSTRAINTS IN PRODUCTION

1. Cold wet seasons (from establishing and harvesting point of view).

2. Lack of very early maturing cultivars of sunflower specifically selected for UK.

3. Disease, especially Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea.

4. Birds in the short term, until a reasonable area of sunflower is established. Finches in

particular can cause severe seed loss prior to harvest.

MARKETS AND MARKET POTENTIAL


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Anecdotal estimates suggest 60,000 ha could be grown in southern Britain, based upon

land capacity. An edible semi-drying oil is obtained from the seed. Some varieties

contain up to 45% oil. The oil is also used to make soap, candles, varnishes, paint etc, as

well as for lighting and is said to be unrivalled as a lubricant. A blotting paper can be

made from the seed receptacles and a high quality writing paper can be made from the

inner stalk. The pith of the stems is one of the lightest substances known, having a

specific gravity of 0.028. It has a wide range of applications, being used for purposes

such as making life-saving appliances and slides for microscopes.

The dried stems make an excellent fuel, the ash is rich in potassium. Both the dried stems

and the empty seed receptacles are an excellent kindling. Fibre from the stem can be used

to make paper and fine quality cloth. A yellow dye is obtainable from the flowers and a

purple-black dye is obtainable from the seed of certain varieties.

Sunflowers can be grown as a spring-sown green manure, they produce a good bulk of

material, although root secretions from the plant can inhibit the growth of some plants.


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Sunflower is perceived to be a drought tolerant crop as it roots deeply and extracts water

at depths not reached by other crops. Sunflower is comparable to maize in many ways

although it can extract water more efficiently in low-rainfall areas. The seedbed should be

prepared so that a moist soil environment is available for germination and growth. The

soil surface should be left as rough as possible to reduce the risk of soil erosion, drifting

and blowing soil can seriously damage young seedlings. If the soil becomes compacted

prior to planting reduced aeration and restricted water movement will occur, these

conditions will increase the risk of downy mildew occurring. Breakdown of soil structure

also reduces nutrient and water uptake and therefore yield. Sunflower has a wide

potential sowing window. High yields may be produced from early plantings yet yields

may be reduced by increased pest problems. Soil temperature should be a minimum of

7C for planting and around 10C for germination. Lower temperatures will increase the

susceptibility of seedlings to diseases such as downy mildew. The main insect problems

in sunflower crops include cutworms, sunflower bud moth, sunflower stem weevil,

sunflower root weevil and the sunflower midge. Major disease problems include downy

mildew, alternaria leaf and stem spot, septoria leaf spot, sclerotinia, botrytis, phoma, stem

canker, verticillium wilt and nematode diseases. One of the major problematic weeds in

the sunflower crop is wild oat, this can cause severe yield loss and should be treated if the

threshold level is reached. Other potentially damaging problems include birds, rabbits,

deer, mice, flooding and frost.

Soils are often found to be deficient in nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. Potassium,

calcium and magnesium are also frequently deficient in high-rainfall areas. Boron may

also be required in some soils. Nitrogen applications of 50-75kg/ha are generally

sufficient.

The crop is generally harvested in September-October after a growing season of around

120 days (depending on summer temperatures, relative moisture distribution and fertility

levels).

Sunflowers should be grown in a suitable rotation to reduce the risk of weed, pest and

disease attack, volunteers establishing, soil moisture depletion or phytotoxicity of the

sunflower residue to the sunflower crop.


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FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS

Soil tests have been developed to estimate sunflowers potential response to fertilizer

amendments. The most important factors in the fertilizer recommendations are the yieldgoal and the level of plant-available soil nutrients. In most climatic zones, predicting

yield is impossible. Past yield records are a reasonable estimate of potential yield for the

coming year. A yield goal for sunflower should be more optimistic than the average

yield, and should approach the past maximum yield obtained by the grower on the same

or a similar soil type. Nutrients not used by a crop in a dry growing season usually are not

lost and can be used by the following crop.

From an economic standpoint, having a yield goal that is somewhat high is much more

beneficial for a grower than having a goal that is too low. A low yield goal in a good

growing season easily can mean lost income of $30 to $40 per acre. In contrast, a high

yield goal in a dry growing season will result in a loss of only $1to $2 in additional

interest on the cost of unused nutrients since most of the nutrients will be available to the

subsequent crop. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium recommended for

various sunflower yield goals and soil test levels are shown in Table 6. For yield goals

not shown in the table, use the formulas at the base of the table. The data in this table are

based on the amount of nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in pounds per acre found in the top 2

feet of soil, the parts per million (ppm) of phosphorus (P) extracted from the top 6 inches

of soil by the 0.5N sodium bicarbonate, and the ppm of potassium (K) extracted by

neutral normal ammonium acetate in the top 6 inches of soil Other nutrients are not

usually deficient for sunflower. On sandy slopes and hilltops, sulfur may be a problem;

however, sulfur would not be expected to be deficient in higher organic matter,

depressional soils. The sulfur soil test is a poor indicator of the probability of response to

sulfur fertilizers. Sunflower has not been shown to be responsive to the application of

other nutrients, including micronutrients in the state.

FERTILIZER APPLICATION

Germinating sunflower seed is similar to corn in its reaction to seed-placed fertilizer.

Application of more than 10 pounds per acre of nitrogen (N) plus potash (K2O) in a 30-


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inch row will result in reduced stands or injured seedlings. Dry soil conditions can

increase the severity of injury. In row widths narrower than 30 inches, rates of N plus

K2O can be proportionally higher. For improved fertilizer rate flexibility, starter fertilizer

should be placed in bands at least 2 to 3 inches from the seed row.

Producers have several good reasons to apply nitrogen in the fall, such as availability of

labor, soil conditions, etc. However, the general principle with respect to nitrogen

application is: The longer the time period between application and plant use, the greater

the possibility for N loss. In other words, use judgment in making a decision on time of N

application. In the case of sandy soils, fall application of N is not recommended. In many

instances, a side-dress application of when the sunflower plants are about 12 inches

highmay be preferable. Phosphate and potash may be fall or spring applied before a

tillage operation. These nutrients are not readily leached from soil because they form only

slightly soluble compounds or attach to the soil. The phosphate and potash

recommendations in are broadcast amounts. The recommendations for soil that tests very

low and low in P and K can be reduced by one-third the amount in the table when applied

in a band at seeding. In minimum or no-till systems, phosphate and potash may be

applied in a deeper band to reduce the buildup of nutrients at the soil surface that occurs

with these systems. However, most comparisons among deep, shallow and surface

applications have shown little difference in crop response.

WATER REQUIREMENTS FOR SUNFLOWER

Sunflower has deep roots and extracts water from depths not reached by most other

crops; thus it is perceived to be a drought-tolerant crop. Sunflower has an effective root

depth around 4 feet, but can remove water from below this depth. Research on side-by-

side plots has shown that sunflower is capable of extracting more water than corn from an

equal root zone volume.

With its deep root system, it also can use nitrogen and other nutrients that leach below

shallow-root crops; thus it is a good crop to have in a rotation. Seasonal water use by

sunflower averages about 19 inches under irrigated conditions. Under dry land

conditions, sunflower will use whatever stored soil moisture and rain that it receives

during the growing season. When access to water is not limited, small grains use 2 to 3


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inches less total water than sunflower during the growing season, whereas soybean water

use is slightly greater. Corn uses 1 to 4 inches, and sugar beets use 2 to 6 inches more

than sunflower, respectively,

during the growing season.

These total water use values are typical for non drought conditions in southeastern North

Dakota. Small grains use the least total water since they have the fewest number of days

from emergence to maturity. Sunflower and soybean have an intermediate number of

days of active growth and corresponding relative water use. Corn ranks above sunflower

in growth days and water use, while sugar beets rank highest in both categories.

However, water use efficiency does vary among these crops. Comparative water use

efficiency measured as grain (pounds per acre or lb/A) per inch of water used on three

dry land sites and two years in eastern North Dakota was 119, 222, 307, 41, 218, 138, and

127 for sunflower, barley, grain corn, flax, pinto bean, soybean and wheat, respectively.

These results indicated that

corn had the highest water use efficiency, sunflower and wheat were intermediate and fl

ax the lowest. (Source: M. Ennen. 1979. Sunflower water use in eastern North Dakota,

M.S. thesis, North Dakota State University). Fertility has little influence on total water

use, but as fertility increases, water use efficiency increases because yield increases.

Yield performance has been shown to be a good indicator of water use efficiency of

sunflower inbreds; higher yielding inbreds exhibit the highest water use efficiency.

SOIL WATER MANAGEMENT

Management practices that promote infiltration of water in the soil and limit evaporation

from the soil generally will be beneficial for sunflower production in terms of available

soil moisture. Leaving stubble during the winter to catch snow and minimum tillage are

examples. Good weed control also conserves moisture for the crop. The use of post-

applied and pre-emergence herbicides with no soil incorporation also conserves moisture

when growing sunflower.

Sunflower has the ability to exploit a large rooting volume for soil water. Fields for

sunflower production should be selected from those with the greater water holding


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capacity and soils without layers that may restrict roots. Water-holding capacity depends

mainly on soil texture and soil depth. The loam, silt loam, clay loam and silty clay loam

textures have the highest water-holding capacities. Water-holding capacity of the soils in

any field can be obtained from county soil survey information available from local

Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) USDA offices. Sampling or probing for

available soil moisture before planting also can help select fields for sunflower

production. With other factors being equal, fields with the most stored soil moisture will

have potential for higher yields. Where surface runoff can be reduced or snow entrapment

increased by tillage or residue management, increases in stored soil moisture should

occur and be beneficial to a deep-rooted crop such as sunflower.

TILLAGE, SEEDBED PREPARATION AND PLANTING

Sunflower, like other crops, requires proper seed bed conditions for optimum plant

establishment. Errors made at planting time may be compounded throughout the growing

season. Seedbed preparation, soil tilth, planting date, planting depth, row width ,seed

distribution and plant population should be nearly correct as conditions permit.

TILLAGE AND SEEDBED PREPARATION

Tillage traditionally has been used to control weeds and incorporate herbicides in

preparation for planting. When tillage is used in low rainfall areas, producers must take

care to control weeds while leaving as much of the previous crops residue intact as

possible. Tillage never should occur when soils are too wet. Soils that are tilled when too

wet and then dry will crust, turn lumpy and generally provide for poor seedbed conditions

for germination and establishment.

Maintaining a moist seedbed is important if producers expect to have uniform

germination and emergence across the field germination and emergence will influence

the need for and the effectiveness of future management practices. Excessive tillage

should be avoided where tillage is used to prepare the seedbed or to incorporate preplant

herbicides. Excessive tillage will break down soil structure, cause compaction and


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crusting problems, reduce aeration, restrict water movement and provide conditions

favorable for infection by downy mildew or other soil-borne diseases. Breakdown of soil

structure also causes reduced nutrient and water uptake and reduces yield. Tillage and

planting equipment is available to provide systems with varying levels of surface residue

for Sunflower production. Production systems can range from conventional-till, where

the quantity of surface residue covers less than 30 percent of the soil surface, to no-till,

where the quantity of surface residue covers more than 60 percent of the soil surface.

CONVENTIONAL-TILL PRODUCTION SYSTEMS

Conventional-till production systems usually involve two or more tillage operations for

weed control, incorporation of pre-emergence herbicides and incorporation of the

previous crops residues. Pre-emergence herbicides may be incorporated with a tandem

disk, chisel or sweep plows, disk harrow, long-tine harrow, rolling harrow or air seeders

with sweeps in different sequences or combinations. Tillage sequences are determined by

herbicide label requirements by the quantity of crop residue present at the beginning of

the tillage operation, and by the seedbed requirements needed to match planting

equipment capabilities. Conventional tillage systems, with or without preemergence or

post-emergence herbicide, may include the option of row cultivation once or twice during

the early growing season before the sunflower reaches a height too tall for cultivation. A

rotary hoe or harrow can be used just before sunflower emergence and or at the V-4 to V-

6 development stage. Harrowing or rotary hoeing between emergence and the V-4 stage

can result in injury or death of the sunflower plant. Depending on planting depth and

stage of crop development, stand losses are generally less than 5 percent if the sunflower

crop has at least two fully expanded leaves. Proper adjustment of the harrow or rotary hoe

will maximize damage to the weeds and minimize injury to the sunflower crop.


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REFERENCES

Venkanna, V.*, Lokanadha Reddy, D. and Ranganatha, A.R.G. 2008.

Identification of restorers and maintainers for different cms sources in

sunflower using new inbreds. helia, 31, Nr. 49, p.p. 65-70. Jayalakshmi V., B. Narendra and S. Haritha., 2001. Maintainer/restorer

identification for different cms lines in sunflower (helianthus annus l.).

Agric. Sci. Digest, 21 (4) : 269 - 270, 2001.

Mohan G.S. and A. Seetharam., 2005. Genetic divergence in lines of

sunflower derived from interspecific hybridization. SABRAO Journal of

Breeding and Genetics, 37(2) 77-84, 2005.

C.V.C.M. Reddy, B. Sinha, A.V.V. Reddy and Y.R. Reddy, 2008.

Maintenance of Male Sterility and Fertility Restoration in Different CMS

Sources of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).Asian Journal of Plant

Sciences, 7: 762-766.

Horn, R. and Friedt, W. (1997), Fertility restoration of new CMS sources in

sunflower (Helianthus annum L.). Plant Breeding, 116: 317322.

doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb01005.x

Sujatha, H.L., Chikkadevaiah and Nandini., 2002. Genetic variability study

in sunflower inbreds.HELIA, 25, Nr. 37, p.p. 93-100, (2002).

sunflower report (awais) (1)

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