some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff GGaarryyoouunniiss FFaaccuullttyy ooff AArrtt
EEnngglliisshh DDeeppaarrttmmeenntt TTrraannssllaattiioonn SSeeccttiioonn
SSSSSSSSoooooooommmmmmmmeeeeeeee PPPPPPPPrrrrrrrroooooooobbbbbbbblllllllleeeeeeeemmmmmmmmssssssss OOOOOOOOffffffff AAAAAAAAmmmmmmmmbbbbbbbbiiiiiiiigggggggguuuuuuuuiiiiiiiittttttttyyyyyyyy IIIIIIIInnnnnnnn TTTTTTTTrrrrrrrraaaaaaaannnnnnnnssssssssllllllllaaaaaaaattttttttiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn ::::::::WWWWWWWWiiiiiiiitttttttthhhhhhhh RRRRRRRReeeeeeeeffffffffeeeeeeeerrrrrrrreeeeeeeennnnnnnncccccccceeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo EEEEEEEEnnnnnnnngggggggglllllllliiiiiiiisssssssshhhhhhhh ––––––––AAAAAAAArrrrrrrraaaaaaaabbbbbbbbiiiiiiiicccccccc
BBBBBBBByyyyyyyy ::::::::
SSuunnddooss IIssmmaaiill AALL--sshheerrkkaassyy 4455332244
&&&&&&&& IIssttaabbrraaqq IIssmmaaiill AALL--sshheerrkkaassyy 4455330099
SSSSSSSSuuuuuuuuppppppppeeeeeeeerrrrrrrrvvvvvvvviiiiiiiissssssssoooooooorrrrrrrr :::::::: DDrr.. RRaammaaddaann AALL--MMjjrraabb
AAccaaddeemmiicc yyeeaarr 22000099--22001100
![Page 2: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
22
TThhaannkk YYoouu
FFFFFFFFoooooooorrrrrrrr aaaaaaaallllllllllllllll tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee tttttttthhhhhhhhiiiiiiiinnnnnnnnggggggggssssssss wwwwwwwweeeeeeee hhhhhhhhaaaaaaaavvvvvvvveeeeeeee ddddddddoooooooonnnnnnnneeeeeeee …………………………………………........
FFFFFFFFoooooooorrrrrrrr aaaaaaaallllllllllllllll ssssssssuuuuuuuucccccccccccccccceeeeeeeessssssssssssssss wwwwwwwweeeeeeee ggggggggeeeeeeeetttttttt tttttttthhhhhhhhrrrrrrrroooooooouuuuuuuugggggggghhhhhhhh ……………………................ FFFFFFFFoooooooorrrrrrrr tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee hhhhhhhhaaaaaaaarrrrrrrrdddddddd aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd ggggggggoooooooooooooooodddddddd ttttttttiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmeeeeeeeessssssss ……………………
TTTTTTTThhhhhhhheeeeeeeerrrrrrrreeeeeeee''''''''ssssssss aaaaaaaallllllllwwwwwwwwaaaaaaaayyyyyyyyssssssss oooooooonnnnnnnneeeeeeee hhhhhhhheeeeeeeellllllllppppppppiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg uuuuuuuussssssss iiiiiiiinnnnnnnn ttttttttrrrrrrrruuuuuuuueeeeeeee …………………… NNNNNNNNoooooooowwwwwwww iiiiiiiitttttttt''''''''ssssssss oooooooouuuuuuuurrrrrrrr ttttttttiiiiiiiimmmmmmmmeeeeeeee ttttttttoooooooo ssssssssppppppppeeeeeeeeaaaaaaaakkkkkkkk ................ttttttttoooooooo wwwwwwwwrrrrrrrriiiiiiiitttttttteeeeeeee ................
……………………TTTTTTTToooooooo tttttttthhhhhhhhaaaaaaaannnnnnnnkkkkkkkk tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee oooooooonnnnnnnneeeeeeee wwwwwwwwhhhhhhhhoooooooo hhhhhhhheeeeeeeellllllllppppppppiiiiiiiinnnnnnnngggggggg uuuuuuuussssssss iiiiiiiinnnnnnnnddddddddeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeedddddddd ……………………OOOOOOOO ,,,,,,,, AAAAAAAAllllllllllllllllaaaaaaaahhhhhhhh nnnnnnnnoooooooo mmmmmmmmaaaaaaaatttttttttttttttteeeeeeeerrrrrrrr wwwwwwwwhhhhhhhhaaaaaaaatttttttt wwwwwwwweeeeeeee tttttttteeeeeeeellllllllllllllll
WWWWWWWWeeeeeeee nnnnnnnneeeeeeeevvvvvvvveeeeeeeerrrrrrrr ccccccccoooooooouuuuuuuulllllllldddddddd iiiiiiiimmmmmmmmaaaaaaaaggggggggiiiiiiiinnnnnnnneeeeeeee hhhhhhhhoooooooowwwwwwww tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee lllllllliiiiiiiiffffffffeeeeeeee bbbbbbbbeeeeeeee
wwwwwwwwiiiiiiiitttttttthhhhhhhhoooooooouuuuuuuutttttttt yyyyyyyyoooooooouuuuuuuu …………………… WWWWWWWWeeeeeeee ssssssssaaaaaaaayyyyyyyy oooooooouuuuuuuurrrrrrrr ggggggggrrrrrrrraaaaaaaatttttttteeeeeeeeffffffffuuuuuuuullllllll aaaaaaaannnnnnnndddddddd tttttttthhhhhhhhaaaaaaaannnnnnnnkkkkkkkkssssssss
TTTTTTTToooooooo tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee oooooooonnnnnnnnllllllllyyyyyyyy GGGGGGGGoooooooodddddddd iiiiiiiinnnnnnnn tttttttthhhhhhhheeeeeeee uuuuuuuunnnnnnnniiiiiiiivvvvvvvveeeeeeeerrrrrrrrsssssssseeeeeeee AAAAAAAAllllllllllllllllaaaaaaaahhhhhhhh ……………………................
![Page 3: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
33
IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn
TTrraannssllaattiioonn iiss tthhee ccoommpprreehheennssiioonn ooff tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff aa tteexxtt aanndd tthhee ssuubbsseeqquueenntt
pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff aann eeqquuiivvaalleenntt tteexxtt,, tthhaatt ccoommmmuunniiccaatteess tthhee ssaammee mmeessssaaggee iinn aannootthheerr
llaanngguuaaggee..
TThhee tteexxtt ttoo bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd iiss ccaall lleedd tthhee ssoouurrccee tteexxtt,, aanndd tthhee llaanngguuaaggee tthhaatt ii tt iiss ttoo
bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd iinnttoo iiss ccaall lleedd tthhee ttaarrggeett llaanngguuaaggee;; tthhee ff iinnaall pprroodduucctt iiss ssoommeettiimmeess ccaall lleedd tthhee
ttaarrggeett tteexxtt ,,tthheerree aarree sseevveerraall uusseeffuull ddeeff iinnii ttiioonnss ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, bbuutt pprroobbaabbllyy tthhee mmoosstt
wwoorrkkaabbllee oonnee iiss tthhee ffooll lloowwiinngg :: TTrraannssllaattiioonn iiss rreeppllaacciinngg aa tteexxtt iinn oonnee llaanngguuaaggee bbyy
aannootthheerr tteexxtt iinn aannootthheerr llaanngguuaaggee .. FFii rrssttllyy ,, ii tt iiss bbaasseedd oonn tteexxtt--ttrraannssllaattiioonn .. SSeeccoonnddllyy ,, tthhee
ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn iinnvvoollvveess ttwwoo llaanngguuaaggeess ,, wwhhiicchh iiss ttrraannssllaattiioonn pprrooppeerr .. RReeppllaacciinngg aa tteexxtt bbyy
aannootthheerr tteexxtt iinn tthhee ssaammee llaanngguuaaggee iiss ooff tteenn tteerrmmeedd rreewwoorrddiinngg oorr iinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn ..
TTrraannssllaattiioonn pprrooppeerr iiss aallwwaayyss bbeettwweeeenn ttwwoo llaanngguuaaggeess .. AA tteexxtt mmaayy aappppeeaarr iinn sseevveerraall
llaanngguuaaggeess bbuutt bbaassiiccaall llyy eevveerryy ttiimmee tthhee pprroocceessss ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn iiss pprraaccttiicceedd ii tt ttaakkeess ppllaaccee
bbeettwweeeenn ttwwoo llaanngguuaaggeess oonnllyy aallssoo ttrraannssllaattiioonn ddeeff iinneedd aass ;; ii tt iiss aann iinntteell lleeccttuuaall aanndd
iinnttuuii ttiivvee ooppeerraattiioonn wwhhiicchh rreeqquuii rreess tthhee ttrraannssllaattoorr ttoo ddeeccooddee tthhee mmeeaanniinngg bbeeffoorree rree--
eennccooddiinngg ii tt iinn aannootthheerr ffoorrmm.. II tt ddeeppeennddss aass mmuucchh oonn ttrraannssllaattoorr uunnddeerrssttaannddiinngg aanndd
jjuuddggmmeenntt ooff tthhee ssoouurrccee llaanngguuaaggee tteexxtt aass iinn tthhee ttaarrggeett llaanngguuaaggee tteexxtt.. TTrraannssllaattiioonn
pprroodduucceess aa rreessuull tt,, aa nneeww tteexxtt,, wwhhiicchh sshhoouulldd bbee aabbllee ttoo ssttaanndd iinnddeeppeennddeennttllyy ooff tthhee ssoouurrccee
tteexxtt wwhhiicchh ggeenneerraatteedd ii tt,, TThhaatt ttrraannssllaattiioonn aass aann eexxcciissee ((IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn ttoo TTrraannssllaattiioonn ::
22000044)) .. AAnndd ttrraannssllaattiioonn ffoorr PPeetteerr NNeewwmmaarrkk iiss ::
““ ttrraannssllaattiioonn iiss nnoott mmeerreellyy aa dduuaall iissttiicc pprroocceessss.. II tt hhaass ttoo ttaakkee aaccccoouunntt ooff ff iivvee
mmeeddiiaall ffaaccttoorrss:: eetthhiiccss,, rreeaall ii ttyy,, llooggiicc,, ‘‘ ppuurree llaanngguuaaggee’’ aanndd aaeesstthheettiiccss ,, ooff wwhhiicchh oonnllyy aaeess--
tthheettiiccss iiss nnoott eexxcclluussiivveellyy uunniivveerrssaall ""
![Page 4: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
44
AAnndd aa tteexxtt iiss aa ll iinngguuiissttiicc uunnii tt wwhhiicchh iiss hhiigghheerr tthhaann aa sseenntteennccee ,, aanndd ccoonnssiissttss ooff
oonnee sseenntteennccee oorr mmoorree .. II tt iiss hhiigghhllyy ddeeppeennddeenntt oonn tthhee ccoonntteexxtt ,, aanndd mmaayybbee oorraall oorr wwrrii tttteenn..
MMoorreeoovveerr ssoommee ooff tthhee mmooddeerrnn tthheeoorriieess ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, nnaammeellyy ddeeccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn ,, hhaavvee
rreejjeecctteedd tthhee iiddeeaa ooff eeqquuiivvaalleennccee bbeettwweeeenn tthhee ssoouurrccee tteexxtt aanndd tthhee ttaarrggeett tteexxtt ((GGeennttzzlleerr ,,
11999933 ,, 114444 )) ..
EEqquuiivvaalleennccee iiss ccoonnssiiddeerreedd eesssseennttiiaall ffoorr ttrraannssllaattiioonn.. FFoorr aa tteexxtt ttoo bbee
ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aa ttrraannssllaattiioonn ooff aannootthheerr ii tt mmuusstt bbee eeqquuiivvaalleenntt iinn oonnee wwaayy oorr aannootthheerr ttoo tthhee
oorriiggiinnaall ;; ootthheerrwwiissee ii tt nnoott qquuaall ii ffyy aass ttrraannssllaatteedd tteexxtt .. TThhee mmoosstt ccoommmmoonn ,, bbuutt nnoott tthhee
oonnllyy,, bbaassiiss ffoorr eeqquuiivvaalleennccee iiss mmeeaanniinngg.. TThhee ttrraannssllaatteedd tteexxtt iiss ssaaiidd ttoo bbee eeqquuiivvaalleenntt ttoo tthhee
ssoouurrccee tteexxtt iinn mmeeaanniinngg .. TThhiiss iimmppll iieess tthhaatt tthhee pprrooppoossii ttiioonn tthhaatt tthheeyy eexxpprreessss iiss ii tt ssaammee ....
AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann bbee ddeeff iinneedd aass aa wwoorrdd,, pphhrraassee,, oorr sseenntteennccee iiss aammbbiigguuoouuss ii ff ii tt
hhaass mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg.. TThhee wwoorrdd ''ll iigghhtt'',, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,, ccaann mmeeaann nnoott vveerryy hheeaavvyy oorr
nnoott vveerryy ddaarrkk.. TThhee nnoottiioonn ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy hhaass pphhii lloossoopphhiiccaall aappppll iiccaattiioonnss..
FFoorr eexxaammppllee,, iiddeennttii ffyyiinngg aann aammbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann aaiidd iinn ssoollvviinngg aa pphhii lloossoopphhiiccaall
pprroobblleemm.. SSuuppppoossee oonnee wwoonnddeerrss hhooww ttwwoo ppeeooppllee ccaann hhaavvee tthhee ssaammee iiddeeaa,, ssaayy ooff aa
uunniiccoorrnn.. TThhiiss ccaann sseeeemm ppuuzzzzll iinngg uunnttii ll oonnee ddiissttiinngguuiisshheess ''iiddeeaa'' iinn tthhee sseennssee ooff aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr
ppssyycchhoollooggiiccaall ooccccuurrrreennccee,, aa mmeennttaall rreepprreesseennttaattiioonn,, ff rroomm ''iiddeeaa'' iinn tthhee sseennssee ooff aann
aabbssttrraacctt,, sshhaarreeaabbllee ccoonncceepptt.. OOnn tthhee ootthheerr hhaanndd,, ggrraattuuii ttoouuss ccllaaiimmss ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann mmaakkee
ffoorr oovveerrllyy ssiimmppllee ssoolluuttiioonnss.. AAccccoorrddiinnggllyy,, tthhee qquueessttiioonn aarriisseess ooff hhooww ggeennuuiinnee
aammbbiigguuii ttiieess ccaann bbee ddiissttiinngguuiisshheedd ffrroomm ssppuurriioouuss oonneess.. PPaarrtt ooff tthhee aannsswweerr ccoonnssiissttss iinn
iiddeennttii ffyyiinngg pphheennoommeennaa wwii tthh wwhhiicchh aammbbiigguuii ttyy mmaayy bbee ccoonnffuusseedd,, ssuucchh aass vvaagguueenneessss,,
uunnccllaarrii ttyy,, iinneexxppll iiccii ttnneessss aanndd iinnddeexxiiccaall ii ttyy ..
AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss,, ssttrriiccttllyy ssppeeaakkiinngg,, aa pprrooppeerrttyy ooff ll iinngguuiissttiicc eexxpprreessssiioonnss..
OObbvviioouussllyy tthhiiss ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn ddooeess nnoott ssaayy wwhhaatt mmeeaanniinnggss aarree oorr wwhhaatt ii tt iiss ffoorr aann eexxpprreessssiioonn
ttoo hhaavvee oonnee ((oorr mmoorree tthhaann oonnee)).. FFoorr aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr llaanngguuaaggee,, tthhiiss iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn iiss pprroovviiddeedd
![Page 5: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
55
bbyy aa ggrraammmmaarr,, wwhhiicchh ssyysstteemmaattiiccaall llyy ppaaii rrss ffoorrmmss wwii tthh mmeeaanniinnggss,, aammbbiigguuoouuss ffoorrmmss wwii tthh
mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg ((sseeee mmeeaanniinngg aanndd sseemmaannttiiccss))..
AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iinn mmaaiinn aassppeecctt iiss tthhee pprrooppeerrttyy ooff wwoorrddss,, tteerrmmss,, nnoottaattiioonnss,,
ssiiggnnss,, ssyymmbboollss,, aanndd ccoonncceeppttss ((wwii tthhiinn aa ppaarrttiiccuullaarr ccoonntteexxtt)) aass bbeeiinngg uunnddeeff iinneedd,,
iinnddeeff iinnaabbllee,, mmuull ttii --ddeeff iinneedd,, oorr wwii tthhoouutt aann oobbvviioouuss ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn,, aanndd tthhuuss hhaavviinngg aa
mmiisslleeaaddiinngg,, oorr uunncclleeaarr,, mmeeaanniinngg.. AA wwoorrdd,, pphhrraassee,, sseenntteennccee,, oorr ootthheerr ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioonn iiss
ccaall lleedd ““ aammbbiigguuoouuss”” ii ff ii tt ccaann bbee iinntteerrpprreetteedd iinn mmoorree tthhaann oonnee wwaayy.. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss ddiissttiinncctt
ff rroomm vvaagguueenneessss,, wwhhiicchh aarriisseess wwhheenn tthhee bboouunnddaarriieess ooff mmeeaanniinngg aarree iinnddiissttiinncctt..
AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss iinn ccoonnttrraasstt wwii tthh ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn,, aanndd ttyyppiiccaall llyy rreeffeerrss ttoo aann uunncclleeaarr
cchhooiiccee bbeettwweeeenn ssttaannddaarrdd ddeeff iinnii ttiioonnss,, aass ggiivveenn bbyy aa ddiiccttiioonnaarryy,, oorr eellssee uunnddeerrssttoooodd
aass ccoommmmoonn kknnoowwlleeddggee..
II ff ooppppoosseedd ttoo ‘‘ ccllaarrii ttyy’’ ,, aammbbiigguuii ttyy wwoouulldd bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aa ffaauull tt.. MMooddeerrnniisstt
ccrrii ttiicciissmm ttuurrnneedd ii tt iinnttoo aa vvii rrttuuee,, eeqquuiivvaalleenntt rroouugghhllyy ttoo ‘‘ rriicchhnneessss’’ oorr ‘‘ wwii tt’’ .. TThhiiss rreevveerrssaall
ooff nnoorrmmaall ccoonnnnoottaattiioonnss wwaass mmaaddee ppoossssiibbllee bbyy ttwwoo ffaaccttoorrss:: II .. AA.. RRiicchhaarrddss’’ ss aarrgguummeenntt
tthhaatt wwhhaatt iiss rreeqquuii rreedd ooff sscciieennttii ff iicc llaanngguuaaggee ((ee..gg.. lluucciiddii ttyy)) iiss nnoott nneecceessssaarrii llyy ddeemmaannddeedd iinn
ppooeettrryy ((sseeee llaanngguuaaggee));; aanndd WWii ll ll iiaamm EEmmppssoonn’’ ss pprroommoottiioonn ooff tthhee ccoonncceepptt iinn SSeevveenn TTyyppeess
ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy,, ff ii rrsstt ppuubbll iisshheedd iinn 11993300.. FFooll lloowwiinngg EEmmppssoonn,, aammbbiigguuii ttyy ccaammee ttoo bbee
rreeggaarrddeedd aass aa ddeeff iinniinngg ll iinngguuiissttiicc cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff ppooeettrryy..
AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss nnoott aa ssppeeccii ff iicc ff iigguurraattiivvee ddeevviiccee wwhhiicchh mmaayy bbee cchhoosseenn aatt wwii ll ll ffoorr
ddeeccoorraattiioonn;; ii tt iiss nnoott,, ssaayyss EEmmppssoonn,, ‘‘ aa tthhiinngg ttoo bbee aatttteemmpptteedd’’ .. RRaatthheerr,, ii tt iiss aa
nnaattuurraall cchhaarraacctteerriissttiicc ooff llaanngguuaaggee wwhhiicchh bbeeccoommeess hheeiigghhtteenneedd aanndd ssiiggnnii ff iiccaanntt iinn vveerrssee..
TThhee ll iinnkk bbeettwweeeenn ccoonntteenntt aanndd ffoorrmm iiss iinnddii rreecctt aanndd aarrbbii ttrraarryy;; hheennccee ssyynnttaaccttiicc ‘‘ aacccciiddeennttss’’
mmaayy ooccccuurr,, ssyynnttaaxx rreeaall iizziinngg ttwwoo oorr mmoorree mmeeaanniinnggss iinn tthhee ssaammee ssiiggnnaall .. LLiinngguuiissttss ssaayy tthhaatt
oonnee ‘‘ ssuurrffaaccee ssttrruuccttuurree’’ mmaayy ccoonncceeaall ttwwoo oorr mmoorree ‘‘ ddeeeepp ssttrruuccttuurreess’’ ((tthhee rreevveerrssee ssii ttuuaattiioonn
iiss PPAARRAAPPHHRRAASSEE)).. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy iiss ccoommmmoonn iinn oorrddiinnaarryy llaanngguuaaggee,, bbuutt wwee ddoo nnoott nnoottiiccee ii tt
bbeeccaauussee ccoonntteexxtt uussuuaall llyy sseelleeccttss jjuusstt oonnee ooff tthhee aall tteerrnnaattiivvee mmeeaanniinnggss ((‘‘ ddiissaammbbiigguuaatteess’’ ))..
![Page 6: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
66
FFii rrsstt tthhiinngg wwee wwaanntt ttoo ttaallkk aabboouutt iiss"" tthhee ccaauusseess ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ::
TThheerree aarree pplleennttyy ooff tthhiinnggss tthhaatt lleeaaddss oorr ccaauusseess ""AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy"" eeii tthheerr iinn aa sseenntteennccee ,,
iinn wwoorrdd oorr iinn ootthheerrss hheerree aarree ssoommee ooff tthheemm ::
** UUssiinngg aa pprroonnoouunn wwii tthhoouutt mmaakkiinngg cclleeaarr wwhhoo oorr wwhhaatt tthhee rreeffeerreenntt iiss,, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,,
""TToomm ccaall lleedd hhiiss ffaatthheerr llaasstt nniigghhtt.. TThheeyy ttaallkkeedd ffoorr aann hhoouurr.. HHee ssaaiidd hhee wwoouulldd bbee hhoommee
tthhee nneexxtt ddaayy..""
II tt iiss nnoott cclleeaarr wwhheetthheerr ""HHee"" iiss rreeffeerrrriinngg ttoo TToomm oorr hhiiss ffaatthheerr..
AAnndd hheerree tthhee AArraabbiicc ttrraannssllaattoorr hhaavvee jjuusstt ttwwoo wwaayyss ttoo ttrraannssllaattee tthhee sseenntteennccee eeii tthheerr bbyy
mmaakkiinngg tthhee pprroonnoouunn ""HHee"" rreeffeerr ttoo tthhee ffaatthheerr
��ا ���ة ���� �� � ��ل ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ����ا ���ة ���� �� � ��ل ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و ��� ا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و �
oorr ttoo TToomm ....
��ا ���ة ���� و��ل����ا ���ة ���� و��لا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و���ا)� ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ا)� ����� ���د إ�� ا�� �ل � ا��م ا����� ا�'& ��م ��ا��% �$� ا#"! و�
aanndd ssuurree oonn ooff tthheemm wwii ll ll cchhaannggee tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ccoommpplleetteellyy ……..
oorr
"" II aarrrriivveedd aatt tthhee aaii rrppoorrtt aanndd ggrreeeetteedd mmyy ffaammii llyy.. TThheeyy hhaadd bbeeeenn wwaaii ttiinngg tthheerree ffoorr oovveerr aann
hhoouurr.. II tt iiss vveerryy ccoommppll iiccaatteedd..""
II tt iiss nnoott cclleeaarr wwhhaatt "" ii tt"" iiss rreeffeerrrriinngg ttoo iinn tthhee sseenntteennccee "" II tt iiss vveerryy ccoommppll iiccaatteedd.."" TThhiiss
mmuusstt bbee eexxppllaaiinneedd mmoorree cclleeaarrllyy iinn tthhee sseenntteennccee,, ffoorr eexxaammppllee,,
""RReettuurrnniinngg hhoommee ttoo sseeee mmyy ffaammii llyy iiss aallwwaayyss vveerryy ccoommppll iiccaatteedd bbeeccaauussee mmyy ppaarreennttss aarree
![Page 7: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
77
ddiivvoorrcceedd aanndd ddoo nnoott hhaavvee aa rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp wwii tthh eeaacchh ootthheerr,, bbuutt II hhaavvee aa cclloossee rreellaattiioonnsshhiipp
wwii tthh eeaacchh ooff tthheemm..""
TThheerree aarree,, ooff ccoouurrssee,, ootthheerr rreeaassoonnss ffoorr aammbbiigguuii ttyy..
1. Factors Leading to English Ambiguity
It should be admitted that many factors might lead to English ambiguity.
Modern linguists tend to believe that English ambiguity is embodied in four aspects in
terms of linguistics. i.e., phonology, lexicology, syntax and
pragmatics.
1.1 Phonological Factor
Here it refers to the juncture, one of the phonological terminologies, the
transition from one sound to another in speech.
When people speak, one phoneme glides to another one, during which
different combinations are produced, leading to different meanings. For example,
My younger brother had a / greidei /
The sentence can be heard in two different ways
(a) My younger brother had a grade A.
(b) My younger brother had a gray day.
During the communication, although the ambiguity caused by different
junctures is not easily eliminated, proper stop can be used to make clear what the
speaker wants to express.
![Page 8: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
88
1.2 Lexical Factors
(1) Polysemy
Once a word, which has more than one meaning, appears in the sentence,
ambiguity tends to happen. It is also called polysemy, which may exist in nouns,
verbs, adjectives etc., for example,
(A) I went to the bank.
bank (a) land sloping up along side of a river or canal
(b) establishment for keeping money, valuables
The Arabic translator will choose from this two :
ذه/. �-,� ا� +� ) أ
ذه/. �$�'�ف ) ب
(B) She couldn’t bear children.
Bear (a) endure (sth); tolerate; stand;
(b) give birth to.
��& ا#7,�ل 6 �4�5) ا � 8
7,�ل 6 �4�58 إ)�9ب أ) ب
The italic words in the two sentences(A), (B) mentioned
above have more than one meaning, so there is more than one way to explain
them. To figure out the exact meanings of such words, it demands
language-learners’ careful consideration of specific context. Especially, when
reading the books on literature, it requires more attention on the purpose
of the author as well as the communicational situation. Only in this way
can language-learners do a good job in disambiguation.
![Page 9: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
99
(2) Parts of Speech
If a word can be used as different parts of speech, we always call it a
multifunctional word. The sentence containing such words easily presents different
deeper structures, then causing different comprehensions, i.e.
(A) The doctor saw the Indian dance.
Indian (a) adj. “Indian” modifies “dance”
(b) n. “Indian” refers to “a specific person”
�ي )أ ا�4/= >�ه� ا���; ا�+
�ي ) ب ا�4/= >�ه� ا��ا�; ا�+
In English, present or past participles are always confused with adjectives,
verbs, which then cause ambiguity, i.e.
(B) She is calculating.
ه� ��5= ) ا
) "�آ�ة(ه� أ)�)� ) ب
Functioning as “present participle”, “calculating” means “working out by
using numbers or one’s judgment”. The sentence describes that the action is taking
place.
Functioning as “adjective”, “calculating” means “selfish, scheming, or shrewd”.
The sentence depicts characteristics of a person.
1.3 Syntactical Factor
![Page 10: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
1010
Syntactically, sentences are made up of phrases; phrases are made up of
words. Thus, there exists a kind of syntactic relation, i.e., a hierarchical relation. Such a
relation shows the inner layers of sentences. The way the words are arranged
hierarchically has an important role in determining the meaning. It is also because of
this that the ambiguity is produced. IC Analysis (Immediate Constituent Analysis)
proposed by Leonard Bloomfield can be used to reveal the hierarchical structure of a
sentence. Take the following for instance:
( old men and women)
It means “old men and old women” if we regard old as a modifier of both
men and women; or “women and old men” if we think old is a modifier of men but not
of women. The ambiguity can be captured by two different hierarchical structures.
old men and old women old men and old women
old men and woman
Old men and woman
وا��أة ب) ا�� � نر � وا��أة ����) ر
TTyyppeess ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy
Although people are sometimes said to be ambiguous in how they use
language, ambiguity is, strictly speaking, a property of linguistic expressions.
![Page 11: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
1111
A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has more than one meaning.
Obviously this definition does not say what meanings are or what it is for an expression
to have one (or more than one). For a particular language, this information is provided
by a grammar, which systematically pairs forms with meanings, ambiguous forms with
more than one meaning .
There are two types of ambiguity, lexical and structural. Lexical ambiguity is
by far the more common. Everyday examples include nouns like 'chip', 'pen' and 'suit',
verbs like 'call', 'draw' and 'run', and adjectives like 'deep', 'dry' and 'hard'. There are
various tests for ambiguity. One test is having two unrelated antonyms, as with 'hard',
which has both 'soft' and 'easy' as opposites. Another is the conjunction reduction test.
Consider the sentence, 'The tailor pressed one suit in his shop and one in the municipal
court'.
Evidence that the word 'suit' (not to mention 'press') is ambiguous is provided
by the anomaly of the 'crossed interpretation' of the sentence, on which 'suit' is used to
refer to an article of clothing and 'one' to a legal action.
The above examples of ambiguity are each a case of one word with more than
one meaning. However, it is not always clear when we have only one word. The verb
'desert' and the noun 'dessert', which sound the same but are spelled differently, count as
distinct words (they are homonyms). So do the noun 'bear' and the verb 'bear', even
though they not only sound the same but are spelled the same. These examples may be
clear cases of homonymy, but what about the noun 'respect' and the verb 'respect' or the
preposition 'over' and the adjective 'over'? Are the members of these pairs homonyms or
different forms of the same word? There is no general consensus on how to draw the
line between cases of one ambiguous word and cases of two homonymous words.
Perhaps the difference is ultimately arbitrary.
Lexical semantics has the task of identifying and characterizing such
systematic phemena. It is also concerned to explain the rich and subtle semantic
![Page 12: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
1212
behavior of common and highly flexible words like the verbs 'do' and 'put' and the
prepositions 'at', 'in' and 'to'. Each of these words has uses which are so numerous yet so
closely related that they are often described as 'polysemous' rather than ambiguous.
Structural ambiguity occurs when a phrase or sentence has more than one
underlying structure, such as the sentences 'The girl hit the boy with a book' and
'Visiting relatives can be boring'. This ambiguity is said to be structural because such a
phrase can be represented in two structurally different ways .
It is not always clear when we have a case of structural ambiguity. Consider,
for example, the elliptical sentence, 'Perot knows a richer man than Trump'. It has two
meanings, that Perot knows a man who is richer than Trump and that Perot knows man
who is richer than any man Trump knows, and is therefore ambiguous. But what about
the sentence 'John loves his mother and so does Bill'? It can be used to say either that
John loves John's mother and Bill loves Bill's mother or
that John loves John's mother and Bill loves John's mother.
But is it really ambiguous? One might argue that the clause 'so does Bill' is
unambiguous and may be read unequivocally as saying in the context that Bill does the
same thing that John does, and although there are two different possibilities for what
counts as doing the same thing, these alternatives are not fixed semantically. Hence the
ambiguity is merely apparent and better described as semantic under determination.
CClleeaarr EExxaammpplleess ooff AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ::
AAnnyy sseenntteennccee wwii tthh ttwwoo oorr mmoorree ssttrruuccttuurraall rreepprreesseennttaattiioonnss iiss ssaaiidd ttoo bbee
ssyynnttaaccttiiccaall llyy oorr iinn ssoommee wwaayy aammbbiigguuoouuss.. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy,, hhaavviinngg mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg,,
![Page 13: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1313
mmaayy bbee aa rreessuull tt ooff ssyynnttaaxx oorr ooff sseemmaannttiiccss..
SSeemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy ddeeppeennddss oonn tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff aa wwoorrdd oorr wwoorrddss wwhhiicchh
tthheemmsseellvveess ccaann bbee mmiissiinntteerrpprreetteedd..
SSyynnttaaccttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy mmeeaannss tthhaatt tthhee ggrraammmmaattiiccaall ccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn ooff tthhee pphhrraassee oorr
sseenntteennccee bbrriinnggss aabboouutt tthhee mmiissiinntteerrpprreettaattiioonn -- tthhee wwoorrdd oorrddeerr oorr tthhee ffaacctt tthhaatt aa wwoorrdd
ccoouulldd bbee eeii tthheerr aa nnoouunn oorr aa vveerrbb
AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy In spoken language
a) I promise I'll give you a ring tomorrow.
Although uncommon in American dialects, "giving someone a ring" can
simply mean calling them on the telephone. But, obviously, the above sentence can also
mean giving someone a piece of jewelry worn on the finger. The statement is, therefore,
ambiguous.
bb)) I know a man with a dog who has fleas
it is unclear - ambiguous - whether it is the man or the dog who has fleas. It is
the syntax not the meaning of the words which is unclear.
TToo ccllaarrii ffyy tthhee mmeeaanniinngg oorr mmeeaanniinnggss ooff aann aammbbiigguuoouuss sseenntteennccee wwee ccaann gglloossss
tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ((eexxpprreessss ii tt iinn aa ddii ff ffeerreenntt ffoorrmm ooff wwoorrddss)) oorr uussee ggrraammmmaattiiccaall tteerrmmiinnoollooggyy ttoo
eexxppllaaiinn tthhee ffuunnccttiioonnss ooff tthhee wwoorrddss aanndd tthhee ssttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee sseenntteennccee..
cc)) "Mine Exploded"
the gloss could be either "the object belonging to me exploded" or "the
explosive device exploded".
![Page 14: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1414
Grammatically we can say that the first meaning has a structure of first person
possessive pronoun + verb while the second meaning is noun + verb.
AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy In written and read language
The term ambiguity can be defined as a statement that contains two or more
meanings, or a statement that is unclear. One may think that ambiguity in writing would
be a bad thing, but it really depends on the subject matter. Ambiguity can be used as a
literary device to effectively strengthen your writing in several ways.
Ambiguity is a great way to open a story, as well. By offering a confusing
statement, or one that seems to contradict itself, the writer can draw the reader in by
creating interest or mystery. Often the ambiguity will be cleared by the end of the piece
of writing, but it is the initial confusion that can create conflict or interest.
An example of ambiguity in the opening of a piece of writing is one of the
most famous first lines of any novel, "A Tale of Two Cities" by Charles Dickens: "It
was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age
of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the
season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the
winter of despair."
These contradictory statements create a sense of ambiguity which draws the
reader into the story.
In writing, being concise and clear is key to conveying meaning to the reader,
but using ambiguity effectively can be used to strengthen a piece of writing.
Or in newspaper headlines below
![Page 15: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
1515
FREE WALES
from whom?
FREE WALES
with every five gallons
WET PAINT
this is not an instruction
BILL STICKERS WILL BE PROSECUTED
Bill Stickers is innocent
Or as in the eve of George Bush's visit to the UK in November 2003 Ceefax posted
the following headline:
GIANT POLICE EXERCISE TO GUARD BUSH
![Page 16: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1616
Practical Part
AAnnaallyyssiiss ooff tthhee TTrraannssllaatteedd sseenntteenncceess ::
11)) SSTT :: PPoolliiccee ssqquuaadd hheellpp ddoogg bbiittee vviiccttiimm ..
SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss
�ي ا��$=���77�ت ��� ا�@�����ت ��� ا�@�� .��ي ا��$=� ا�-�� ا��� و��. �� .� ((aa . . � ا�-�� ا��� و��. �
�ت ��� ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ����ت ��� ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ��� . . bb))
�� ((cc . . ز"�ة "E ا�@��7 و ����5�ة ا��$= �����Dط ا�-�� ز"�ة "E ا�@��7 و ����5�ة ا��$= �����Dط ا�-
��5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا�Gي ��-+� ا��$= ���5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا�Gي ��-+� ا��$= �.. dd))
((G� . . eeي �-� ا��$= �Gي �-� ا��$= ���5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا���5� ����H ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا
I+ا��� �$� J/Dا� ��ت ا��Kب ا�@��7 ��� I+ا��� �$� J/Dا� ��ت ا��Kب ا�@��7 ��� . . ff)) � ا��$= ا�@�M�� �7"�5ك �����9م ���� ا��$= ا�@�M�� �7"�5ك �����9م ��� . . gg))
CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::
TThhiiss ssttaatteemmeenntt iinncclluuddeess ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy .. II tt mmaayy bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd aass
N�� ���� N�� � ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ا�@��7 ا�-�� ا��� �-+� ا��$= ���
wwhhiicchh iiss ssiimmii llaarr ttoo tthhee SSttuuddeenntt''ss ttrraannssllaattiioonn iinn ((aa)) ,, ((bb)) ,, ((dd)) ,, ((ee)) …… ffuurrtthheerrmmoorree ,,
ssttuuddeennttss ((cc)) ,, ((ff )) aanndd ((gg)) aarreenn''tt aaddeeqquuaattee ..
========================================================================================================================================
22)) SSTT :: TThhee mmaann ssaaww tthhee bbooyy wwiitthh bbiinnooccuullaarrss .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
((aaرأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا��9+� رأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا��9+�
�Qر���� � �Qرا��H& رأى ا������� � ((bbا��H& رأى ا���
�Qر���� &Hا�� � �Qررأى ا������� &Hا�� � ((ccرأى ا���
�Qرا" &�� �Qرارأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي �" &�� ((ddرأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي �
�R� ((eeا��H& رأى ا���� و "�� ا�� �R�ا��H& رأى ا���� و "�� ا��
![Page 17: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
1717
�+9���� � ((ffا��H& رأى ا���� ����9+�ا��H& رأى ا���
((Hgg& ا�4,& ��% ا�� �QرH& ا�4,& ��% ا�� �Qر>�ه� ا��>�ه� ا��
CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::
TThhiiss sseenntteennccee iinnddiiccaatteess ssttrruuccttuurree aammbbiigguuii ttyy ,, ii tt hhaass ttwwoo mmeeaanniinnggss ;; ff ii rrssttllyy
WWhhiicchh iiss ssiimmii llaarr ttoo ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonn ((aa)),, ((dd)),, ((ee)) aanndd ((gg))
رأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا���Dاب رأى ا��H& ا���� ا�Gي ���& ا���Dاب
sseeccoonnddllyy ;; ii tt ccaann bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd aass
�Qر ���� � �Qر رأي ا��H& ا������� � رأي ا��H& ا���
AAnndd tthhaatt iiss ssiimmii llaarr ttoo ttrraannssllaattiioonn ((bb)) ..
33)) SSTT:: TThhee ppoolliiccee wweerree oorrddeerreedd ttoo ssttoopp ddrriinnkkiinngg aafftteerr mmiiddnniigghhtt ..
SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
�'S ا�$&" � �'S ا�$&7$/. >��7 و�S أ و ا6"� �ع �E ا�@�ب ��" � ((7aa$/. >��7 و�S أ و ا6"� �ع �E ا�@�ب �� �'S ا�$&ا�@��7 أ"�ت ������E� S ا�@�ب ��ا�@��7 أ"�ت ������E� S ا�@�ب ��" � �'S ا�$&" �bb))
�S ا�$&" � �S ا�$&أ"�ت ا�@�E� S������ �7 ا��5� ��" � ((ccأ"�ت ا�@�E� S������ �7 ا��5� �� �'S ا�$& " � �'S ا�$&أ"�ت ا�@�E� S���� �7 ا�@�اب ا����5 ��" � ((ddأ"�ت ا�@�E� S���� �7 ا�@�اب ا����5 ��
�'S ا�$&" � �'S ا�$&�V. ا����"� أن ����S ا�@�ب ��" ��V. ا����"� أن ����S ا�@�ب ��ee)) �'S ا�$&" ��رت ا�@��7 أ"� ���S ا�@�ب ��W&أا�$ S'� " ��رت ا�@��7 أ"� ���S ا�@�ب ��Wأff))
CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: HHeerree tthheerree iiss ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy iinn tthhee sseenntteennccee eeii tthheerr ii tt mmeeaann
�'S ا�$& ا�@��7ا�@��7" � �'S ا�$& أ"�ت ������E� S >�ب ا����5ات ��" � ..أ"�ت ������E� S >�ب ا����5ات ��OOrr
�'S ا�$& " � �'S ا�$& �ض �$� ا�@��7 ا6"� �ع �E ا�5�Yء ا����ل ��" ��ض �$� ا�@��7 ا6"� �ع �E ا�5�Yء ا����ل ��.. MMoosstt ooff tthhee ttrraannssllaatteedd ssttaatteemmeennttss wweerree mmeeaanntt ttoo bbee ttrraannssllaatteedd aass tthhee ff ii rrsstt oonnee .. tthhee
sseeccoonndd ppoossssiibbllee ttrraannssllaatteedd ccaann oonnllyy bbee aann ooppttiioonn ii ff ii tt wwaass ppaassssiivvee .. ========================================================================================================================================
![Page 18: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
1818
44)) SSTT ::TThheeyy aarree hhuunnttiinngg ddooggss SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
((aaه]6ء �'�4دون ا��Kبه]6ء �'�4دون ا��Kب ((�bb'�4دون ا��Kب�'�4دون ا��Kب ((�D�cc"�ن �'� ا��Kب��D"�ن �'� ا��Kب
4� I+(4إ� I+(بإKب�ردون ا��Kردون ا���dd)) 4�)� ا��KبWا �Dب�Kا�� �(�4Wا �D�ee)) ((�ff'�4دوا ا��Kب�'�4دوا ا��Kب� ((D���gg/�ن ا��Kب ا��\''� �$'����D/�ن ا��Kب ا��\''� �$'
CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: AAnndd hheerree iiss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy aanndd ii tt ccaann ttrraannssllaattee aass
� OOrr أ)+I �'�4دون ا��Kب أ)+I �'�4دون ا��Kب W بKه]6ء آ�W بKه]6ء آ MMoosstt ooff tthhee ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaatteedd tthhiiss oonnee aass tthhee ff ii rrsstt ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, eexxcceepptt tthhee llaasstt oonnee
wwhhiicchh iiss iinnccoorrrreecctt..
55)) SSTT :: TThhee cchhiicckkeenn iiss rreeaaddyy ttoo eeaatt .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
((aaا���Hج �Hه�ا���Hج �Hه� ((bbا���H �H�Hه�ة �^آ&ا���H �H�Hه�ة �^آ& ((ccا���Hج �Hه� �^آ&ا���Hج �Hه� �^آ& dd ((ا���Hج �Hه� �$4+�ا���Hج �Hه� �4$+�
CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::
TThhiiss ssttaatteemmeenntt ccoonnttaaiinn aa sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy .. ii tt mmoorree aaddeeqquuaattee ttoo ttrraannssllaatteedd aass ..ا���Hج "��5� �^آ& ا���Hج "��5� �^آ&
AAll ll ooff tthhee ttrraannssllaatteedd sseenntteenncceess ttrraannssllaattee tthhiiss oonnee aass ppaassssiivvee wwhheerreeaass iinn ccoommmmoonn ppaassssiivvee ffoorrmm ii tt bbee '''' tthhee cchhiicckkeenn iiss rreeaaddyy ttoo bbee eeaatteenn '''' .. bbuutt tthhoossee ttrraannssllaattiioonn ccoouulldd bbee ccoorrrreecctt ttoooo
ii ff ii tt wwaass ppaassssiivvee .. ========================================================================================================
66)) SSTT:: WWhhiillee tthhee mmaann wwaass hhuunnttiinngg tthhee ddeeaarr rraann tthhrroouugghh tthhee ffoorreesstt .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
![Page 19: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
1919
((aaأ��ع ا�`�ال )�� ا�`��� ، � �� ا��H& آ�ن �'�4دأ��ع ا�`�ال )�� ا�`��� ، � �� ا��H& آ�ن �'�4د �� ا��H& �'�4د ا�`�ال � إ�� ا�`���� �� ا��H& �'�4د ا�`�ال � إ�� ا�`����bb)) �"� آ�ن ا��H& �'�4د �"� آ�ن ا��H& �'�4دا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� � ((ccا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� � �� ا��H& ��4رد ا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� � �� ا��H& ��4رد ا�`�ال ه�ب إ�� ا�`��� �dd))
CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: TThhiiss oonnee iiss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy ii tt mmaayybbee uunnddeerrssttoooodd bbyy ttwwoo ddii ff ffeerreenntt mmeeaanniinnggss oonnee iiss
��ول ا4W�د% � &Hا�� �� ��ول ا4W�د% ه�ع ا�`�ال إ�� ا�`��� �� &Hا�� �� ..ه�ع ا�`�ال إ�� ا�`��� �AAnndd tthhee ootthheerr mmeeaanniinngg iiss
..أ��ع ا��H& إ�� ا�`��� � �� آ�ن �'�4د ا�`�ال أ��ع ا��H& إ�� ا�`��� � �� آ�ن �'�4د ا�`�ال TTrraannssllaattiioonn ((aa)) ,,((cc)) aarree ssiimmii llaarr ttoo tthhee ff ii rrsstt aaddeeqquuaattee ttrraannssllaattiioonn ,, wwhheerreeaass tthhee ootthheerr ttwwoo
ttrraannssllaattiioonn bbyy tthhee ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaatteedd ll ii tteerraall llyy wwii tthhoouutt ssoollvviinngg tthhee aammbbiigguuii ttyy .. ========================================================================================================================================
77)) SSTT:: AA ssaaiilloorr wwaass ddaanncciinngg wwiitthh aa wwooooddeenn lleegg SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
�/@a ر ���; ��5ق�� ((aaآ�ن ا�/��ر ���; ��5ق a@/� آ�ن ا�/
((bbا�/��ر آ�ن ���; ����5 ا�\@/�ا�/��ر آ�ن ���; ����5 ا�\@/��/@a ر ��5ق�� ((ccر�; ا�/��ر ��5ق a@/�ر�; ا�/ ((ddا�/��ر ���= ����c ا#>�9را�/��ر ���= ����c ا#>�9ر
�'�� ;��� &Hا���'�� ;��� &Hا�� �/@a�/@aee)) ((ffا�/��ر ذو ا��H& ا�\@/� ���;ا�/��ر ذو ا��H& ا�\@/� ���;
CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: TThhiiss ssttaatteemmeenntt hhaavvee ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy ssoo ii tt uunnddeerrssttoooodd iinn mmoorree tthhaann oonnee mmeeaanniinngg
FFiiآ�ن ا�/��ر ���; ����5 ا�\@/� آ�ن ا�/��ر ���; ����5 ا�\@/� rrsstt mmeeaanniinngg ccoouulldd bbee .. AAnndd tthhee ootthheerr ppoossssiibbllee mmeeaanniinngg iiss
..� /@a�� a@/�ر�; ا�/��ر K"�Y د��"ر�; ا�/��ر K"�Y د��"BBuutt aall ll ooff tthhee ssttuuddeenntt ttrraannssllaatteedd ii tt aass tthhee ff ii rrsstt aarree eexxcceepptt ssttuuddeenntt ((ee)) wwhhoo ttrraannssllaatteedd ii tt aass
tthhee sseeccoonndd oonnee .. ======================================================================================================================================
88)) SSTT ::TThhee ccrriimmiinnaall eexxppeerriieenncceedd aa sseeiizzuurree.. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
((aaا��Yف ا���9م ا��6Kءا��Yف ا���9م ا��6Kء
![Page 20: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
2020
� ا��6Kء �/a ءا���9مK��6ا � �/a ا���9مbb)) ((ccا���9م ���� a/�ة � ا��6Kءا���9م ���� a/�ة � ا��6Kء ((ddا��9)� �� ����9 ا��6Kءا��9)� �� ����9 ا��6Kء ((9Yee� ا���9ب ا�HMا"�9Y� ا���9ب ا�HMا"� ((d/Vff ا���9م ا�\/�d/V ا���9م ا�\/�
CCoommmmeenntt ::::::::
HHeerree ii tt''ss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy aanndd aallssoo hhaavvee ttwwoo ppoossssiibbllee mmeeaanniinnggss ,, oonnee (��(��ee �V�" ���( E" ا���9م �V�" ���( E" ا���9م..
OOrr ..�I ا�9�Yز ا���9م �I ا�9�Yز ا���9م
====================================================================================================================================
99)) SSTT:: TThhee ggiirrll hhiitt tthhee bbooyy wwiitthh aa bbooookk SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
((��Vaa. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب ��V. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب
((��Vbb. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب��V. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب ((cc-�ب ا�/ . ا���� ������ب-�ب ا�/ . ا���� ������ب��
((Y�Hdd. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب Y�H. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب
CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: TThhiiss sseenntteennccee iinncclluuddeess ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy wwhheerreeaass tthhee ff ii rrsstt ppoossssiibbllee mmeeaanniinngg iiss
.. ��V. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب��V. ا�,��% ا���� ا�Gي ��% ا����ب AAss ii tt ttrraannssllaatteedd ccoorrrreeccttllyy bbyy tthhee ssttuuddeenntt ((bb)) ,, aanndd tthhee ootthheerr mmeeaanniinngg aass tthhee rreesstt ooff ssttuuddeenntt
ttrraannssllaattee ii tt ��V. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب��V. ا�,��ة ا���� ������ب
============================================================================================================================
1100)) SSTT :: WWee ssaaww TThhee EEiiffffeell TToowweerr ffllyyiinngg ffrroomm LLoonnddoonn ttoo PPaarriiss .. SSttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonnss::
� E" E�� رأ� � ��ج إ�,& "�5� E" E���ن إ�� ��ر�!�ن إ�� ��ر�!رأ� � ��ج إ�,& "�5aa))
�ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" &,ج إ��� � �ن إ�� ��ر�!رأ� � E" &,ج إ��� � ((bbرأ��ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" � D$Y �"� �ن إ�� ��ر�!رأ� � ��ج إ�,& � � E" � D$Y �"� ((ccرأ� � ��ج إ�,& �
![Page 21: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
2121
�ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" &,ج إ��� �$� � �ن إ�� ��ر�! رأ� � E" &,ج إ��� �$� � ((ddرأ�
CCoommmmeenntt :::::::: IInn hheerree ii ttss sseemmaannttiicc aammbbiigguuii ttyy ff ii rrsstt mmeeaanniinngg iiss
�ن إ�� ��ر�! رأ� � E" ة�� ا��c�4ة ا���5 E�( �� �ن إ�� ��ر�! رأ�و� � E" ة�� ا��c�4ة ا���5 E�( �� � ��ج إ�,& � ��ج إ�,& و�.. OOrr
�ن إ�� ��ر�! � E" �+H��" &,ة ��ج إ��c�7 � � رأ�D� !ن إ�� ��ر�� � E" �+H��" &,ة ��ج إ��c�7 � � رأ�D�.. AAnndd mmoosstt ooff ssttuuddeennttss ttrraannssllaattiioonn eeaatt ttoo bbee tthhee ff ii rrsstt ttrraannssllaattiioonn ..
======================================================================================================================================== SSTT sseenntteenncceess ttaakkeenn ff rroomm :: hhttttpp::////eenn..wwiikkiippeeddiiaa..oorrgg//wwiikkii //LLiisstt__ooff__ll iinngguuiissttiicc__eexxaammppllee__sseenntteenncceess
![Page 22: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
2222
CCCCCCCCoooooooonnnnnnnncccccccclllllllluuuuuuuussssssssiiiiiiiioooooooonnnnnnnn
AAss ii tt hhaass bbeeeenn ssttaarrtteedd iinn tthhiiss ppaappeerr ,, tthhee ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn ooff ttrraannssllaattiioonn aass ii tt iiss
tthhee ccoommpprreehheennssiioonn ooff tthhee mmeeaanniinngg ooff aa tteexxtt aanndd tthhee ssuubbsseeqquueenntt pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff aann
eeqquuiivvaalleenntt tteexxtt,, tthhaatt ccoommmmuunniiccaatteess tthhee ssaammee mmeessssaaggee iinn aannootthheerr llaanngguuaaggee ..
FFooll lloowwss tthhaatt tthhee ddeeff iinnii ttiioonn ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy tteerrmm aass aa wwoorrdd,, pphhrraassee,, oorr
sseenntteennccee bbeeccoommeess aammbbiigguuoouuss ii ff ii tt hhaass mmoorree tthhaann oonnee ddii rreecctt mmeeaanniinngg iinn tthhee ccoonntteexxtt..
TThhiiss ppaappeerr sshheedd tthhee ll iigghhtt oonn tthhee ccaauusseess aanndd wwhhaatt aarree tthhee mmaaiinn ffaaccttoorrss bbeehhiinndd
ccrreeaattiinngg aammbbiigguuii ttyy iinn aa tteexxtt .. AAmmbbiigguuii ttyy ccaann bbee aattttrriibbuutteedd ttoo Phonological ,
Lexical and Syntactical factors .. LLeexxiiccaall ttyyppee wwhheenn tthhee aammbbiigguuii ttyy iiss iinn nnoonn--
cchhoooossiinngg tthhee mmoorree aaddeeqquuaattee wwoorrdd.. AAnndd ssttrruuccttuurraall aammbbiigguuii ttyy wwhheenn ii tt iiss ddeeaallss wwii tthh
tthhee ssyynnttaaxx ooff tthhee ssttaatteemmeenntt ((ssttrruuccttuurree ooff tthhee sseenntteennccee )).. FFiinnaall llyy,, tthhiiss ppaappeerr ggiivveess
cclleeaarr eexxaammpplleess ooff aammbbiigguuii ttyy iinn ddii ff ffeerreenntt llaanngguuaaggee uussaaggee ..
![Page 23: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
2323
BibliographyBibliographyBibliographyBibliography
- Peter Newmark, (2004), Introduction to Translation.
-- GGeennttzzlleerr ,, ((11999933)) ,, 114444..
- J.M Cohen (1983) " The Translator's Endless Toil " , Christopher kasparek ,
The Polish Review , Vol , xxvIII , no.2, ,pp.84-87 .
- J.M Cohen (1986) "Translation " , Encyclopedia Americana , Vol.27 , p.12.
- Andrew .Wilson (2009) Translators on Translating : Inside The Art . ccsp
press: Vancouver.
- Snell-Hornby , M.(2006) . The Turns of Translation Studies : New Paradigms
or Shifting View Points ? Philadelphia : John Benjamins , p.133
- Hutchins , W.J.(2000) , Early Years in Machine Translation : Memoirs and
Biographs of Pioneers , Amsterdam : John Benjamins
- Ambiguity and Rationality , Jonathan Baron .15 of February , journal of
Behavioral Decision Marking , http://www.interscience.wiley.com/maintenance.html
- Some Structural Ambiguities , Norman C. stagerberg 13 . feb . 2010
- Interview with Peter Newmark , Pioneering Theovetion in Scientific
Translation , David Shea . www.medtrad.orglpanacea.html
- Kent Bach , Rowledge Encyclopedia of philosophy entry.26.Nov.2009
![Page 24: Some problems of ambiguity in translation with reference to english and arabic](https://reader034.vdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022051013/547e206c5906b5c9718b4642/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2424
- Ambiguous Grammar www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1868.php.