Air Quality and Noise

Management

Vanisa Surapipith, Ph.D. (vanisa.s@pcd.go.th) Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau

Pollution Control Department

Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment

Visit of AIT Graduate Program

November 19, 2010

Outline

PCD

Air Quality Management and Objectives1

Conclusion - Outlook4

Noise Management 3

Ambient Air Monitoring Activities2

Air Pollution Issue

Public annoyance or impacting public health

Levels of the problem are defined by

Type of pollutants

Concentration of pollutants

Exposure time

Why?air pollution must be controlled

Its impact on human health

Acute effect

Chronic effect

Its impact on crops/vegetation

Its impact on materials/buildings

Sources of Air Pollution

Stationary sources/ Point sources

Mobile sources/ Line sources

Area sources

Air Quality Management Cycle

WHAT REDUCTIONS ARE

NECESSARY?

HOW TO ACHIEVE

IMPLEMENT

EVALUATERESULTS

ESTABLISHGOALS

-- National Rules-New Source Performance Standards-Mobile Source Controls-Regional/National Controlson particular industrial sectors

-- Local Plans-Designations-Local controls for nonattainment areas

-- Regional/National programs-- Local rules -- Voluntary programs-- Permits-- Compliance & Enforcement

--Monitoring: Air Quality Index--Modeling--Economic Benefits Analysis--Trends Analysis

-- Science Driven-- National Ambient Air Quality Standards--Air Toxics

-- Monitoring: ambient, source-by-source

-- Emissions Inventories

-- Modeling: State and National

Adapted from A. Scott Voorhes

U.S. EPA, BAQ2006.

Thailand National Ambient Air Quality Standards

PollutantsConcentration

1-hr 8-hr 24-hr 1-month 1-year Measurement Methods

CO (ppm) 30 9 - - - Non-Dispersive Infrared

NO2 (ppm) 0.17 - - - 0.03 Chemiluminescence

SO2 (ppm) 0.3 - 0.12 - 0.04 Pararosaniline/Ultraviolet Fluorescence (2003)

TSP (mg/m3) - - 0.33 - 0.1 Gravimetric

PM2.5 (mg/m3) - - 0.05 - 0.025 Federal Reference Method (US)

PM10 (mg/m3) - - 0.12 - 0.05Gravimetric/ Beta Ray/ TEOM/Dichotomous (2003)

O3 (ppm) 0.1 0.07 - - -Chemiluminescence/Ultraviolet Absorption Photometry (2003)

Pb (mg/m3) - - - 0.0015 - Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient Air Standards of Thailand

Remark

: 1.

One year Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient Air is determined from the Arithemetic Mean of VOCs analysis from continuously 24 hour ambient air sampling (at least once a month)

2.

In case of the collected ambient air sample(s) was unable to be analysed, the new sampling and analysis must be done within 30 days from the previous sampling date.

3.

Reference Condition is 25 degree Celsius at 1 atm or 760 mmHg

Source : Notification of National Environmental Board No. 30 , B.E 2550 (2007) under the Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act B.E.2535 (1992), published in the Royal Government Gazette No. 124 Part 143 dated September 14, B.E.2550 (2007)

Pollutants Standard1. Benzene Not exceed 1.7 µg/m3

2. Vinyl Chloride Not exceed 10 µg/m3

3. 1,2 - Dichloroethane Not exceed 0.4 µg/m3

4. Trichloroethylene Not exceed 23 µg/m3

5. Dichloromethane Not exceed 22 µg/m3

6. 1,2 - Dichloropropane Not exceed 4 µg/m3

7. Tetrachloroethylene Not exceed 200 µg/m3

8. Chloroform Not exceed 0.43 µg/m3

9. 1,3 - Butadiene Not exceed 0.33 µg/m3

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Networks

One of the most important components in an air quality

management program;

Under the Enhancement and Conservation of National

Environmental Quality Act of 1992, PCD is responsible for

monitoring air quality in Thailand and subsequently

preparing an annual report on the state of air quality of the

country;

The ambient air monitoring data is used as an essential

precursor to some form of control activities;

History1981: The National Primary Ambient Air Quality Standards were promulgated

1983: The first air quality monitoring system was installed 8 stations in BKK (not on-line system)

1987: The first on-line and real-time continuous air quality monitoring system was installed 5 stations in Samut Prakarn (JICA’s assistance)

1991: The third monitoring system (an on-line and real-time continuous system) 4 stations on the curb-sides of streets in BKK

1992: PCD with the technical assistance from the Swedish Gov. started preparing the design of a nation-wide ambient air quality monitoring networkand a meteorological monitoring network

1996: The networks were gradually put in several phases through the upgrade of the existing air quality monitoring stations and the installation of new ones;

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Network

Region Air Quality Stations

NorthNorth Eastern CentralEastSouth

1023285

Total = 57

PCD’s Station

1. Ambient air quality monitoring station

• 57 Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations

•Pollutants are:•CO•SO2,•NO,NO2, NOx,• O3, •THC, CH4, NMHC •PM10•PM2.5

Wind Speed, Wind Direction

TEMP, RH,Rain

Solar &Net radiation

SO2 Analyzer

O3 Analyzer

NOx Analyzer

CO Analyzer

PM10 Analyzer

PM2.5 Analyzer

Data Logger

Calibrator

Modem

REMOTE STATION

Local Telephone Service

Modem

Extended File Storage

The central processing computerfor data storage and analysis

Diagram of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station and Data Transmission System

PCD central processing computer for data storage and analysis

Monitoring of PM2.5 Microns

PCD is in the process of establishing ambient air quality standard for PM2.5

Background information is being collected for the consideration of standard level

Curbside Street-Level Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Long-Term Continuous Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Automated ambient air quality monitoring stations (7 stations): CO, TSP, PM10, PM2.5, NOx, O3, SO2, HC, Pb

10-meter meteorological masts measuring:

WS, WD, TEMP, SOLAR RAD, NET RAD, Rain, RH, Pressure

Sort-Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Air pollutant measured: CO, TSP, PM10, Pb

Approximated 15 most congested streets in BKK

Sampling period: ~2 week at each street

Data are collected manually

Short-Term Temporary Curbside Ambient Air Quality Monitoring In Bangkok

High Volume Air Samplers for TSP & PM10

Particulate matters (PM10): the issue in urban areas

Bangkok Chiang Mai Samutprakarn Saraburi

Air Quality Index (AQI)

Pollution Control Department (Thailand), 2007

JICA VOCs Project (2006 – 2008)

VOCs Monitoring Sites

Maptaphut, Rayong ProvinceBangkok and Vicinity

22

BangkokRayongChiang MaiKhon KaenSongklaKanjanaburi (Background Site)

Current VOCs Routine Monitoring Site

VOCs data available at: aqnis.pcd.go.th

Overall Policy

Control and reduction of emissions from key sources, i.e. On-road vehicles, industry, construction, and field open burning

Management of area-wise air pollution taking the concept of carrying/ assimilating capacity

Enhance capacity of local environmental agency

in monitoring environmental quality and status of

emission sources

Development and update the emission database

in critical area

Promote Clean Technology and Cleaner Fuel

Overall Policy (continued)

Enhance annual vehicle inspection programme

Enhance public participation in air pollution management

Implement measures for controlling open burning and developing the monitoring and early warning system for air pollution and haze forecast

Overall Policy (continued)

Mobile Emission ControlEmission Reduction from New VehicleEmission Reduction from In-use VehicleFuel Quality ImprovementAlternative FuelProject of emission measurement from vehicle used gasoholChallenge Ahead

Challenges AheadImproving air quality management VS Fuel ReformulationLocal, national and international cooperation ; more involvement from relating organizations is neededFrom strategy to real-world implementationStrategies need to be accompanied by sustainable incentive packagesAction taken to tackle air pollution could also compensate benefits to all sections

Noise and Vibration Management

•Traffic

•Factory

•Construction

•Community

Issuing Standards for New and In-used VehiclesInspection and Enforcement

Charge vehicles with Excessive NoiseCharge unauthorised public car/motorcycle racingCharge garages which serve illegal muffler

adjustmentRandom sampling of annual maintenance vehicles

Control Measures for Vehicles

Random sampling inspection of roadside vehicles

Cooperation with the Police Department

• Set up 31 checkpoints

since June 1, 2005

• Fine and apply ‘not to be

used’ rule 1,184 vehicles. Now, 723 vehicles have

improved to standard and

allowed back on streets

(61%)

• Sampling 475 vehicles

• 91 vehicles found

exceeding standard (19%)

Fine for

200.-

Fine for

1,000.-

Issue ‘Not to be Used’

Since1 May 2006

Inspection and Maintenance

Motorcycle Garage

Out of the inspected 34 garages

• 2 was out of standard

• found 749 out-of-standard mufflers

As at May 26, 2005

Rock Mining

Standard

Noise and Vibration from Factory – focussing on Rock Mining

Maximum must not exceed 115 dBA

• Setting up the standard• Campaigning for Public Participation in living in

harmony with the environment, according to the principle in the constitution

• Promoting Public Awareness in creating no excessive noise

Community Noise Measures

Law and Enforcement for dealing with complaints

Noise level of the source Background Noise-Annoyance

Standard Not to exceed 10 dBA

National Environmental Board Rule no. 17 (BE 2543 / AD 2000)

Campaign for Public Participation in Controlling Noise from Motor Vehicles

Promotion stickers

On PCD vehicles

Road-side boards and campaigning fair

Campaigning venues for noise reduction from motor vehicles

Reduction/promotional prices for services during the campaigns

Campaigning points :

Garages, motorcycle service centres

Training Activity

Taxi motorcyclists

Garage owners

Police Officers :

3 key typesPCD

Police Department

Bangkok MunicipalityISO officeTransport Department

0 2202 347515841555

1197

Thank you for your kind attentionMore information at:

www.pcd.go.th and aqnis.pcd.go.th