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Cell Diversity

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Page 1: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cell Diversity

Page 2: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cell Diversity Cells of different

organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization.

There are at least 200 different types of cells, ranging from flat cells to branching cells to round cells to rectangular cells!

Page 3: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Recurring Theme

One major theme in biology that occurs again and again is that form follows function!

In other words, a cells function influences its physical features.

Page 4: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cell Shape

The diversity in cell shapes reflects the different functions of the cells

Compare the cells below. How does the nerve cell’s shape help it? The skin cell’s?

Page 5: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cell Size

Cells differ in their size as well as their shape

Some nerve cells that extend from a giraffe’s spinal cord to the foot can be 2 m long!

Most cells are about 1/500th the size of the period at the end of a sentence.

Page 6: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cell Size

The size of a cell is limited by the relationship of the cell’s outer surface are to its volume aka surface area-to-volume ratio

Page 7: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cell Volume As a cell grows, the volume increases much

faster than the surface area

Important because the materials needed by a cell and the wastes produced must pass in and out of the cell through its surface

If a cell were to become very large, the volume would increase more than the surface area, so materials wouldn’t be able to enter or leave quickly enough

Page 8: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cell Volume

Page 9: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Basic Parts of A Cell

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm

Control Center

Page 10: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Plasma Membrane

The cell’s outer boundary

Covers cell’s surface and acts as a boundary

Cannot be seen through a light microscope

Page 11: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cytoplasm The region of the cell that

is within the plasma membrane and includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles

The cytosol is the part of the cytoplasm that includes molecules and small particles, but not membrane bound organelle

Page 12: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Control Center

Cells carry coded information in the form of DNA for regulating functions and reproducing themselves.

Some DNA floats freely in cells, other cells have a nucleus housing the DNA

Nucleus is a membrane-bound structure

Page 13: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Two Basic Cell Types

Prokaryotes Lack membrane bound organelles Have a nucleoid region where DNA

is located Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotes Organisms made up of one or more

cells and have membrane bound organelles

Much larger than prokaryotic cells

Page 14: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Prokaryotic Cell

Page 15: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell

Page 16: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Cellular Organization

In multicellular organisms, cells organize into tissues, which organize into organs, then organ systems

Colonial organisms (colonies) are a groups of identical cells that live together in a connected group. These aren’t multicellular because their activities aren’t coordinated

Page 17: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Page 18: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

1. Nucleus Nickname: “The Control Center” Function: holds the DNA Parts:

1. Nucleolus: dark spot in the middle of the nucleus that helps make ribosomes

Page 19: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Nucleolus Ribosomes

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Page 20: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

2. Ribosomes Function: makes proteins Found in all cells, prokaryotic and

eukaryotic

Page 21: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Nickname: “Roads” Function: The internal delivery

system of the cell

Page 22: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Ribosomes

Page 23: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Endoplasmic Reticulum

2 Types:1. Rough ER:

Rough appearance because it has ribosomes

Function: helps make proteins, that’s why it has ribosomes

2. Smooth ER: NO ribosomes Function: makes fats or lipids

Page 24: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi Complex

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Page 25: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

4. Golgi Complex Nickname: The shippers Function: packages, modifies, and

transports materials to different location inside/outside of the cell

Appearance: stack of pancakes

Page 26: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi Bodies

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Page 27: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

5. Lysosomes: circular, but bigger than ribosomes)

Nickname: “Clean-up Crews” Function: to break down food into

particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cells

Page 28: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Page 29: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

6. Mitochondria Nickname: “The Powerhouse” Function: Energy formation

Breaks down food to make ATP ATP: is the major fuel for all cell

activities that require energy

Page 30: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are
Page 31: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Animal Cell

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Ribosomes

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Cell Membrane

Cytoplasm

Page 32: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Now let’s talk about structures only found in PLANT Cells!!

Page 33: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Plant Cell

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Page 34: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

7. Vacuoles Function: stores water

This is what makes lettuce crisp When there is no water, the plant wilts

Page 35: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Plant Cell

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Page 36: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

8. Chloroplasts Function: traps energy from the sun to

produce food for the plant cell Green in color because of chlorophyll,

which is a green pigment

Page 37: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Chloroplasts

Page 38: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Plant Cell

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Page 39: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Eukaryotic Cell Organelles and Function

9. Cell Wall Function: provides support and

protection to the cell membrane Found outside the cell membrane in

plant cells

Page 40: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Plant Cell

Cell Membrane

Vacuole

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Rough ER

Smooth ER

Golgi Bodies

Mitochondria

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Page 41: Cells of different organisms and even cells within the same organism are VERY diverse in terms of shape, size, and internal organization. There are

Comparing Plant and Animal Cells

Moon

AnimalPlant


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