HEREDITYFinal Exam Study Guide

Name:_______________________________________________________ period:_____

1. What is DNA replication?

a. Where does it occur? _________________________b. Why is it called “semiconservative”?

2. What is transcription?

a. Where does it occur?_______________________

3. What is translation?

a. Where does it occur? _________________________

b. What organelle is involved?____________________

4. Why do replication and transcription ALWAYS have to occur in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell?

a. Would this be true in a prokaryote?_______

Use the codon chart to answer the questions that follow. (Choose A, B, C or D)

Match the following consequences to the mutation that would cause them.

A. the amino acid sequence would be shorter than expected

B. the identity of one amino acid would changeC. the identity of more than one amino acid

would changeD. the amino acid sequence would remain

unchanged

5. ____ If the original strand of AUG CCA UUG CAU was changed to AUG CAA UUG CAU

6. ____ If the original strand of AUG CCA UUG CAU was changed to AUG CCA UAG CAU

7. ____ If the original strand of AUG CCA UUG CAU was changed to AUG CCA UUA CAU

8. ____ If the second C in CCA was deleted from the original strand of AUG CCC AUU GCA U

9. What is a germ cell? How does it differ from a somatic cell?

10. How would getting a mutation in a germ cell affect organisms differently than a mutation in a somatic cell?

11. Compare and contrast a point vs frameshift mutation. Which usually causes more damage to the protein?

Use this diagram to answer the next few questions.

12. What macromolecule is being made through the process pictured above? _____________________.

13. Which organelle is closely associated with the process represented in the diagram?______________.

14. Which amino acid would be added to the chain at the position of codon CUU?_________________.

15. When writing the offspring ratios for dihybrid crosses, what order will you always report in?

________________ : __________________ : ________________ : __________________

16. What parent combinations will give you the following ratios:

a. 3:1 ___________________________

b. 2:2 ___________________________

c. 9:3:3:1 ___________________________

d. 1:1:1:1 ___________________________

17. We studied many different patterns of inheritance. Briefly describe each type below. Be able to read a pedigree for each type

a. Simple Mendelian traits (T= tall, t= short)

b. Dihybrid Crosses

c. Sex-linked traits (on the X chromosome)

d. Incomplete Dominance

e. Codominance

f. Multiple Alleles

18. Your liver cells perform a very different function from you nerve cells. They have very different shapes, make different proteins and even have a different life span. If every cell in your body has the same DNA, how do you think these differences could occur?

19. Watson and Crick expanded on research performed by Rosalind Franklin to discover the structure of DNA. Explain the following terms they used to describe its structure.

a. Complementary base pairs

b. Double Helix

c. Genetic Code for making proteins

20. In corn, purple kernels (D) are dominant over yellow (d), & smooth kernels (G) are dominant over shrunken (g). How many phenotypes are there?(n=______) Degrees of Freedom: ((n-1)= ______)

An ear of corn is found to have 381 kernels. 216 are purple, smooth 79 are purple, shrunken 65 are yellow, smooth21 are yellow, shrunken

Based on these results, it was suspected that both parents were heterozygous for each trait. A Chi Square analysis was performed on the data. The null hypothesis and results are show below.

Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the expected 9:3:3:1 and observed ratio. Any difference is due to chance.

purple, smooth purple, shrunken yellow, smooth yellow, shrunken

Observed 216 79 65 21Expected 214 71.5 71.5 24

Calculated Chi Square value x2= 1.771

21. Should you accept or reject the null hypothesis? Explain why?

22. Which man (1, 2, or 3) is the biological father of this baby? Use the following gel electrophoresis.

23. The gel electrophoresis below shows the DNA banding patterns for a blood stain found at a crime scene and 4 suspects. Which of them is probably the culprit?

24. How were these bands created? (What are they actually made of? What is the name of the enzyme used to cut it?)

25. Below is another gel. How is the gel pattern created? (Why do some pieces move farther than others? Why are some bands thicker than others?)

26. In Meiosis we studied a concept called independent assortment. The picture below illustrates this using eye color and hair color. Explain how this creates diversity among organisms and determine what combinations of gametes can be formed in this example

brown hair blonde hair

blue eyes brown eyes

27. Some traits are called “linked” because they occur on the same chromosome and therefore are often inherited together. One such linkage is red hair and light complexion. How would this change the possible combinations in the gametes? Draw a picture to help illustrate the difference.