some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic

24
University of Garyounis Faculty of Art English Department Translation Section S S o o m m e e P P r r o o b b l l e e m m s s O O f f A A m m b b i i g g u u i i t t y y I I n n T T r r a a n n s s l l a a t t i i o o n n : : W W i i t t h h R R e e f f e e r r e e n n c c e e t t o o E E n n g g l l i i s s h h A A r r a a b b i i c c By : Sundos Ismail AL-sherkasy 45324 & Istabraq Ismail AL-sherkasy 45309 Supervisor : Dr. Ramadan AL-Mjrab Academic year 2009-2010

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Page 1: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic

UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff GGaarryyoouunniiss FFaaccuullttyy ooff AArrtt

EEnngglliisshh DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt TTrraannssllaattiioonn SSeeccttiioonn

SSSSSSSSoooooooommmmmmmmeeeeeeee PPPPPPPPrrrrrrrroooooooobbbbbbbblllllllleeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss OOOOOOOOffffffff AAAAAAAAmmmmmmmmbbbbbbbbiiiiiiiigggggggguuuuuuuuiiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy IIIIIIIInnnnnnnn TTTTTTTTrrrrrrrraaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssssllllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn ::::::::WWWWWWWWiiiiiiiitttttttthhhhhhhh RRRRRRRReeeeeeeeffffffffeeeeeeeerrrrrrrreeeeeeeennnnnnnncccccccceeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo EEEEEEEEnnnnnnnngggggggglllllllliiiiiiiisssssssshhhhhhhh ––––––––AAAAAAAArrrrrrrraaaaaaaabbbbbbbbiiiiiiiicccccccc

BBBBBBBByyyyyyyy ::::::::

SSuunnddooss IIssmmaaiill AALL--sshheerrkkaassyy 4455332244

&&&&&&&& IIssttaabbrraaqq IIssmmaaiill AALL--sshheerrkkaassyy 4455330099

SSSSSSSSuuuuuuuuppppppppeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrvvvvvvvviiiiiiiissssssssoooooooorrrrrrrr :::::::: DDrr.. RRaammaaddaann AALL--MMjjrraabb

AAccaaddeemmiicc yyeeaarr 22000099--22001100

Page 2: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic

22

TThhaannkk YYoouu

FFFFFFFFoooooooorrrrrrrr aaaaaaaallllllllllllllll tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee tttttttthhhhhhhhiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnggggggggssssssss wwwwwwwweeeeeeee hhhhhhhhaaaaaaaavvvvvvvveeeeeeee ddddddddoooooooonnnnnnnneeeeeeee …………………………………………........

FFFFFFFFoooooooorrrrrrrr aaaaaaaallllllllllllllll ssssssssuuuuuuuucccccccccccccccceeeeeeeessssssssssssssss wwwwwwwweeeeeeee ggggggggeeeeeeeetttttttt tttttttthhhhhhhhrrrrrrrroooooooouuuuuuuugggggggghhhhhhhh ……………………................ FFFFFFFFoooooooorrrrrrrr tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee hhhhhhhhaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrdddddddd aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd ggggggggoooooooooooooooodddddddd ttttttttiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmeeeeeeeessssssss ……………………

TTTTTTTThhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrreeeeeeee''''''''ssssssss aaaaaaaallllllllwwwwwwwwaaaaaaaayyyyyyyyssssssss oooooooonnnnnnnneeeeeeee hhhhhhhheeeeeeeellllllllppppppppiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg uuuuuuuussssssss iiiiiiiinnnnnnnn ttttttttrrrrrrrruuuuuuuueeeeeeee …………………… NNNNNNNNoooooooowwwwwwww iiiiiiiitttttttt''''''''ssssssss oooooooouuuuuuuurrrrrrrr ttttttttiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmeeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo ssssssssppppppppeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaakkkkkkkk ................ttttttttoooooooo wwwwwwwwrrrrrrrriiiiiiiitttttttteeeeeeee ................

……………………TTTTTTTToooooooo tttttttthhhhhhhhaaaaaaaannnnnnnnkkkkkkkk tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee oooooooonnnnnnnneeeeeeee wwwwwwwwhhhhhhhhoooooooo hhhhhhhheeeeeeeellllllllppppppppiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg uuuuuuuussssssss iiiiiiiinnnnnnnnddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeedddddddd ……………………OOOOOOOO ,,,,,,,, AAAAAAAAllllllllllllllllaaaaaaaahhhhhhhh nnnnnnnnoooooooo mmmmmmmmaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrr wwwwwwwwhhhhhhhhaaaaaaaatttttttt wwwwwwwweeeeeeee tttttttteeeeeeeellllllllllllllll

WWWWWWWWeeeeeeee nnnnnnnneeeeeeeevvvvvvvveeeeeeeerrrrrrrr ccccccccoooooooouuuuuuuulllllllldddddddd iiiiiiiimmmmmmmmaaaaaaaaggggggggiiiiiiiinnnnnnnneeeeeeee hhhhhhhhoooooooowwwwwwww tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee lllllllliiiiiiiiffffffffeeeeeeee bbbbbbbbeeeeeeee

wwwwwwwwiiiiiiiitttttttthhhhhhhhoooooooouuuuuuuutttttttt yyyyyyyyoooooooouuuuuuuu …………………… WWWWWWWWeeeeeeee ssssssssaaaaaaaayyyyyyyy oooooooouuuuuuuurrrrrrrr ggggggggrrrrrrrraaaaaaaatttttttteeeeeeeeffffffffuuuuuuuullllllll aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd tttttttthhhhhhhhaaaaaaaannnnnnnnkkkkkkkkssssssss

TTTTTTTToooooooo tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee oooooooonnnnnnnnllllllllyyyyyyyy GGGGGGGGoooooooodddddddd iiiiiiiinnnnnnnn tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee uuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiivvvvvvvveeeeeeeerrrrrrrrsssssssseeeeeeee AAAAAAAAllllllllllllllllaaaaaaaahhhhhhhh ……………………................

Page 3: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic

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IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn

TTrraannssllaattiioonn iiss tthhee ccoommpprreehheennssiioonn ooff tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff aa tteexxtt aanndd tthhee ssuubbsseeqquueenntt

pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff aann eeqquuiivvaalleenntt tteexxtt,, tthhaatt ccoommmmuunniiccaatteess tthhee ssaammee mmeessssaaggee iinn aannootthheerr

llaanngguuaaggee..

TThhee tteexxtt ttoo bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd iiss ccaall lleedd tthhee ssoouurrccee tteexxtt,, aanndd tthhee llaanngguuaaggee tthhaatt ii tt iiss ttoo

bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd iinnttoo iiss ccaall lleedd tthhee ttaarrggeett llaanngguuaaggee;; tthhee ff iinnaall pprroodduucctt iiss ssoommeettiimmeess ccaall lleedd tthhee

ttaarrggeett tteexxtt ,,tthheerree aarree sseevveerraall uusseeffuull ddeeff iinnii ttiioonnss ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, bbuutt pprroobbaabbllyy tthhee mmoosstt

wwoorrkkaabbllee oonnee iiss tthhee ffooll lloowwiinngg :: TTrraannssllaattiioonn iiss rreeppllaacciinngg aa tteexxtt iinn oonnee llaanngguuaaggee bbyy

aannootthheerr tteexxtt iinn aannootthheerr llaanngguuaaggee .. FFii rrssttllyy ,, ii tt iiss bbaasseedd oonn tteexxtt--ttrraannssllaattiioonn .. SSeeccoonnddllyy ,, tthhee

ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn iinnvvoollvveess ttwwoo llaanngguuaaggeess ,, wwhhiicchh iiss ttrraannssllaattiioonn pprrooppeerr .. RReeppllaacciinngg aa tteexxtt bbyy

aannootthheerr tteexxtt iinn tthhee ssaammee llaanngguuaaggee iiss ooff tteenn tteerrmmeedd rreewwoorrddiinngg oorr iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn ..

TTrraannssllaattiioonn pprrooppeerr iiss aallwwaayyss bbeettwweeeenn ttwwoo llaanngguuaaggeess .. AA tteexxtt mmaayy aappppeeaarr iinn sseevveerraall

llaanngguuaaggeess bbuutt bbaassiiccaall llyy eevveerryy ttiimmee tthhee pprroocceessss ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn iiss pprraaccttiicceedd ii tt ttaakkeess ppllaaccee

bbeettwweeeenn ttwwoo llaanngguuaaggeess oonnllyy aallssoo ttrraannssllaattiioonn ddeeff iinneedd aass ;; ii tt iiss aann iinntteell lleeccttuuaall aanndd

iinnttuuii ttiivvee ooppeerraattiioonn wwhhiicchh rreeqquuii rreess tthhee ttrraannssllaattoorr ttoo ddeeccooddee tthhee mmeeaanniinngg bbeeffoorree rree--

eennccooddiinngg ii tt iinn aannootthheerr ffoorrmm.. II tt ddeeppeennddss aass mmuucchh oonn ttrraannssllaattoorr uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg aanndd

jjuuddggmmeenntt ooff tthhee ssoouurrccee llaanngguuaaggee tteexxtt aass iinn tthhee ttaarrggeett llaanngguuaaggee tteexxtt.. TTrraannssllaattiioonn

pprroodduucceess aa rreessuull tt,, aa nneeww tteexxtt,, wwhhiicchh sshhoouulldd bbee aabbllee ttoo ssttaanndd iinnddeeppeennddeennttllyy ooff tthhee ssoouurrccee

tteexxtt wwhhiicchh ggeenneerraatteedd ii tt,, TThhaatt ttrraannssllaattiioonn aass aann eexxcciissee ((IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo TTrraannssllaattiioonn ::

22000044)) .. AAnndd ttrraannssllaattiioonn ffoorr PPeetteerr NNeewwmmaarrkk iiss ::

““ ttrraannssllaattiioonn iiss nnoott mmeerreellyy aa dduuaall iissttiicc pprroocceessss.. II tt hhaass ttoo ttaakkee aaccccoouunntt ooff ff iivvee

mmeeddiiaall ffaaccttoorrss:: eetthhiiccss,, rreeaall ii ttyy,, llooggiicc,, ‘‘ ppuurree llaanngguuaaggee’’ aanndd aaeesstthheettiiccss ,, ooff wwhhiicchh oonnllyy aaeess--

tthheettiiccss iiss nnoott eexxcclluussiivveellyy uunniivveerrssaall ""

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AAnndd aa tteexxtt iiss aa ll iinngguuiissttiicc uunnii tt wwhhiicchh iiss hhiigghheerr tthhaann aa sseenntteennccee ,, aanndd ccoonnssiissttss ooff

oonnee sseenntteennccee oorr mmoorree .. II tt iiss hhiigghhllyy ddeeppeennddeenntt oonn tthhee ccoonntteexxtt ,, aanndd mmaayybbee oorraall oorr wwrrii tttteenn..

MMoorreeoovveerr ssoommee ooff tthhee mmooddeerrnn tthheeoorriieess ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, nnaammeellyy ddeeccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn ,, hhaavvee

rreejjeecctteedd tthhee iiddeeaa ooff eeqquuiivvaalleennccee bbeettwweeeenn tthhee ssoouurrccee tteexxtt aanndd tthhee ttaarrggeett tteexxtt ((GGeennttzzlleerr ,,

11999933 ,, 114444 )) ..

EEqquuiivvaalleennccee iiss ccoonnssiiddeerreedd eesssseennttiiaall ffoorr ttrraannssllaattiioonn.. FFoorr aa tteexxtt ttoo bbee

ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aa ttrraannssllaattiioonn ooff aannootthheerr ii tt mmuusstt bbee eeqquuiivvaalleenntt iinn oonnee wwaayy oorr aannootthheerr ttoo tthhee

oorriiggiinnaall ;; ootthheerrwwiissee ii tt nnoott qquuaall ii ffyy aass ttrraannssllaatteedd tteexxtt .. TThhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn ,, bbuutt nnoott tthhee

oonnllyy,, bbaassiiss ffoorr eeqquuiivvaalleennccee iiss mmeeaanniinngg.. TThhee ttrraannssllaatteedd tteexxtt iiss ssaaiidd ttoo bbee eeqquuiivvaalleenntt ttoo tthhee

ssoouurrccee tteexxtt iinn mmeeaanniinngg .. TThhiiss iimmppll iieess tthhaatt tthhee pprrooppoossii ttiioonn tthhaatt tthheeyy eexxpprreessss iiss ii tt ssaammee ....

AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann bbee ddeeff iinneedd aass aa wwoorrdd,, pphhrraassee,, oorr sseenntteennccee iiss aammbbiigguuoouuss ii ff ii tt

hhaass mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg.. TThhee wwoorrdd ''ll iigghhtt'',, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,, ccaann mmeeaann nnoott vveerryy hheeaavvyy oorr

nnoott vveerryy ddaarrkk.. TThhee nnoottiioonn ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy hhaass pphhii lloossoopphhiiccaall aappppll iiccaattiioonnss..

FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, iiddeennttii ffyyiinngg aann aammbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann aaiidd iinn ssoollvviinngg aa pphhii lloossoopphhiiccaall

pprroobblleemm.. SSuuppppoossee oonnee wwoonnddeerrss hhooww ttwwoo ppeeooppllee ccaann hhaavvee tthhee ssaammee iiddeeaa,, ssaayy ooff aa

uunniiccoorrnn.. TThhiiss ccaann sseeeemm ppuuzzzzll iinngg uunnttii ll oonnee ddiissttiinngguuiisshheess ''iiddeeaa'' iinn tthhee sseennssee ooff aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr

ppssyycchhoollooggiiccaall ooccccuurrrreennccee,, aa mmeennttaall rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn,, ff rroomm ''iiddeeaa'' iinn tthhee sseennssee ooff aann

aabbssttrraacctt,, sshhaarreeaabbllee ccoonncceepptt.. OOnn tthhee ootthheerr hhaanndd,, ggrraattuuii ttoouuss ccllaaiimmss ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann mmaakkee

ffoorr oovveerrllyy ssiimmppllee ssoolluuttiioonnss.. AAccccoorrddiinnggllyy,, tthhee qquueessttiioonn aarriisseess ooff hhooww ggeennuuiinnee

aammbbiigguuii ttiieess ccaann bbee ddiissttiinngguuiisshheedd ffrroomm ssppuurriioouuss oonneess.. PPaarrtt ooff tthhee aannsswweerr ccoonnssiissttss iinn

iiddeennttii ffyyiinngg pphheennoommeennaa wwii tthh wwhhiicchh aammbbiigguuii ttyy mmaayy bbee ccoonnffuusseedd,, ssuucchh aass vvaagguueenneessss,,

uunnccllaarrii ttyy,, iinneexxppll iiccii ttnneessss aanndd iinnddeexxiiccaall ii ttyy ..

AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss,, ssttrriiccttllyy ssppeeaakkiinngg,, aa pprrooppeerrttyy ooff ll iinngguuiissttiicc eexxpprreessssiioonnss..

OObbvviioouussllyy tthhiiss ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn ddooeess nnoott ssaayy wwhhaatt mmeeaanniinnggss aarree oorr wwhhaatt ii tt iiss ffoorr aann eexxpprreessssiioonn

ttoo hhaavvee oonnee ((oorr mmoorree tthhaann oonnee)).. FFoorr aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr llaanngguuaaggee,, tthhiiss iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn iiss pprroovviiddeedd

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bbyy aa ggrraammmmaarr,, wwhhiicchh ssyysstteemmaattiiccaall llyy ppaaii rrss ffoorrmmss wwii tthh mmeeaanniinnggss,, aammbbiigguuoouuss ffoorrmmss wwii tthh

mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg ((sseeee mmeeaanniinngg aanndd sseemmaannttiiccss))..

AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iinn mmaaiinn aassppeecctt iiss tthhee pprrooppeerrttyy ooff wwoorrddss,, tteerrmmss,, nnoottaattiioonnss,,

ssiiggnnss,, ssyymmbboollss,, aanndd ccoonncceeppttss ((wwii tthhiinn aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr ccoonntteexxtt)) aass bbeeiinngg uunnddeeff iinneedd,,

iinnddeeff iinnaabbllee,, mmuull ttii --ddeeff iinneedd,, oorr wwii tthhoouutt aann oobbvviioouuss ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn,, aanndd tthhuuss hhaavviinngg aa

mmiisslleeaaddiinngg,, oorr uunncclleeaarr,, mmeeaanniinngg.. AA wwoorrdd,, pphhrraassee,, sseenntteennccee,, oorr ootthheerr ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn iiss

ccaall lleedd ““ aammbbiigguuoouuss”” ii ff ii tt ccaann bbee iinntteerrpprreetteedd iinn mmoorree tthhaann oonnee wwaayy.. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss ddiissttiinncctt

ff rroomm vvaagguueenneessss,, wwhhiicchh aarriisseess wwhheenn tthhee bboouunnddaarriieess ooff mmeeaanniinngg aarree iinnddiissttiinncctt..

AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss iinn ccoonnttrraasstt wwii tthh ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn,, aanndd ttyyppiiccaall llyy rreeffeerrss ttoo aann uunncclleeaarr

cchhooiiccee bbeettwweeeenn ssttaannddaarrdd ddeeff iinnii ttiioonnss,, aass ggiivveenn bbyy aa ddiiccttiioonnaarryy,, oorr eellssee uunnddeerrssttoooodd

aass ccoommmmoonn kknnoowwlleeddggee..

II ff ooppppoosseedd ttoo ‘‘ ccllaarrii ttyy’’ ,, aammbbiigguuii ttyy wwoouulldd bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aa ffaauull tt.. MMooddeerrnniisstt

ccrrii ttiicciissmm ttuurrnneedd ii tt iinnttoo aa vvii rrttuuee,, eeqquuiivvaalleenntt rroouugghhllyy ttoo ‘‘ rriicchhnneessss’’ oorr ‘‘ wwii tt’’ .. TThhiiss rreevveerrssaall

ooff nnoorrmmaall ccoonnnnoottaattiioonnss wwaass mmaaddee ppoossssiibbllee bbyy ttwwoo ffaaccttoorrss:: II .. AA.. RRiicchhaarrddss’’ ss aarrgguummeenntt

tthhaatt wwhhaatt iiss rreeqquuii rreedd ooff sscciieennttii ff iicc llaanngguuaaggee ((ee..gg.. lluucciiddii ttyy)) iiss nnoott nneecceessssaarrii llyy ddeemmaannddeedd iinn

ppooeettrryy ((sseeee llaanngguuaaggee));; aanndd WWii ll ll iiaamm EEmmppssoonn’’ ss pprroommoottiioonn ooff tthhee ccoonncceepptt iinn SSeevveenn TTyyppeess

ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy,, ff ii rrsstt ppuubbll iisshheedd iinn 11993300.. FFooll lloowwiinngg EEmmppssoonn,, aammbbiigguuii ttyy ccaammee ttoo bbee

rreeggaarrddeedd aass aa ddeeff iinniinngg ll iinngguuiissttiicc cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff ppooeettrryy..

AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss nnoott aa ssppeeccii ff iicc ff iigguurraattiivvee ddeevviiccee wwhhiicchh mmaayy bbee cchhoosseenn aatt wwii ll ll ffoorr

ddeeccoorraattiioonn;; ii tt iiss nnoott,, ssaayyss EEmmppssoonn,, ‘‘ aa tthhiinngg ttoo bbee aatttteemmpptteedd’’ .. RRaatthheerr,, ii tt iiss aa

nnaattuurraall cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff llaanngguuaaggee wwhhiicchh bbeeccoommeess hheeiigghhtteenneedd aanndd ssiiggnnii ff iiccaanntt iinn vveerrssee..

TThhee ll iinnkk bbeettwweeeenn ccoonntteenntt aanndd ffoorrmm iiss iinnddii rreecctt aanndd aarrbbii ttrraarryy;; hheennccee ssyynnttaaccttiicc ‘‘ aacccciiddeennttss’’

mmaayy ooccccuurr,, ssyynnttaaxx rreeaall iizziinngg ttwwoo oorr mmoorree mmeeaanniinnggss iinn tthhee ssaammee ssiiggnnaall .. LLiinngguuiissttss ssaayy tthhaatt

oonnee ‘‘ ssuurrffaaccee ssttrruuccttuurree’’ mmaayy ccoonncceeaall ttwwoo oorr mmoorree ‘‘ ddeeeepp ssttrruuccttuurreess’’ ((tthhee rreevveerrssee ssii ttuuaattiioonn

iiss PPAARRAAPPHHRRAASSEE)).. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss ccoommmmoonn iinn oorrddiinnaarryy llaanngguuaaggee,, bbuutt wwee ddoo nnoott nnoottiiccee ii tt

bbeeccaauussee ccoonntteexxtt uussuuaall llyy sseelleeccttss jjuusstt oonnee ooff tthhee aall tteerrnnaattiivvee mmeeaanniinnggss ((‘‘ ddiissaammbbiigguuaatteess’’ ))..

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FFii rrsstt tthhiinngg wwee wwaanntt ttoo ttaallkk aabboouutt iiss"" tthhee ccaauusseess ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ::

TThheerree aarree pplleennttyy ooff tthhiinnggss tthhaatt lleeaaddss oorr ccaauusseess ""AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy"" eeii tthheerr iinn aa sseenntteennccee ,,

iinn wwoorrdd oorr iinn ootthheerrss hheerree aarree ssoommee ooff tthheemm ::

** UUssiinngg aa pprroonnoouunn wwii tthhoouutt mmaakkiinngg cclleeaarr wwhhoo oorr wwhhaatt tthhee rreeffeerreenntt iiss,, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,,

""TToomm ccaall lleedd hhiiss ffaatthheerr llaasstt nniigghhtt.. TThheeyy ttaallkkeedd ffoorr aann hhoouurr.. HHee ssaaiidd hhee wwoouulldd bbee hhoommee

tthhee nneexxtt ddaayy..""

II tt iiss nnoott cclleeaarr wwhheetthheerr ""HHee"" iiss rreeffeerrrriinngg ttoo TToomm oorr hhiiss ffaatthheerr..

AAnndd hheerree tthhee AArraabbiicc ttrraannssllaattoorr hhaavvee jjuusstt ttwwoo wwaayyss ttoo ttrraannssllaattee tthhee sseenntteennccee eeii tthheerr bbyy

mmaakkiinngg tthhee pprroonnoouunn ""HHee"" rreeffeerr ttoo tthhee ffaatthheerr

��ا ���ة ���� �� � ��ل ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ����ا ���ة ���� �� � ��ل ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و ��� ا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و �

oorr ttoo TToomm ....

��ا ���ة ���� و��ل����ا ���ة ���� و��لا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و���ا)� ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ا)� ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و�

aanndd ssuurree oonn ooff tthheemm wwii ll ll cchhaannggee tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ccoommpplleetteellyy ……..

oorr

"" II aarrrriivveedd aatt tthhee aaii rrppoorrtt aanndd ggrreeeetteedd mmyy ffaammii llyy.. TThheeyy hhaadd bbeeeenn wwaaii ttiinngg tthheerree ffoorr oovveerr aann

hhoouurr.. II tt iiss vveerryy ccoommppll iiccaatteedd..""

II tt iiss nnoott cclleeaarr wwhhaatt "" ii tt"" iiss rreeffeerrrriinngg ttoo iinn tthhee sseenntteennccee "" II tt iiss vveerryy ccoommppll iiccaatteedd.."" TThhiiss

mmuusstt bbee eexxppllaaiinneedd mmoorree cclleeaarrllyy iinn tthhee sseenntteennccee,, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,,

""RReettuurrnniinngg hhoommee ttoo sseeee mmyy ffaammii llyy iiss aallwwaayyss vveerryy ccoommppll iiccaatteedd bbeeccaauussee mmyy ppaarreennttss aarree

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ddiivvoorrcceedd aanndd ddoo nnoott hhaavvee aa rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp wwii tthh eeaacchh ootthheerr,, bbuutt II hhaavvee aa cclloossee rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp

wwii tthh eeaacchh ooff tthheemm..""

TThheerree aarree,, ooff ccoouurrssee,, ootthheerr rreeaassoonnss ffoorr aammbbiigguuii ttyy..

1. Factors Leading to English Ambiguity

It should be admitted that many factors might lead to English ambiguity.

Modern linguists tend to believe that English ambiguity is embodied in four aspects in

terms of linguistics. i.e., phonology, lexicology, syntax and

pragmatics.

1.1 Phonological Factor

Here it refers to the juncture, one of the phonological terminologies, the

transition from one sound to another in speech.

When people speak, one phoneme glides to another one, during which

different combinations are produced, leading to different meanings. For example,

My younger brother had a / greidei /

The sentence can be heard in two different ways

(a) My younger brother had a grade A.

(b) My younger brother had a gray day.

During the communication, although the ambiguity caused by different

junctures is not easily eliminated, proper stop can be used to make clear what the

speaker wants to express.

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1.2 Lexical Factors

(1) Polysemy

Once a word, which has more than one meaning, appears in the sentence,

ambiguity tends to happen. It is also called polysemy, which may exist in nouns,

verbs, adjectives etc., for example,

(A) I went to the bank.

bank (a) land sloping up along side of a river or canal

(b) establishment for keeping money, valuables

The Arabic translator will choose from this two :

ذه/. �-,� ا� +� ) أ

ذه/. �$�'�ف ) ب

(B) She couldn’t bear children.

Bear (a) endure (sth); tolerate; stand;

(b) give birth to.

��& ا#7,�ل 6 �4�5) ا � 8

7,�ل 6 �4�58 إ)�9ب أ) ب

The italic words in the two sentences(A), (B) mentioned

above have more than one meaning, so there is more than one way to explain

them. To figure out the exact meanings of such words, it demands

language-learners’ careful consideration of specific context. Especially, when

reading the books on literature, it requires more attention on the purpose

of the author as well as the communicational situation. Only in this way

can language-learners do a good job in disambiguation.

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(2) Parts of Speech

If a word can be used as different parts of speech, we always call it a

multifunctional word. The sentence containing such words easily presents different

deeper structures, then causing different comprehensions, i.e.

(A) The doctor saw the Indian dance.

Indian (a) adj. “Indian” modifies “dance”

(b) n. “Indian” refers to “a specific person”

�ي )أ ا�4/= >�ه� ا���; ا�+

�ي ) ب ا�4/= >�ه� ا��ا�; ا�+

In English, present or past participles are always confused with adjectives,

verbs, which then cause ambiguity, i.e.

(B) She is calculating.

ه� ��5= ) ا

) "�آ�ة(ه� أ)�)� ) ب

Functioning as “present participle”, “calculating” means “working out by

using numbers or one’s judgment”. The sentence describes that the action is taking

place.

Functioning as “adjective”, “calculating” means “selfish, scheming, or shrewd”.

The sentence depicts characteristics of a person.

1.3 Syntactical Factor

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Syntactically, sentences are made up of phrases; phrases are made up of

words. Thus, there exists a kind of syntactic relation, i.e., a hierarchical relation. Such a

relation shows the inner layers of sentences. The way the words are arranged

hierarchically has an important role in determining the meaning. It is also because of

this that the ambiguity is produced. IC Analysis (Immediate Constituent Analysis)

proposed by Leonard Bloomfield can be used to reveal the hierarchical structure of a

sentence. Take the following for instance:

( old men and women)

It means “old men and old women” if we regard old as a modifier of both

men and women; or “women and old men” if we think old is a modifier of men but not

of women. The ambiguity can be captured by two different hierarchical structures.

old men and old women old men and old women

old men and woman

Old men and woman

وا��أة ب) ا�� � نر � وا��أة ����) ر

TTyyppeess ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy

Although people are sometimes said to be ambiguous in how they use

language, ambiguity is, strictly speaking, a property of linguistic expressions.

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A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning.

Obviously this definition does not say what meanings are or what it is for an expression

to have one (or more than one). For a particular language, this information is provided

by a grammar, which systematically pairs forms with meanings, ambiguous forms with

more than one meaning .

There are two types of ambiguity, lexical and structural. Lexical ambiguity is

by far the more common. Everyday examples include nouns like 'chip', 'pen' and 'suit',

verbs like 'call', 'draw' and 'run', and adjectives like 'deep', 'dry' and 'hard'. There are

various tests for ambiguity. One test is having two unrelated antonyms, as with 'hard',

which has both 'soft' and 'easy' as opposites. Another is the conjunction reduction test.

Consider the sentence, 'The tailor pressed one suit in his shop and one in the municipal

court'.

Evidence that the word 'suit' (not to mention 'press') is ambiguous is provided

by the anomaly of the 'crossed interpretation' of the sentence, on which 'suit' is used to

refer to an article of clothing and 'one' to a legal action.

The above examples of ambiguity are each a case of one word with more than

one meaning. However, it is not always clear when we have only one word. The verb

'desert' and the noun 'dessert', which sound the same but are spelled differently, count as

distinct words (they are homonyms). So do the noun 'bear' and the verb 'bear', even

though they not only sound the same but are spelled the same. These examples may be

clear cases of homonymy, but what about the noun 'respect' and the verb 'respect' or the

preposition 'over' and the adjective 'over'? Are the members of these pairs homonyms or

different forms of the same word? There is no general consensus on how to draw the

line between cases of one ambiguous word and cases of two homonymous words.

Perhaps the difference is ultimately arbitrary.

Lexical semantics has the task of identifying and characterizing such

systematic phemena. It is also concerned to explain the rich and subtle semantic

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behavior of common and highly flexible words like the verbs 'do' and 'put' and the

prepositions 'at', 'in' and 'to'. Each of these words has uses which are so numerous yet so

closely related that they are often described as 'polysemous' rather than ambiguous.

Structural ambiguity occurs when a phrase or sentence has more than one

underlying structure, such as the sentences 'The girl hit the boy with a book' and

'Visiting relatives can be boring'. This ambiguity is said to be structural because such a

phrase can be represented in two structurally different ways .

It is not always clear when we have a case of structural ambiguity. Consider,

for example, the elliptical sentence, 'Perot knows a richer man than Trump'. It has two

meanings, that Perot knows a man who is richer than Trump and that Perot knows man

who is richer than any man Trump knows, and is therefore ambiguous. But what about

the sentence 'John loves his mother and so does Bill'? It can be used to say either that

John loves John's mother and Bill loves Bill's mother or

that John loves John's mother and Bill loves John's mother.

But is it really ambiguous? One might argue that the clause 'so does Bill' is

unambiguous and may be read unequivocally as saying in the context that Bill does the

same thing that John does, and although there are two different possibilities for what

counts as doing the same thing, these alternatives are not fixed semantically. Hence the

ambiguity is merely apparent and better described as semantic under determination.

CClleeaarr EExxaammpplleess ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ::

AAnnyy sseenntteennccee wwii tthh ttwwoo oorr mmoorree ssttrruuccttuurraall rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss iiss ssaaiidd ttoo bbee

ssyynnttaaccttiiccaall llyy oorr iinn ssoommee wwaayy aammbbiigguuoouuss.. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy,, hhaavviinngg mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg,,

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mmaayy bbee aa rreessuull tt ooff ssyynnttaaxx oorr ooff sseemmaannttiiccss..

SSeemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy ddeeppeennddss oonn tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff aa wwoorrdd oorr wwoorrddss wwhhiicchh

tthheemmsseellvveess ccaann bbee mmiissiinntteerrpprreetteedd..

SSyynnttaaccttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy mmeeaannss tthhaatt tthhee ggrraammmmaattiiccaall ccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn ooff tthhee pphhrraassee oorr

sseenntteennccee bbrriinnggss aabboouutt tthhee mmiissiinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn -- tthhee wwoorrdd oorrddeerr oorr tthhee ffaacctt tthhaatt aa wwoorrdd

ccoouulldd bbee eeii tthheerr aa nnoouunn oorr aa vveerrbb

AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy In spoken language

a) I promise I'll give you a ring tomorrow.

Although uncommon in American dialects, "giving someone a ring" can

simply mean calling them on the telephone. But, obviously, the above sentence can also

mean giving someone a piece of jewelry worn on the finger. The statement is, therefore,

ambiguous.

bb)) I know a man with a dog who has fleas

it is unclear - ambiguous - whether it is the man or the dog who has fleas. It is

the syntax not the meaning of the words which is unclear.

TToo ccllaarrii ffyy tthhee mmeeaanniinngg oorr mmeeaanniinnggss ooff aann aammbbiigguuoouuss sseenntteennccee wwee ccaann gglloossss

tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ((eexxpprreessss ii tt iinn aa ddii ff ffeerreenntt ffoorrmm ooff wwoorrddss)) oorr uussee ggrraammmmaattiiccaall tteerrmmiinnoollooggyy ttoo

eexxppllaaiinn tthhee ffuunnccttiioonnss ooff tthhee wwoorrddss aanndd tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee sseenntteennccee..

cc)) "Mine Exploded"

the gloss could be either "the object belonging to me exploded" or "the

explosive device exploded".

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Grammatically we can say that the first meaning has a structure of first person

possessive pronoun + verb while the second meaning is noun + verb.

AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy In written and read language

The term ambiguity can be defined as a statement that contains two or more

meanings, or a statement that is unclear. One may think that ambiguity in writing would

be a bad thing, but it really depends on the subject matter. Ambiguity can be used as a

literary device to effectively strengthen your writing in several ways.

Ambiguity is a great way to open a story, as well. By offering a confusing

statement, or one that seems to contradict itself, the writer can draw the reader in by

creating interest or mystery. Often the ambiguity will be cleared by the end of the piece

of writing, but it is the initial confusion that can create conflict or interest.

An example of ambiguity in the opening of a piece of writing is one of the

most famous first lines of any novel, "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens: "It

was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age

of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the

season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the

winter of despair."

These contradictory statements create a sense of ambiguity which draws the

reader into the story.

In writing, being concise and clear is key to conveying meaning to the reader,

but using ambiguity effectively can be used to strengthen a piece of writing.

Or in newspaper headlines below

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FREE WALES

from whom?

FREE WALES

with every five gallons

WET PAINT

this is not an instruction

BILL STICKERS WILL BE PROSECUTED

Bill Stickers is innocent

Or as in the eve of George Bush's visit to the UK in November 2003 Ceefax posted

the following headline:

GIANT POLICE EXERCISE TO GUARD BUSH

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Practical Part

AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff tthhee TTrraannssllaatteedd sseenntteenncceess ::

11)) SSTT :: PPoolliiccee ssqquuaadd hheellpp ddoogg bbiittee vviiccttiimm ..

SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss

�ي ا��$=���77�ت ��� ا�@�����ت ��� ا�@�� .��ي ا��$=� ا�-�� ا��� و��. �� .� ((aa . . � ا�-�� ا��� و��. �

�ت ��� ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ����ت ��� ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ��� . . bb))

�� ((cc . . ز"�ة "E ا�@��7 و ����5�ة ا��$= �����Dط ا�-�� ز"�ة "E ا�@��7 و ����5�ة ا��$= �����Dط ا�-

��5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا�Gي ��-+� ا��$= ���5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا�Gي ��-+� ا��$= �.. dd))

((G� . . eeي �-� ا��$= �Gي �-� ا��$= ���5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا���5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا

I+ا��� �$� J/Dا� ��ت ا��Kب ا�@��7 ��� I+ا��� �$� J/Dا� ��ت ا��Kب ا�@��7 ��� . . ff)) � ا��$= ا�@�M�� �7"�5ك �����9م ���� ا��$= ا�@�M�� �7"�5ك �����9م ��� . . gg))

CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::

TThhiiss ssttaatteemmeenntt iinncclluuddeess ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy .. II tt mmaayy bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd aass

N�� ���� N�� � ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ���

wwhhiicchh iiss ssiimmii llaarr ttoo tthhee SSttuuddeenntt''ss ttrraannssllaattiioonn iinn ((aa)) ,, ((bb)) ,, ((dd)) ,, ((ee)) …… ffuurrtthheerrmmoorree ,,

ssttuuddeennttss ((cc)) ,, ((ff )) aanndd ((gg)) aarreenn''tt aaddeeqquuaattee ..

========================================================================================================================================

22)) SSTT :: TThhee mmaann ssaaww tthhee bbooyy wwiitthh bbiinnooccuullaarrss .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

((aaرأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا��9+� رأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا��9+�

�Qر���� � �Qرا��H& رأى ا������� � ((bbا��H& رأى ا���

�Qر���� &Hا�� � �Qررأى ا������� &Hا�� � ((ccرأى ا���

�Qرا" &�� �Qرارأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي �" &�� ((ddرأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي �

�R� ((eeا��H& رأى ا���� و "�� ا�� �R�ا��H& رأى ا���� و "�� ا��

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1717

�+9���� � ((ffا��H& رأى ا���� ����9+�ا��H& رأى ا���

((Hgg& ا�4,& ��% ا�� �QرH& ا�4,& ��% ا�� �Qر>�ه� ا��>�ه� ا��

CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::

TThhiiss sseenntteennccee iinnddiiccaatteess ssttrruuccttuurree aammbbiigguuii ttyy ,, ii tt hhaass ttwwoo mmeeaanniinnggss ;; ff ii rrssttllyy

WWhhiicchh iiss ssiimmii llaarr ttoo ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonn ((aa)),, ((dd)),, ((ee)) aanndd ((gg))

رأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا���Dاب رأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا���Dاب

sseeccoonnddllyy ;; ii tt ccaann bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd aass

�Qر ���� � �Qر رأي ا��H& ا������� � رأي ا��H& ا���

AAnndd tthhaatt iiss ssiimmii llaarr ttoo ttrraannssllaattiioonn ((bb)) ..

33)) SSTT:: TThhee ppoolliiccee wweerree oorrddeerreedd ttoo ssttoopp ddrriinnkkiinngg aafftteerr mmiiddnniigghhtt ..

SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

�'S ا�$&" � �'S ا�$&7$/. >��7 و�S أ و ا6"� �ع �E ا�@�ب ��" � ((7aa$/. >��7 و�S أ و ا6"� �ع �E ا�@�ب �� �'S ا�$&ا�@��7 أ"�ت ������E� S ا�@�ب ��ا�@��7 أ"�ت ������E� S ا�@�ب ��" � �'S ا�$&" �bb))

�S ا�$&" � �S ا�$&أ"�ت ا�@�E� S������ �7 ا��5� ��" � ((ccأ"�ت ا�@�E� S������ �7 ا��5� �� �'S ا�$& " � �'S ا�$&أ"�ت ا�@�E� S���� �7 ا�@�اب ا����5 ��" � ((ddأ"�ت ا�@�E� S���� �7 ا�@�اب ا����5 ��

�'S ا�$&" � �'S ا�$&�V. ا����"� أن ����S ا�@�ب ��" ��V. ا����"� أن ����S ا�@�ب ��ee)) �'S ا�$&" ��رت ا�@��7 أ"� ���S ا�@�ب ��W&أا�$ S'� " ��رت ا�@��7 أ"� ���S ا�@�ب ��Wأff))

CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: HHeerree tthheerree iiss ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy iinn tthhee sseenntteennccee eeii tthheerr ii tt mmeeaann

�'S ا�$& ا�@��7ا�@��7" � �'S ا�$& أ"�ت ������E� S >�ب ا����5ات ��" � ..أ"�ت ������E� S >�ب ا����5ات ��OOrr

�'S ا�$& " � �'S ا�$& �ض �$� ا�@��7 ا6"� �ع �E ا�5�Yء ا����ل ��" ��ض �$� ا�@��7 ا6"� �ع �E ا�5�Yء ا����ل ��.. MMoosstt ooff tthhee ttrraannssllaatteedd ssttaatteemmeennttss wweerree mmeeaanntt ttoo bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd aass tthhee ff ii rrsstt oonnee .. tthhee

sseeccoonndd ppoossssiibbllee ttrraannssllaatteedd ccaann oonnllyy bbee aann ooppttiioonn ii ff ii tt wwaass ppaassssiivvee .. ========================================================================================================================================

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44)) SSTT ::TThheeyy aarree hhuunnttiinngg ddooggss SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

((aaه]6ء �'�4دون ا��Kبه]6ء �'�4دون ا��Kب ((�bb'�4دون ا��Kب�'�4دون ا��Kب ((�D�cc"�ن �'� ا��Kب��D"�ن �'� ا��Kب

4� I+(4إ� I+(بإKب�ردون ا��Kردون ا���dd)) 4�)� ا��KبWا �Dب�Kا�� �(�4Wا �D�ee)) ((�ff'�4دوا ا��Kب�'�4دوا ا��Kب� ((D���gg/�ن ا��Kب ا��\''� �$'����D/�ن ا��Kب ا��\''� �$'

CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: AAnndd hheerree iiss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy aanndd ii tt ccaann ttrraannssllaattee aass

� OOrr أ)+I �'�4دون ا��Kب أ)+I �'�4دون ا��Kب W بKه]6ء آ�W بKه]6ء آ MMoosstt ooff tthhee ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaatteedd tthhiiss oonnee aass tthhee ff ii rrsstt ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, eexxcceepptt tthhee llaasstt oonnee

wwhhiicchh iiss iinnccoorrrreecctt..

55)) SSTT :: TThhee cchhiicckkeenn iiss rreeaaddyy ttoo eeaatt .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

((aaا���Hج �Hه�ا���Hج �Hه� ((bbا���H �H�Hه�ة �^آ&ا���H �H�Hه�ة �^آ& ((ccا���Hج �Hه� �^آ&ا���Hج �Hه� �^آ& dd ((ا���Hج �Hه� �$4+�ا���Hج �Hه� �4$+�

CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::

TThhiiss ssttaatteemmeenntt ccoonnttaaiinn aa sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy .. ii tt mmoorree aaddeeqquuaattee ttoo ttrraannssllaatteedd aass ..ا���Hج "��5� �^آ& ا���Hج "��5� �^آ&

AAll ll ooff tthhee ttrraannssllaatteedd sseenntteenncceess ttrraannssllaattee tthhiiss oonnee aass ppaassssiivvee wwhheerreeaass iinn ccoommmmoonn ppaassssiivvee ffoorrmm ii tt bbee '''' tthhee cchhiicckkeenn iiss rreeaaddyy ttoo bbee eeaatteenn '''' .. bbuutt tthhoossee ttrraannssllaattiioonn ccoouulldd bbee ccoorrrreecctt ttoooo

ii ff ii tt wwaass ppaassssiivvee .. ========================================================================================================

66)) SSTT:: WWhhiillee tthhee mmaann wwaass hhuunnttiinngg tthhee ddeeaarr rraann tthhrroouugghh tthhee ffoorreesstt .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

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((aaأ��ع ا�`�ال )�� ا�`��� ، � �� ا��H& آ�ن �'�4دأ��ع ا�`�ال )�� ا�`��� ، � �� ا��H& آ�ن �'�4د �� ا��H& �'�4د ا�`�ال � إ�� ا�`���� �� ا��H& �'�4د ا�`�ال � إ�� ا�`����bb)) �"� آ�ن ا��H& �'�4د �"� آ�ن ا��H& �'�4دا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� � ((ccا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� � �� ا��H& ��4رد ا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� � �� ا��H& ��4رد ا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� �dd))

CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: TThhiiss oonnee iiss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy ii tt mmaayybbee uunnddeerrssttoooodd bbyy ttwwoo ddii ff ffeerreenntt mmeeaanniinnggss oonnee iiss

��ول ا4W�د% � &Hا�� �� ��ول ا4W�د% ه�ع ا�`�ال إ�� ا�`��� �� &Hا�� �� ..ه�ع ا�`�ال إ�� ا�`��� �AAnndd tthhee ootthheerr mmeeaanniinngg iiss

..أ��ع ا��H& إ�� ا�`��� � �� آ�ن �'�4د ا�`�ال أ��ع ا��H& إ�� ا�`��� � �� آ�ن �'�4د ا�`�ال TTrraannssllaattiioonn ((aa)) ,,((cc)) aarree ssiimmii llaarr ttoo tthhee ff ii rrsstt aaddeeqquuaattee ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, wwhheerreeaass tthhee ootthheerr ttwwoo

ttrraannssllaattiioonn bbyy tthhee ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaatteedd ll ii tteerraall llyy wwii tthhoouutt ssoollvviinngg tthhee aammbbiigguuii ttyy .. ========================================================================================================================================

77)) SSTT:: AA ssaaiilloorr wwaass ddaanncciinngg wwiitthh aa wwooooddeenn lleegg SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

�/@a ر ���; ��5ق�� ((aaآ�ن ا�/��ر ���; ��5ق a@/� آ�ن ا�/

((bbا�/��ر آ�ن ���; ����5 ا�\@/�ا�/��ر آ�ن ���; ����5 ا�\@/��/@a ر ��5ق�� ((ccر�; ا�/��ر ��5ق a@/�ر�; ا�/ ((ddا�/��ر ���= ����c ا#>�9را�/��ر ���= ����c ا#>�9ر

�'�� ;��� &Hا���'�� ;��� &Hا�� �/@a�/@aee)) ((ffا�/��ر ذو ا��H& ا�\@/� ���;ا�/��ر ذو ا��H& ا�\@/� ���;

CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: TThhiiss ssttaatteemmeenntt hhaavvee ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy ssoo ii tt uunnddeerrssttoooodd iinn mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg

FFiiآ�ن ا�/��ر ���; ����5 ا�\@/� آ�ن ا�/��ر ���; ����5 ا�\@/� rrsstt mmeeaanniinngg ccoouulldd bbee .. AAnndd tthhee ootthheerr ppoossssiibbllee mmeeaanniinngg iiss

..� /@a�� a@/�ر�; ا�/��ر K"�Y د��"ر�; ا�/��ر K"�Y د��"BBuutt aall ll ooff tthhee ssttuuddeenntt ttrraannssllaatteedd ii tt aass tthhee ff ii rrsstt aarree eexxcceepptt ssttuuddeenntt ((ee)) wwhhoo ttrraannssllaatteedd ii tt aass

tthhee sseeccoonndd oonnee .. ======================================================================================================================================

88)) SSTT ::TThhee ccrriimmiinnaall eexxppeerriieenncceedd aa sseeiizzuurree.. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

((aaا��Yف ا���9م ا��6Kءا��Yف ا���9م ا��6Kء

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� ا��6Kء �/a ءا���9مK��6ا � �/a ا���9مbb)) ((ccا���9م ���� a/�ة � ا��6Kءا���9م ���� a/�ة � ا��6Kء ((ddا��9)� �� ����9 ا��6Kءا��9)� �� ����9 ا��6Kء ((9Yee� ا���9ب ا�HMا"�9Y� ا���9ب ا�HMا"� ((d/Vff ا���9م ا�\/�d/V ا���9م ا�\/�

CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::

HHeerree ii tt''ss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy aanndd aallssoo hhaavvee ttwwoo ppoossssiibbllee mmeeaanniinnggss ,, oonnee (��(��ee �V�" ���( E" ا���9م �V�" ���( E" ا���9م..

OOrr ..�I ا�9�Yز ا���9م �I ا�9�Yز ا���9م

====================================================================================================================================

99)) SSTT:: TThhee ggiirrll hhiitt tthhee bbooyy wwiitthh aa bbooookk SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

((��Vaa. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب ��V. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب

((��Vbb. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب��V. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب ((cc-�ب ا�/ . ا���� ������ب-�ب ا�/ . ا���� ������ب��

((Y�Hdd. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب Y�H. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب

CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: TThhiiss sseenntteennccee iinncclluuddeess ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy wwhheerreeaass tthhee ff ii rrsstt ppoossssiibbllee mmeeaanniinngg iiss

.. ��V. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب��V. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب AAss ii tt ttrraannssllaatteedd ccoorrrreeccttllyy bbyy tthhee ssttuuddeenntt ((bb)) ,, aanndd tthhee ootthheerr mmeeaanniinngg aass tthhee rreesstt ooff ssttuuddeenntt

ttrraannssllaattee ii tt ��V. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب��V. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب

============================================================================================================================

1100)) SSTT :: WWee ssaaww TThhee EEiiffffeell TToowweerr ffllyyiinngg ffrroomm LLoonnddoonn ttoo PPaarriiss .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::

� E" E�� رأ� � ��ج إ�,& "�5� E" E���ن إ�� ��ر�!�ن إ�� ��ر�!رأ� � ��ج إ�,& "�5aa))

�ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" &,ج إ��� � �ن إ�� ��ر�!رأ� � E" &,ج إ��� � ((bbرأ��ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" � D$Y �"� �ن إ�� ��ر�!رأ� � ��ج إ�,& � � E" � D$Y �"� ((ccرأ� � ��ج إ�,& �

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�ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" &,ج إ��� �$� � �ن إ�� ��ر�! رأ� � E" &,ج إ��� �$� � ((ddرأ�

CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: IInn hheerree ii ttss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy ff ii rrsstt mmeeaanniinngg iiss

�ن إ�� ��ر�! رأ� � E" ة�� ا��c�4ة ا���5 E�( �� �ن إ�� ��ر�! رأ�و� � E" ة�� ا��c�4ة ا���5 E�( �� � ��ج إ�,& � ��ج إ�,& و�.. OOrr

�ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" �+H��" &,ة ��ج إ��c�7 � � رأ�D� !ن إ�� ��ر�� � E" �+H��" &,ة ��ج إ��c�7 � � رأ�D�.. AAnndd mmoosstt ooff ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonn eeaatt ttoo bbee tthhee ff ii rrsstt ttrraannssllaattiioonn ..

======================================================================================================================================== SSTT sseenntteenncceess ttaakkeenn ff rroomm :: hhttttpp::////eenn..wwiikkiippeeddiiaa..oorrgg//wwiikkii //LLiisstt__ooff__ll iinngguuiissttiicc__eexxaammppllee__sseenntteenncceess

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2222

CCCCCCCCoooooooonnnnnnnncccccccclllllllluuuuuuuussssssssiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn

AAss ii tt hhaass bbeeeenn ssttaarrtteedd iinn tthhiiss ppaappeerr ,, tthhee ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn aass ii tt iiss

tthhee ccoommpprreehheennssiioonn ooff tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff aa tteexxtt aanndd tthhee ssuubbsseeqquueenntt pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff aann

eeqquuiivvaalleenntt tteexxtt,, tthhaatt ccoommmmuunniiccaatteess tthhee ssaammee mmeessssaaggee iinn aannootthheerr llaanngguuaaggee ..

FFooll lloowwss tthhaatt tthhee ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy tteerrmm aass aa wwoorrdd,, pphhrraassee,, oorr

sseenntteennccee bbeeccoommeess aammbbiigguuoouuss ii ff ii tt hhaass mmoorree tthhaann oonnee ddii rreecctt mmeeaanniinngg iinn tthhee ccoonntteexxtt..

TThhiiss ppaappeerr sshheedd tthhee ll iigghhtt oonn tthhee ccaauusseess aanndd wwhhaatt aarree tthhee mmaaiinn ffaaccttoorrss bbeehhiinndd

ccrreeaattiinngg aammbbiigguuii ttyy iinn aa tteexxtt .. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann bbee aattttrriibbuutteedd ttoo Phonological ,

Lexical and Syntactical factors .. LLeexxiiccaall ttyyppee wwhheenn tthhee aammbbiigguuii ttyy iiss iinn nnoonn--

cchhoooossiinngg tthhee mmoorree aaddeeqquuaattee wwoorrdd.. AAnndd ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy wwhheenn ii tt iiss ddeeaallss wwii tthh

tthhee ssyynnttaaxx ooff tthhee ssttaatteemmeenntt ((ssttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee sseenntteennccee )).. FFiinnaall llyy,, tthhiiss ppaappeerr ggiivveess

cclleeaarr eexxaammpplleess ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy iinn ddii ff ffeerreenntt llaanngguuaaggee uussaaggee ..

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-- GGeennttzzlleerr ,, ((11999933)) ,, 114444..

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The Polish Review , Vol , xxvIII , no.2, ,pp.84-87 .

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press: Vancouver.

- Snell-Hornby , M.(2006) . The Turns of Translation Studies : New Paradigms

or Shifting View Points ? Philadelphia : John Benjamins , p.133

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Biographs of Pioneers , Amsterdam : John Benjamins

- Ambiguity and Rationality , Jonathan Baron .15 of February , journal of

Behavioral Decision Marking , http://www.interscience.wiley.com/maintenance.html

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- Interview with Peter Newmark , Pioneering Theovetion in Scientific

Translation , David Shea . www.medtrad.orglpanacea.html

- Kent Bach , Rowledge Encyclopedia of philosophy entry.26.Nov.2009

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- Ambiguous Grammar www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1868.php.