strengthening the air quality management community in asia urban air quality management capability...

Strengthening the air quality management community in Asiawww.cleanairnet.org/caiasia

Urban Air Quality Management Capability of Selected Asian

Cities 2006 Update

Sustainable Urban Mobility in AsiaA CAI-Asia Program

Kong Ha Chairman Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities

Strategic Policy Directions forAir Quality Risk Management/NERAM

Colloquium


• Ambient air quality in Asia is generally improving despite increase in motorization and energy use

• Average ambient TSP, PM10 and SO2 trends are improving

• Average ambient TSP and PM10, however, continue to exceed WHO and USEPA guidelines

• Average ambient SO2 is in compliance with WHO guideline

• NO2 close to guidelines

• Insufficient information on O3 for reliable trend analysis

• It is uncertain whether the observed improvements in air quality will be sustained

Aggregated Annual Ambient AQ Trends, g/m3 (1993 to 2005)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

TSPPM10SO2NO2Linear (TSP)Linear (PM10)Linear (NO2)Linear (SO2)

WHO (1979) TSP guideline, 60-90g/m3

WHO SO2 guideline, 50g/m3

WHO (2005) PM10 guideline, 20g/m3

WHO NO2 guideline, 40g/m3

Status of Air Quality in Asia


0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Bangladesh

China

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia*

Japan*

Nepal*

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

concentrations in µg/m3

USEPAEU *No annual ambient air quality standards, only 24-

hour limits

Annual Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM10


PM10 Annual Ambient Concentrations in Asian Cities (2005)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Bangk

ok

Beijing

Chiang

Mai

Colom

bo

Dhaka

Ho Chi

Minh

Hong

Kong

Kathm

andu

Kolkat

a

Mum

bai

New D

elhi

Shang

hai

Singap

ore

Surab

aya

Taipei,

China

Xi'an

conc

entr

atio

ns in

µg/

m3

WHO 2005 Guideline Value for Annual Average of PM10 = 20 µg/m3



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Bangk

ok

Beijing

Chiang

Mai

Colom

bo

Dhaka

Ho Chi

Minh

Hong

Kong

Kathm

andu

Kolkat

a

Mum

bai

New D

elhi

Shang

hai

Singap

ore

Surab

aya

Taipei,

China

Xi'an

conc

entr

atio

ns in

µg/

m3

WHO 2005 PM10 Interim Target – 1 = 30 µg/m3



0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Bangk

ok

Beijing

Chiang

Mai

Colom

bo

Dhaka

Ho Chi

Minh

Hong

Kong

Kathm

andu

Kolkat

a

Mum

bai

New D

elhi

Shang

hai

Singap

ore

Surab

aya

Taipei,

China

Xi'an

conc

entr

atio

ns in

µg/

m3



Benchmarking Air Quality Management Capabilities in Asia

AQM Capability

AQM Capability Scoring

Cities Level of Economic Development/

Trends of Air Pollution

Excellent I 91-100 Hong Kong, Singapore, Taipei, Tokyo

• High technology applied• Low air pollution

Excellent II 81-90 Bangkok, Seoul, Shanghai

Good I 71-80 Beijing, Busan • Maturing of cleaner processes, use of cleaner fuels and mature emission controls.

• Further improvement of air quality

Good II 61-70 New Delhi

Moderate I 51-60 Ho Chi Minh, Jakarta, Kolkata, Manila, Mumbai

• Cleaner processes developed. Systematic AQM procedures developed

• Air pollution decreasing from high levels

Moderate II 41-50 Colombo

Limited I 31-40 Hanoi, Surabaya • Urbanisation, industrialisation and mobilisation continued. Initial systematic AQM procedures applied

• High but stabilising levels of air pollution. Serious health and environmental impacts

Limited II 21-30 Dhaka, Kathmandu

Minimal 0-20 - • Increased urbanisation, mobilization and industrialisation. Only ad hoc AQM.

• Deterioration of air quality through rising levels of air pollution

•The Benchmarking study involved 20 cities in Asia representing various economic levels and geographic coverage.

•The cities were categorized according to four AQM capability indices – 1) AQ measurement; 2) data availability and assessment; 3) emission estimates; and 4) AQ management enabling capacity.

•Cities with high levels of economic development tend to have well-developed AQM systems

•Benchmarking of AQM capability can assist cities in setting priorities and developing strategies for strengthening their AQM capability


Benchmarking UAQM Capability of Asian Cities

• In collaboration with Stockholm Environment Institute in their Air Pollution in the Megacities of Asia Project and the CAI-Asia Network

City Profiles and AQ Data AQM Capability Questionnaire

Compilation of information on current policy and practice for

key components of AQM

Questionnaire to assess AQM capability sent to city

authorities

Benchmarking Study Approach


Air Quality Measurement Capabilities

• Air Quality Measurement Index

Assesses the ambient air monitoring taking place in a city and the accuracy and precision and representativeness of the data collected

• Air Quality Data Assessment and Availability Index

Assesses how air data is processed to value and provide information in a decision-relevant format. It also assesses the extent to which there is access to air quality information and data through different media

• Emissions Estimate Index

Assesses emission inventories undertaken to determine the extent to which decision-relevant information is available about source pollution in the city

• Air Quality Management IndexAsseses the administrative and legislative framework through which emission control strategies are introduced to manage air quality


• Six cities measure the acute and chronic health effects for all criteria compounds (NO2, SO2, PM, CO, Pb, O3)

• Nine cities measure trends in pollutant concentrations for all criteria compounds

• Five cities measure the spatial distriubution for all compounds

• 11 cities have the capacity to measure kerbside criteria for all compounds

• Rigorous QA/QC criteria are applied in eight cities

Bangkok Kolkata Beijing Metro

Manila

Busan Mumbai Colombo New Delhi Dhaka Seoul Hanoi Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei Kathmandu Tokyo

Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent

Air Quality Measurement Index


Status of AQ

monitoring

in Asia

Source: Urban Air Pollution in Asian Cities (2006) - for publication

AQ Monitoring Capacity in Asia Air Quality Monitoring Stations

City Manual Continuous

Bangkok 21

Beijing 24

Busan 14

Colombo 1

Delhi 10 2

Dhaka 1

Hanoi 7

Ho Chi Minh 9

Hong Kong 14

Jakarta 1 5

Kathmandu 6

City Manual Continuous

Kolkata 12 5

Manila 12 5

Mumbai 22

Osaka 14

Seoul 27

Shanghai 23 21

Singapore 16

Surabaya 5

Taipei 19

Tokyo 82

Yogyakarta 6


• 11 cities undertake prediction modelling for pollutants monitored

• 11 cities have undertaken epidemiological studies

• 10 cities issue air quality alerts

• 9 cities undertake spatial mapping of pollutants

• 11 cities formally publish AQ data


Manila

Busan Mumbai Colombo New Delhi Dhaka Seoul Hanoi Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei Kathmandu Tokyo

Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent

Air Quality Assessment and Availability Index


Online Ambient Air Quality Data of Selected Asian Cities

City Website URL

Beijing http://www.bjepb.gov.cn/

Shanghai http://www.sepb.gov.cn/user/outweb/index-en/index-en.jsp

Chengdu http://www.hbj.chengdu.gov.cn/

Chongqing http://www.cqemc.cn/

Guangzhou http://www.gzepb.gov.cn/

Jilin/Harbin http://hbj.jl.gov.cn/

Hangzhou http://ems.hzepb.gov.cn/20031224/index.htm

Tianjin http://www.zjepb.gov.cn/

Kolkata http://www.wbpcb.gov.in/html/airquality.php

Mumbai http://mpcb.mah.nic.in/envtdata/envtair.php

New Delhi http://www.cpcb.delhi.nic.in/

Tokyo http://www2.kankyo.metro.tokyo.jp/kansi/portal.htm

Busan http://www.bihe.re.kr/

Kathmandu http://mope.gov.np/mopepollution/

Metro Manila http://www.emb.gov.ph/

Singapore http://www.nea.gov.sg/psi/

Thailand http://pcd.go.th/AirQuality/bangkok/

Ho Chi Minh http://www.hepa.gov.vn/

Online AQ Information


• 14 cities have emission estimates for major source categories (industrial, mobile and domestic/commercial)

• 15 cities have emission estimates for all criteria pollutants (PM, CO, SO2, NO2 and HC)

• 8 cities have estimates of emissions based on actual measurements

• 6 cities cross check estimates


Manila

Busan Mumbai Colombo New Delhi Dhaka Seoul Hanoi Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei Kathmandu Tokyo Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent

Emission Estimates Index


• 11 cities have AQ standards for all criteria pollutants

• 17 cities have emission limits and controls on stationary and mobile sources

• 13 cities impose penalties for th exceedance of both stationary and mobile emissions


Manila

Busan Mumbai Colombo New Delhi Dhaka Seoul Hanoi Shanghai Ho Chi Minh Singapore Hong Kong Surabaya Jakarta Taipei Kathmandu Tokyo Minimal Limited Moderate Good Excellent

Air Quality Management Index


Ambient Air Quality Standards in Asia

Country Pollutants Remarks

Bangladesh

TSP, CO, NOx, and SO2

1997 standards established for a few pollutants depending on land use category; new standards are pending approval

China TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb

Standards require cities to comply with Class I, II, or III standards. Class I standards more stringent than the WHO and USEPA limits

Hong Kong TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb, O3

Standards less stringent than WHO and USEPA limits

India TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb

Established based on different land-use categories i.e. industrial, residential and sensitive areas.

Indonesia TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb

National and local (Jakarta) standards less stringent that WHO; PM limits less stringent than USEPA

Japan CO, NO2, O3, SO2, TSP

Comparable and to some extent more stringent than WHO guidelines with the exception of CO limits for an 8-hour exposure.

Nepal TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, Pb, C6H6

Established only in 2003; standards less stringent than WHO; PM limits less stringent than USEPA

Pakistan No legislated ambient air quality standards

Philippines TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb

based and comparable to WHO and USEPA (for PM10). Standards more lenient, selecting the higher/max allowable limits

Singapore PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3

Despite adopting only both WHO guidelines and USEPA limits, Singapore PSI reporting is very efficient

Sri-Lanka TSP, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb

TSP standards twice more lenient than USEPA, No annual standard for SO2, 24-hour limit for SO2, a slightly lenient O3 and NO2 compared with USEPA and WHO, respectively

Thailand TSP, PM10, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb

TSP twice more lenient than USEPA; SO2 and CO almost same as USEPA limit, stringent NO2 compared to WHO

Vietnam TSP, CO, SO2, NO2, O3, Pb

Hourly limits for NO2 and CO are more lenient than WHO, no PM10 standards, the rest of the standards are almost same as WHO

• Most countries have more lenient standards than those prescribed by WHO and USEPA

• Standards for PM10 have been largely based on USEPA limits

• There is a need to review current PM standards – Europe has moved PM10 limit to 50µg/m3 limit for 24-hour averages and 40 µg/m3 for annual averages

• Standards for other air toxics e.g benzene should be legislated

• In some cases, AQ monitoring plans/ systems, are inconsistent with the established standards

• most Asian countries do not have specific roadside AQM standards


Motorization Trends in Asia

Registered 2 - 3 wheelers in Asia '000 (1990 to 2003)

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

China, PRIndiaIndonesiaTaipei,ChinaViet Nam


0

100

200

300

400

500

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

Vehicle Growth Forecast in Asian Countries(in Millions of Vehicles)

Note: Vehicle Population Projection from Segment Y Ltd

China, P.R.

0

100

200

300

400

500

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

India

0

20

40

60

80

100

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

Thailand

0

20

40

60

80

100

2005 2008 2015 2025 2035

Indonesia


• Compared to five years ago, more Asian countries have now adopted or have legislated plans to adopt stricter vehicle emissions standards as well as fuel standards

• Emphasis has been on institutionalizing new vehicle emissions standards and not enough attention has been given in addressing emissions from in-use vehicles

• More attention has been given as well to light-duty vehicles compared to heavy duty vehicles

• One of the most pressing problem of Asian countries is the rapid increase in the motorcycle fleet but not enough attention has been given towards appropriate regulatory measures to control the associated emissions

Vehicle Emissions Standards


Vehicle Emission Standards

Country 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10

European Union

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

Bangladesh Euro 2 (under discussion)

Hong Kong, China

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4

Indiaa Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Indiab E1 Euro 2 Euro 3

Indonesia Euro 2

Malaysia Euro 1 Euro 2 E4

Nepal Euro 1

Philippines Euro 1

PRCa Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3

PRCc Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3

Singaporee Euro 1 Euro 2

Singaporeg Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 4

Sri Lanka Euro 1

Taipei,China US Tier 1 US Tier 2 for dieseld

Thailand Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro4

Viet Name Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Viet Namf Euro 1 Euro 2 E3

Note: For light-duty vehicles

Source: CAI-Asia, 2006


Transportation and Land-use Planning

• Land-use planning, perhaps the most powerful regulatory tool that can be used to address vehicular emissions, is seldom being used by most Asian countries

• Governments and development institutions have started to place an increasing emphasis on urban transportation issues, particularly on public transportation

• International organizations have acknowledged the direct relationship between climate change mitigation and the promotion of public transportation and have initiated several projects on this

• Several countries in Asia have now started to develop sustainable urban transportation policies promoting public transportation, i.e. Bus-rapid transit

• In China, the Vice Minister of Construction, Qui Baoxing, has ordered city authorities to improve and maintain cycling facilities and in to order to restore the country’s title as the "kingdom of bicycles"


The 6-lane Cheonggyecheon highway will soon be transformed into a riverscape

Paradigm shift in urban & transportation planning (1)

Seoul - Asia’s Big Dig


• Nihonbashi, one of the main historic areas in Tokyo sits oppressed under an eight-lane expressway

• It was once the point from which distances in Japan were measured

• A government project is now looking at ways to restore Nihonbashi’s old look

• The recommendation is to transfer 2km of the Tokyo Metropolitan Expressway underground and create space along the river for waterside life

• The committee looking at this issue believe that restoring the Nihonbashi area's cityscape to its original state serves as a basic guideline for urban renewal plans to be put together in the future

Paradigm shift in urban & transportation planning (2)


China and India Urban Transportation Policy

• Both China, P.R. and India have developed policies that call for the integration of transport system plans with urban development, equitable allocation of road space and increased investments on public transportation, including BRT, rail and non-motorized transportation:– The National Development and Reform Commission

(NDRC) Guideline states that the 11th Five-Year Plan of China, P.R. which started in 2006 will prioritize the development of public transportation with mass rapid transit (MRT) as a key transport mode in mega cities.

– The 2006 Indian National Urban Transport Policy vision is to “recognize that people occupy center-stage in our (Indian) cities and all plans would be for their common benefit and well being” i.e., invest on more on transport systems that encourage greater use of public transport and non-motorized modes instead of personal motor vehicles


Conclusions (1)

• Despite considerable progress being made to clean the air in Asian cities, cost of air pollution to human health and environment remains high and public still perceive their air quality as worsening

• The perceived failing of measures to manage urban air quality could weaken the willingness of the public and stakeholders to reduce emissions and to comply with air pollution regulations and could also discourage decision makers from taking action to improve air quality

• The measures taken by the cities to improve their existing AQM capability will determine whether PM10 and NO2 levels can be reduced


Conclusions (2)

• The identification of the stage of development in terms of AQM capability can assist cities in setting priorities and developing strategies to strengthen their AQM capability.

• Cities with a relative low AQM capability need to focus on establishing or strengthening continuous air quality monitoring system and implementing basic control strategies

• All cities will need to ensure that their AQM systems not only manage the traditional criteria pollutants such as CO, NOx, SO2, O3, TSP, and PM10 but also fine PM which is monitored as PM2.5

• In addition, all countries should review their air quality standards in view of the EU limit values and the new WHO guideline values


This volume is the most current and comprehensive assessment and comparison of the status and drivers of urban air pollution in 20 Asian cities and the Asian region, covering the effects on the environment, human health, agriculture and cultural heritage and the future implications for planning, transport and energy industries.

The book will be formally launched during the Better Air Quality 2006 (http://www.baq2006.org) Workshop on 13-15 December 2006 in Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Cities covered: Bangkok, Beijing, Busan, Colombo, Dhaka, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Kathmandu, Kolkata, Metro Manila, Mumbai, New Delhi, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Surabaya, Taipei and Tokyo

Published by Earthscan with the Stockholm Environment Institute, the Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities, the Korean Environment Institute and UNEP.For PUBLICATION - Pre-order your copy today!

http://shop.earthscan.co.uk/ProductDetails/mcs/productID/730


Conclusions (2)

Contact:

Kong Ha [email protected] Cornie Huizenga [email protected]

www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia

strengthening the air quality management community in asia urban air quality management capability...

Documents

air quality information

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status of air quality

deterioration of air

air quality data assessment

ambient air monitoring

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rising levels of air