solid fuel cooking stoves start - end of 3 (end pg 52)

7/28/2019 Solid Fuel Cooking Stoves Start - End of 3 (End Pg 52)

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SOLID - FUEL COOKING STOVES

TATA ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTEDOCUMENTATION CENTRE

Bo b y House, 24 Homi Mody Street, Bombay 400 021,


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INTRODUCTION

Firewood has become a mat ter of ser ious conc erndue to dwindl ing forest resources coupled with excessiveconsumpt ion resul t ing f rom wasteful and inef f ic ient methodsof cook ing. E f f o r t s a re now be ing made by var ious researc hersto design mor e ef f ic ient and less expensive cooking stoves.

This document is a survey of s igni f icant wor ld l i teratureon sol id fuel cook ing s toves. I t prov ides a sys temat ic pres enta-t ion of a l l the known s tove des igns w i th s u i table i l lus t ra t ions .I t does not however rec ommend any s ingle des ign for univer salapplicat ion. W e are indeed gr atefu l to the organisat ions andsc ien ti s ts f o r the i r p rompt response to our enqu ir ies . A n ywork inadver tent ly omi t ted here w i l l f ind a p lace in oursubsequent editions

We are happy to of f er this pu bl ic at ion in the hope thati t w i l l be useful to the stove designers and als o to those whowant to know mor e about so l id fue l cooking stoves,


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FuelwoodCooking Stove Des ign Cons iderat ions

AnnexuresGlossary

CONTENTSPage

14

Impro ved Cook ing Stoves 9Wood Stoves 1 1Charc oal Stoves 3 2Sawdust and R ic e H u l l Stov es 4 5

Ex per iments on Cook ing Stoves 5 3Soc io-Cu ltu ra l Values and Stove Des ign 9 4G uide lines f o r Ex t en s io n Ser vic es 9 6Bib liogr aphy 9 8

105114


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1. F U EL WOOD

Pr ima ry Source o f EnergyWood has been man s pr imar y source o f energy f o r mos tof his existence m ain ly because of

Supply/Demand

av ai lab i l i t y in abundance as a natur a l res ourc eease in co l lec t ion /proc urementSimpl ic i ty of usageposs ib i l i t y for s tor ing over seasonsThus, eve n today, f i re woo d is used extens ive ly as a fuel pa r t icu lar lyfor cook ing in the r ur a l areas e. g.

about 50')/0 of the w ood har ve ste d f r o m th e w or ldforests is used as fuel for cook ing purposes ofwhich about 90% is used in developing countriesalonein India, 70% of the energy r equi rements inv i l lages is met by f i rewood and other agr icu l tura lwastes, mo s t o f which are burned for cook ingpurposesin Afr ic a, s out h of the Sahara, 93% of the woodharvested is used as fuel for cooking.

The pres ent heavy dependence on f irewo od and the u nl ik ely event ofav ai lab i l i t y of an inexpens ive and mo re convenient subst i tu te fuel inthe near fu ture indicates that f i rewood wi l l c ont inue to be the ma insource of energy for cooking in the developing countr ies.

Accurate data on fores t resour ces and fuel -wo od consumpt iona r e l a c k i n gla n de s t i ma t e sv ar yv er yw id el y.

fuel wood consumpt ion is l ik e ly to exceed tw ice the annual y ie ld of wor ldfores ts by the year 2000 A.D. A recent es t imate g ives the fo l low ingreveal ing f igures :


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C a u S e S '-f-D e f o r e St a t i o r i Effee tS'olfD e OreStat iOn

Soc io-Economic Impact

curr ent wood consumpt ion is about 7 b i l l ioncubic metresexpected consumption in .2 0 0 0 A . D .w o u l db ea b o u t

9 b i l l ion cubic met r esannual growth of world forests could be anywherebetween 7-18 b i l l i on cubic met r es demand for fue l wood exceeds for es t y ields insevera l par ts of the wor ld l ik e in Nepal where the'demand is about 7 t ime s the annual for es t produce.

- i nd i s c r im ina t e f e l l ing o f t r ees by f o res t i ndus t r i es- c l e a r i n g of l a n d.f o ra g r i c u l t u ra lp u r p os e s

- fuel -wood gather ing by the surrounding v i l lage c o m m u n i t i e s .

near ly a th i rd o f the or ig ina l t r op ica l f o res t a readest royed wi th in rec orded h is tor y- b y t he y ear 2000 o r s ho r t ly t he rea f te r , v i r t ua l l ya l l humid t ro pic a l fores ts w i l l have beentransfornaed into deserts and unporduct ive was te-landlarge par ts of Indonesia alrea dy have less than aneighth of the i r or ig inal fores t coverat present rates o f deforestation, th e las t t reesare l ike ly to d isappear f rom Niger w i th in about150 years , ev en a l lowing for present refor est at ionprogrammes.

in India, abo ut 200-300 man-days are spent by s ometyp ica l r u r a l f a mi l ies fo r ga ther ing f irewoodin Nepal, th e Same task now takes a w hole daycompared t o only an hour or two taken a decade ago.Fuelwood pr ices in Khatmandu were repor ted to haveincreased by 300% in two year sin the Bara town of Sudan, gat he r ing f i rewood nowtakes 1-2 hours , c ompar ed to jus t 15-30 minutestaken a decade ago, and pr ices incr ease d by 25%dur ing harves t season when labour was at a pr emiu m


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- i n Subsahara Af r i ca , lo ng t r ips averag ing 50 kms.have to be taken by fa mil ie s to gather f i rewoodin Ougadougou, Upper Vol ta, v i r tua l ly a l lt rees w ith in 70 kms have been consumedas fue l and a f am ily ,now spends about 20 -30alo of its inc om e on fuelw ood purc hases- i n N iamey , N ige r , t he f igure i s about 25%

- i n some Pak is tani towns, i t was found that people r e-sor ted to s t r ipp ing the bark of t rees l in in g thestreets.

Need fo r Ef f ic ient Methods o f E erccv Use

fuelwood is inc reas ingly becoming a scarc e c ommo-dity- de ma nd fo r fue lwood tends to r emain ine las t i c- co un t r ies hav ing the leas t energy av a i lab i li t y usei t w i th least ef f ic iencyopen f i res protec ted by a few stones on top of whichcooking pots ar e suppor ted, gi v e an ef f ic iency aslow as 5% only- w i t h a l i t t l e e f fo r t , i t i s found tha t s tove e f fi c ienc iescould be improved to re su l t in c ons iderable fuelsavings compared to t r ad i t io na l cook ing arrangements ,


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2. COO KING STO VE DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSThough i t apparent ly s eems s imp le, des igning a cook ingstove fo r a par t icu lar user group needs indepth knowledge of Mate r ia lsSc ience, Combus t ion Engineer ing and Mechanical Engineer ing. F r o mthe eff ic iency point o f v iew, par amet er s to he cons idered fo r des igninclude

type of fuel used- i t ' s c a l or i f i c v alue- c h a r g e q ua nt it ystove components- f i r e b o x

grate- ba f f l esdampers- c h i m n e ystove geometr y- t h e r ma l mas s o f the s t ov e et c .

cooking pot mater ialsthermal pr oper t ies of ingredients cookedsequence of c ook ing.

Overall Efficiency of COOktilEf (E)E E n e r s v t r a ns f e r r e d u s e f ul lv to f oo d

Total energy expendedwhere T ot al ene rgy ,expended -= c he mic al en er gy c ontent of fu el.

E al s o expres sed as ,E Es x E H Fs=stoveeffici

= ef f ic iency of heat t rans fer g iven byEH s En er gy t rans ferr ed usefu l ly to cook ing potTotal energy input to cooking pot

Esdepend

EHdepen

takes into acc ount the t ightness o f pots and ab i l i t ies of the cook.


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Stove Performance

Combustion

Conduction

Max imum ef f ic iency poss ib le only by- co mp le te c ombus t ion o f fue l w i th max imumtra ns fer of heat of c ombust ion to cook ing pots.

- a ra pid chemic al combinat ion of oxygen wi thcombus t ib le e lements o f a fue l. T h e th reeT 's of ensur ing complete combus t ion :temper atur e high enough to igni tethe cons tituents

- t u r bu len c e o r t ho rough m ix ing- t i m e s u f fi c ien t f o r c omp le t e c ombus t ionThese in tur n can be achieved by

us ing dry fuel (s ince i t produces at least tw iceas much heat as wet fuel)- p r ov id in g good a i r d ra f t by a ch imney and us ingdampers t o c ont ro l f lowimprov ing s tove geometry- pr ov id in g adequate f lues- des ign ing a s tove w i th a h igh thermal mass .

- oc c ur s th rough layer o f a i r be tween f i re (source)and pots and f r om pot wal l to ingredients c ooked.Withi n the cooking pot also:, h e a t i st r a n s f e r r edi n

t he f o o d - m a s s b y c o n d u c t io n .- c a n be max im iz ed by- p r ov id i n g mounds ( r i s e rs ) under eac h pothole (f ig. 1)occsss ional s t i r r ing of ingredients in thepotadequate closure of pots

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e 6

Convection

2 -- - - -- - - -'

o T CIV - ._______..1 . .. . ,

H E 49.

GlAs,,s - petow- t0

cooKINGP OT-

MOUND FOR FORCING HOT FLUE GASES TOWARDS POT

brought about by hot gases f lowing f r om s ourc e(f i re) th roug h f lues and out o f the a n inneyOpt imal conv ect ion achieved by

of fset t ing tunnels g iv ing r ise to 'Vor tex ef fec t '(f ig. 2)use of baffleshaving a good f lue sy stem,

The Pr inc e ton Un ivers i t y exper iment (Ref. 7) c lear ly de-monst rates the impor tan ce of convect ion c ont r o l as a des ign cons iderat ion,

STRRIGWI 1ua4t(E I f o o R Ce04VEcTici.1

Sio_VE-

IMPROVING CONVECTIONFig. 2

FSE lu. NNEL- . 'V oRTE)C


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Radiat ion

R e G t o h l O E i r c r e P - E s T4c,

takes p lace f r om sourc e ( f i re) as we l l as f r omstove wallscan be maximiz ed by

- s u r r ou nd ing f i r e w i t h a s h iny s ur f ac e( l in ing f i rebox wal l w i th a lumin ium fo i l )using blackened pots (however, a thic k b l a c k lay er of soot ac cumulat ing on potsimpedes good conduc tion).

Geometr ica l e f f ic iency for in tercept ing radiat ion calcu lated f rom thesol id angle subtended by c ook ing pot w . r . t . th e ex tended f i r e showsthat for a pan whose d iameter = d iame ter of f i re , and whose separat ionf rom f i re - d is tance equa l to pan d iameter , g eomet r i c a l e f f ic iencylOato I . e. o n ly 10')/0 of ra dian t heat of f ir e is di r ec t ly inter ce pted by pan(Ref. 2).

Page

REt-111%4 aM I E R - e i c k

Lt) CAI DN1

RELAT I VE PAN LOCAT I ON v / s GEOMET RI CAL EF F I C I ENCYFig, 3

icez)s'E.J-411 L-s--1CA) C T


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r t _ g y l e a t Lossesby t ight f i t of the pots on potholes

- me an s to recov er heat normal l y los t t o a tmosphere .

Other Fac tors Cont r ibut ing to Ef f ic iency- s k i l l s a t t he c ook

- o p t i m a l u t i l i z a t ion o f t empera tu re grad ien tf r om 1st pot to las t pot- p r o p e r s tove main tenance and operat ion .


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Evolut ion of Cooking Stoves3. IM PR O VED COOKING STOVES

oldest evidence of f i r e - found in caves of the StoneAge - blackened hearths and c arbonised bones whic hmight have served as fue l- f i r s t i ndoo r hear t h - a s hal low p i t l i ned w it h st onesor the f lat top of a low heap of s labs s et in a c entr eof the dwel l ing away f r om wal lsI ron Age - c i rc u la r o r ova l hu ts found w ith a hear thnear the cent re, a lo ngw i th ev idence of i rons tosupport burning logsear ly 18th century , Be nja min Thompson des igned acook-s tove wi th a number of potholes , ea ch wi th asmal l separate f irep lace , a grate, a n ashpi t and adoor to regu la te the a i r . F l u e s were prov ided fo revery f i r e p lace and connected to an ex i t f lue. T h i sdes ign prov ided the prototype for the mode rn cook ingranges that fol lowed.

However , i n most underdeveloped par ts of the wor ld,pr imi t iv e methods o f open f i re cook ing ( f ig . 4) s t i l l c ontinue to be thepr inc ipal method of c ooking food because of the fo l lowing advantages

- i t can be assembled anywhere , and the ru r a l poorwho l ive in s mal l huts would pre fer to cook outdoorsel iminat ing space and smoke problems wi t h in thei rhomes

- r u r a l peop le w i th nomadic tendenc ies f ind i t mor econvenient to assemble a ' three stones' stovewherever they set t le down dur ing th ei r so journ- n o spec ia l sk i l l s o r cos ts a re invo lved in opera t ingand mainta in ing a ' t hr ee s tones ' s tove- n o labour involved in shaping the wood and co m-bus t ion is con t r o l led s imp ly by in t roduc ing orw it hdraw ing the p iec es f r om t he f ir e . Mo r eo v e r ,any s ol id bur nable fue l avai lable can be used

- a n y s ize o f pot can be accomodated by s implyadjust ing the s tones.

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Pa e 10

Improved Designs

OPEN FI RE COOKING

a number of c ook ing s toves w i th impr ov ed des ignfeatures have been descr ibed in th is sec t ion,broadly categorized on the basis o ftype of fuel used a. g.- w o o d- c h a r c o a lsawdust and r ic e b ul l

( in a few eases stoves have been designed fo rmult i fuel use)fur ther group ing has been done on the basis of

mater ia ls used for const r uc t ion a. g,- m t i dclaymetal etc.

subsequent ar r angement w i th in groups is e i the r bycomplex i ty of des ign e.g.- s h e e t meta l uninsu la ted chu lamud coated bucket c huia- de v e lo pme nt a l per iod e. g.- H E R L , chu la (1956)

- I m p r o v e d Junagadh cbula (1967)to fac i l i ta te s tove compar ison, a set of commonparameter s have been used e.g.design featuresadvantages- d i s adv an t ages e tc .


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WOOD BURNING STO VESHER L Chula (Ref . 61)Developed by Dr . S, P. Ra ju o f Hyderabad Engineer ing Researc hLaborator ies in 1956.

Type of Fue l Used

Mater ia ls o f Cons truc t ion

Tools Required

Design Features

Advantages

Disadvantages

- f i r ew oo d, cowdung cakes , was te combus t ib lemater ia ls .

- b r i c k and mud or mud p las te red w i th fine ear th.T in, G I Sheets , c l ay or asbestos p ipe forchimney.

- M a s o n ' s t o ol s .

' I . , shaped duct with three pot holes for cookingand one fo r heat ing water- adj us ta bl e damper between las t pot and chimneyfor combus t ion cont r o l

- c h im ne y f o r s mok e ou t le tovera l l d imens ions approx . 4 . 5 f t . x 2 . 5 f t . x 6"height.

- s m o k e f r ee- m u l t ip le cook ing s ta tions w i th v ary ing degrees o f heat- h o t wa t e r as by produc t- c h u la eas i l y c leaned w i th r ed ear th o r cowdung

- o n l y f i r s t po t r ec e iv es d i r ec t heat.

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Improv ed H ERL Chula (Ref . 68)Developed by James Penfold and David Oot to over come the pr oblemof insuf f ic ient heat avai lable on the second pot seat of the HER L Chula.

Type of Fue l Used- w o o d .

Mater ia ls fo r Cons t ruc t ion

Tools Required

Design Features

- b r i c k s , m u d , c ow du ng , i r o n b ar s- as bes tos cement / c lay p ipe / t in sheet fo r ch imney .

- mason 's t rowe l , shove l , lev e l hammer , c h is e l etc .

three pot seats in t r iangular conf igurat ion- c h imn ey f o r s mok e ou t le tover a l l d imens ions ( approx. ) : length = 44-5 0" ;back end width 2 6- 3 0; f r ont end width = 161

.

IMPROVED IIIERL' CHULAFig. 6

ic 3 : cookiNG PoT SEATSCHktvirstEl BASE

BRKkruioelc

Page 1


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Impr ov ed Junagadh Chu la (Ref. 63)Des igned by the Nat ional Bui ld ings Or ganisat ion in co l laborat ion wi ththe Planning, Resear ch and Act ion Ins t i tu te, Luc kno w, i n 1967.

Type of Fuel Used

Mater ia ls o f Cons t ruc t ion /Acc essor ies

Design Features

Advantages

Disadvantages

- wood ,

mud, p las ter , GI sheetsr ing , damper .

two pot holes with an 'L ' shaped f lue duct , wi thf i r s t po t d i rec t l y on fi rebox- d a mp e r fo r d ra f t con t ro l p laced between 2nd po t-hole and chimney- c h imn ey f o r s mok e ou t le t

overa l l d imens ions appr ox . 4 0c m x 50cm x 20cmheight.

smoke f re e- dam pe r he lps i n d ra f t c on t ro l- h i g h heat ef f ic iency 37.9%.

- c ons t r uc t i on r equ ires h igh degree o f s k i l l- o n l y one pot seat avai lab le f or cook ing purposes.

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cHmNeY

[l'\\\\\\\_:\',\\__

Sgc-TioNZ.Z.

0

140t w ACE it'-' ?DT SI:orr

e ; , l t t ! j P t C , 1 C \ h e w

I MPROVED J UNAG AI M CHULAFig. 7


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Magan Chula (Ref. 43)Developed at Maganwadi, headquar ter s of he Al l Ind ia Vi l l age Indust r iesAss ociat ion i n 1947.

Type o f Fue l Used

Mater ials o f Cons t r uc t ion /Accessor ies

Tools Required

Design Features

Advantages

Disadvantares

- w o o d

- c l ay , ho rs edung, s t r aw , c owdt mg- g r a t e , r i n g , d a m p e r , c l a y p ip e f o r c him ne y ,col lar t i l e and cowl p ipe.

s t ra ight r od of wood- mas on ' s s e t s quare , s poona s t r ing or compasses

three potseats s i tuated at three c orner s of at r iang le and interconnec ted by ducts- d a m p e r between 1st and 2nd pot seat to cont r o lcombustion- c h im ne y f o r s mok e ou tl et

o v er a ll d im en s io ns a pp ro x. 2 ' 6 " x 0 " x 81 "height.

- s m o k e f r ee- m a d e f r om l oc a l l y av a i lab le ma te r i a l sdamper helps i n c ont r o l l ing combust ion

- o n l y f i r s t po t rece ives d i rec t heat hencecooking and f r y ing c annot be donesimultaneously.

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Page 1 8

T o t ' Nit fivl _OELTIos)

NIA GA N CH ULAFig, 8

ic,ToRIAL VIEW


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Economical Chula (Ref . 31)Developed by K. S. Salar ly a of Punjab Agr ic u l tu r a l Univ ers i ty ,

of Fuel Used- f i r e w o o d ,

Mater ials of Construct ion/Aces o r i e s

Dee_ilgall:eatures

Advantages

c lay , MS sheets , 16g. G I sheet fo r water j c k e tgrate.

s ingle p of seat d i re c t ly on f i rebox- w a t e r jacket enc los ing s tove hous ing for absorb ingheat that would otherwise be wasted- g r a t e fo r improved a i r c i rCu la t ion on fue l bed

ov er al l dimensions approx : 2. 51t x 5 f t depth x 3f theight.

hot water av ai lab le as by-pr oductther mal ef f ic iency approx. 14%.

Disadvantages- n o t s m o ke fr e e- h e a t losses can occur th rough f ron t s ide- de s ig n c omplica ted by water jacke t ,


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Page 20

42,_

9 TEL-Pkpi14.

6AI(rToNk

.S.14t1_,L3 r i

'ECONOMICAL, CHIJ I ,A, 111K, 9


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Smokeless Stove: Ghana (Ref. 62)Developed under the auspices of the Dept, of Social Welfar e andCommuni ty Development , Ac c r a, th e s tove was des igned to be s impleand const ruc ted wi th mater ia ls found in or near mos t v i llages in Ghana.

Type of Fue l Used

Mater ia ls o f Cons t ruc t ionc lay / l a t e r i t e , r e i n f o r c i ng rod. s ( m e t a la n dbamboo) , s heet meta l/asbestos p ipe forch imney , sc rap- t in fo r dampers .

Design Features

Advantages

Disadvantages

- f i r e w o o d .

three pot holes for cooking- o n e po t ho le fo r war ming water- o v e n connected to s tove for bak ing- t w o dampers , o ne between oven and second potand the ot her between las t pot and chimney- c h imn ey f o r s mok e ou tl etover a l l d imens ions: approx. 120 c m x 170cm x75cms height .

- s m o k e f r ee- m u l t i p l e c ook ing s t at ionsf i re cont r o l led by dampers- h o t wa t er as by -p roduc t

when oven is used, water,on stovestove made f rom mater ia lssoup etc. c an be war medloca l ly av ai lab le.

- o n l y f i r s t po t r ec e iv es max imum heat .

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P a itt _ 31

Hot- WATER PoT SEP.11

9,111

C .6 -ol vI NEyt

D A M P K k S p ir

-MOKELESSSTOVE:GH

F i g , 1 0


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The L oren a Stove (Ref . 41)Deve loped as pa r t o f the App r op r ia t e Techno logy P r o jec t o f Vo lun t ee r sin As ia , a t Choqu i Exp e r im en t a l S t a tion , G ua t e m a la i n 1976 .

a p e o f Fu e l Use d

a t e r ia

Too ls Requ i red

Des ign Fea t u r es

Advantages

- a n y c o m b u s t ib l e m a t e r i a l su ch a s w oo d , c h a r c o a l ,s t ra w , g r a s s e t c .

s f o r Cons t r uc t ion- c l a y s o i l, s a n d , b r i c k s , a d o b e, s c r a p s he et me t a l .

- s h o v e l , l a r g e m e t a l sp o on , m a c h e t e o r b ig kn i fe ,m a s o n r y t r o w e l (o p t io n a l), s c r e e n f o r s i f t i n g s o i l.

- t h r e e t o f i v e p o t h ole s, o n e d i r e c t l y o v e r f i re b o xand the others heated by f lue gasest wo da m per s , on e connec t ing m ou t h o f f i r ebo x andf i r s t p o tho le , th e second i be tween las t po tho le andch imney

- c h i m n e y f o r s mo k e o ut le t- r i s e r s a t b o t to m o f p o th o le s t o f o r c e h o t a i r t o w a rd spots- o f f s e t t u nn e ls t o c re a t e v o r t e x e f f e ct a nd i m p r o v econvect ion- o v e r a l l d i me n si on s : a p p r o x. : l m x 1 . 3 m x i m h eig htva r y ho weve r , depend ing on ind i v idua l needs ).

smoke f ree- b u r n s a l mo s t an y s o li d f u e lm u l t i p le cook ing s t a t i ons

h ig h t h e r m a l m a s s r e s u l t s i n i m p r o v e d c o m b u s t io n- r i s e r s and o f f se t tunne ls ensu r e good convec t ion

dam per s he lp i n con t r o l l i ng com bus t ion- h o t w a t e r a s b y -p r o d u c t- a b i l i t y t o c o o k i n st a n di ng p o si ti o n .

(sizes

Page


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24Disadvantages

inabi l i ty to pr ov ide space heat in co ld reg ions- d i f f i c u l t to obta in mater ia ls o f exact spec i f ica t ions- c r ac k in g and c r umbl ing o f s tove body i f not p roper lyconstructed

high degree of sk i l l requi red for construc t ion.


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THE LORENA MUIDS'POVEFig. 11

F I R o x

M o wn - %OC -F tR *1! ,0 11. .

p o i " 4 0 1 -E S

v Ev4CleamOEV

Sfe t t 8 L V g

1 2 L a

MO U,ND FoR FoRciAs HOT AIR 1owALD5 ar

/I O F F S E T 1iupit4EL/ rosk VOR-TE)elEFFE_CT


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New Nepa li Chub o (R ef. 45)Developed at the Research Ce ntre for Ap pl ie d Science and Technology(RECAST) , T r ibhuv an Un iv ers i t y , Khatmandu, Nepa l .

Type of F uel Used

Mater ia ls o f Cons t ruc t ion

Desian -F e a t ur e s

Advantages,

- f i r e w o o d .

br ick and c lay or mud and sand (approx.1:4) ,cowdung as b inding mate r ia l , r ic e husk as i n-sulat ing mater ia l ( for s toves in hot ter c l imates)- s he e t me t a l / c l ay p ipe f o r c h imney , MS s heet f o rdampers , 7 mm d ia MS rods f o r g ra te .

var ious des igns suggested, no r ma l ly w i th threepot seats, t wo fo r c ooking and one for he at ingwaterone of the designs (see f ig. ) has t hr ee pot seats int r iangular conf igurat ion wi th two pot seats d i r ec t lyabove the f iretwo adjus table dampers fo r c ont r o l l ing combust ion,one between f i replac e and f i r s t two pot holes, a ndsecond between last pot hole and chimney- me t a l g ra t e f o r bu rn ing f uelchimney prov ided outs ide dwe l l ing and connectedby f lue passage with las t pot ho le- f o r s toves made o f b r i cks and c lay , the top p latecan be prefabr icated for fas ter const ruc t ionover a l l d imens ions ( fo r ' L sh aped des ign) approx . :120 cms x 75 ems x 30 cms height .

- s m o k e l e s sun ifo r m heat on two cooking pots- h o t wa t e r as by -p roduc t

- c ons t ru c t ed w i t h l oc a l l y av a il ab le ma t e r i a ls .


31/56

40.igabb.

1 1 1 1 111 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0INWEINIErrilwq1

91.

_OMid ATERPorrsgAt ,c oro glGTis

_PA Welk

P

NEW NEPALI ' C I-1 1 J 1 , 01

F i g . 1 2

AstalurAlk,o_lb? PLATE - -

PMPrQ


32/56

Kamado T i .e D emons tra t ion Cooker (Ref , 65)Developed at the Georgia Ins t i tu te of Technology, U . S . A . , as amodif icat ion of the Kamado cooker used in Japan.

Type of Fu el Used- w o o d , c o a l .

Mater ia ls o f Cons t ruc t ion /Access or ies- 5 gal lon paint can and l id- 2 cer amic b locks /s tones

ceramic g ra temeta l g r in .

Design Featur esdouble wal led cy l indr ica l const ruc t ion- pa in t - c an act s as s uppo r t ing s t ruc t urefor f i rebox

- h o le s prov ided on l id and base o f can fo ra i r vent- c e r am ic g ra t e has holes f o r a i r c i r c u la t iondamper for draf t cont ro l on l id- m e t a l g r i l l f o r s ea ting cook ing vesse l on ceramicr ing.

Advantagescer amic components r eta in heat ef fec t ive lyheat ut i l iz at io n gr eate r because of double wal ledconstr uct ion and enclosed c ooking.


33/56

-drAVATEVAW -,e xo rAmo cemb ra tr''''--

4 i tr ipm emb rds ze r- -"I il

-10.-ANIPAInimiorydri*

"111INIKurdokmdli---dir

_....inintouttoilitito

4 11 11PP --4.81.

t i1 1 0 1. d o er s * AA A LT i l it r i em p

PriliFiEmrdiffirdiraird0.1

410SIEW411elI:1allWM"

6 1 1 7 4 1 1 1m 0 P A P 1 41 0 7-4 0 1 1

- - 4 1.,I n e tr A mp l ea r am a n

-elp-implemetwordb.-

KA MAD 0 DEMON ST RAT IO N COOKERFig. 13

Page 2


34/56

Fa mi ly Cooker (Ref . 28)Developed by J . C. Ov er haar t a t the Depar tment of Appropr iateTechnology, Eindhov en Univers i ty . T h e des ign has won aninternat ional award.

Type of F uel Used

Tools Required

Design Features

Advantages

Disadvanta_ses

- s o l i d fuels such as wood, char coa l , sawdus tbr iquet tes etc.

Mater ia ls of Const ruc t ion- s h e e t m e t a l, i r o n / b r a s s p ip es , i r o n / b r a s sr ive ts , e tc .

- s c r i b e r , t r i - s q u a r e , h a m m e r , c h i s e l etc .

cy l indr ica l hous ing wi th concent r ic f i rebox , andcook ing utens i l d i re c t ly on f i rebox- o n e pothole for war ming located on flue chamber- g r a t e f o r bu rning f ue la i r in le t p ipes in c ombust ion chamber- dam pe r i n c h imney f o r d ra f t c on t ro lch imney for smoke out le tover a l l d imens ions: 63 cms x 33 ems x 17.5 emsheight;

- s m o k e f r ee- s av es 75% of fue l compared to opt'q-k f i r e sfu l ly d is ma ntabl e- h o t wa te r as by -p roduc t.

- c o ok in g is pos s ib le on 1st pot seat only .


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FLUE CARrAt2,ER

, C ' o k n I G r e T

THE FAI M I LY CO O KERF i g . 1 4

Pag


36/56

CHA ItC0A1, STO V ESSheet Met al U ninsu lated Ch ula (R ef. 26)Commonly found in r ur a l and urban areas in India.

r lype of Fuel Used

Mater ia ls o f Cons t ruc tion Acc ess or ies

Design Features

Advantages

- c h a r c o a l , c o k e , c o a l .

, 2 2 g , s h e e t s t ee l. ,: ir o n, gr a te , r i v e t s .

fabr icated in three par ts : base, c y l indr ic a l bodyand grate a l l jo ined by r ivet s- g r a t e r es ts on th ree pro jec t ions in c ent ra l sec t ionof body- a i r vent on bot tom s ide w i th hinged cover- av a i lab le in two pot sea t s izes : 4 " and 8" .

C ;Pb-r - V

SHEET METAL UNINSULATED CHULAFig . 15

- ce nt r a l i s ed commerc ial , produc t ion poss ib le ,

,


37/56

Mud, Coated Bucket Chula (Ref. 26)Commonly found in r ur a l and urban areas i n India.

Type of Fu el Used

Design Features

Advantages

- c h a r c o a l , c o k e , c o a l.

Mater ia ls of Const ruc t ion/Accessor ies- G I buc k et , mud / c onc re t e , g ra t e .

chula div ided into two halves by grate- w a l l s l in e d w it h th i n l ay e r o fmud/cement below grate and 1" th ick layer above grateproject ions above bucket to fo r m pot seat- op en ing on lower s ide fo r a i r ven t- av a i l ab le genera l l y in th ree po t seat s izes :6", 8 " and 10" .

M U D-C O AT E DBUCKETCH

F ig . 16

- b e t t e r heat re ten t ion due to mud coat ing- c en t r a l i z ed produc t ion poss ible.

Pane


38/56

D sadvantage- c o a t i n g te nd s t o c r ack u n l e s sp r o p e r l ym a i n t ai n e d .


39/56

Thai C har coa l Stove (Ref. 5)No r ma lly t ithed in Tha iland.

Type of Fuel Used

Mater ia ls of Const ruc t ion

Design Features

Advantages

- c h a r c o a l .

- O . 5 m in th ick t in sheet , c lay , as h ob ta ined f ro mhigh s i l ica- content sources such as r ic e husk,a l i t t le cement,

- buc k et shaped cons t ruc t ion w i th inner layer o f burn tc lay taper ing f ro m 3 ems at top to 1 c m at base,midd le layer o f ash /c lay m ix taper ing f ro m 2 emsat top to 1 c m a t base and outer t in cov er prov idedfor s tove dur abi l i t y- f i r e grate wi th a i r s pace of 25% basal area and madeof same burnt c lay secur ed with c ement at a height o f 8. 5 e ms f r o m i nn e r la y e r o f bas e

- a i r in le t on lower s ide measur ing 10 ems x 5 ems- r i m o f s tove has th ree ra ised p la t fo rms which a llowan in f low of a i r a t the top, su pplement ing a i r f low

atbase-

- d a m p e r p rov ided a t top can be removed fo r l i gh t ingpurposes.

- l a r g e r d iameter a t t op compared to basa l d iametermakes stove a se l f s toking device

- t o p damper can be removed permanent ly , enab l ingthe stove to be used to bur n fuelwood- ex pe r ime nt a l resu l t s indica ted tha t on ly ha l f thequant ity of char coal would be needed to bur n one

l i t r e of water when compared to the t ra di t ional a l lmeta l s tove used in Af r ic a- d e e p hot f r y ing is pos s ib le as s tove des ign enablesspher ica l bot tomed f r y ing pans to f i t snugly in towel l o f f i rebox.

Pag


40/56


41/56

The New J iko (R ef. 44)Developed by. , W a c la wM i c ut aoft heB e ll e ri v eF ou nd at io n,S wi tz er la nd ,

as an improvement of the Old J iko s toves used in East Af r ica .

pe of F uel Used

Tools Required

Design Featur es

- c ha r c oa l , s t r aw , l eav es , c o r n c ob , c o f f ee hus k ,garbage.

Mater ia ls of Const ruc t ionsheet metal scrap.

- T i n s m i t h ' s t oo ls .

- c y l i n d r ic a l shape wi th pot capable of being kept ins idethe housing- open ing on lower s i de f o r a i r v entchimney for smoke out let .

Co_tkit_

NIA. VE/411

THE NEW JIKOF i k 1 8

CbAtivit4


42/56

Disadvantage

fuel savings of 30% compared to traditional Jikoi f-ululat ionofexteriorwallretainsheat

choice of c a p fuelgreat er ef ficien cy achieved by cooking pot placedinside the housing.

bellows may be requi red to make a hot fi re.


43/56

Modif ied Ang eth i (Ref. 31)Developed by K. S. Salar iy a o f Punjab Agr ic u l tu ra l Univer s i ty .

t i z a t p f F u el Us ed

Mater ials o f Cons t ruc t ion /Acces sor ies

Design Features

Advantages

Disadvantage

charcoal.

- 2 2 g MS sheet, c lay , g r a te ,water jacket .

smoke f re e- h e a t r ecovered by water jacke t .

- compl ica ted des ign .

18 g GI sheet for

- m a i n s tove and chimney const ruc ted separate lyand interconnected by f lue pipe and water pipe- c y l i n d r i c a l c o ns t r uc t io n- g r a t e f o r a i r c ir c u l a ti on

water jacket around stove and chimney to absorbwaste heat- c h imn ey f o r s mok e ou tl et- o v e r a l l d imens ions :

- s t o v e : t op d iameter 28 ems, he igh t 46 emsbottom diameter 22 8 emschimney 22 ems base diamet er ; height 120 ems.

Page 3


44/56

_GAllatrOST

M O D I F I E D A N G E T HIF i g . 1 9

ATE R


45/56

F ir ed Clay Stove (Ref . 9)Found near ly ev ery where i n Indonesia.

Type of Fu el Used

Mater ia l o f Const ruc t ion

Design Features

Advantages

Disadvantage

- c h a r c o a l .

- f i r e d c la y.

- 1 1/ 'shapedstructurewithcylindricalp

closed at bott om and opening on to a bas in shapeat topholes in bot tom of bas in for a i r c i r c u lat ionopening at s ide of base fo r ai r intake- ov e r a l l d imens ions : bo t tom d iameter 12 ems; topdiameter: 23 erns; height 17 ems.

- g o o d ef f ic iency of 27 to 31 '170 s imple const ruc t ion.

- s t o v e wa l ls a r e t hi n.

Page 4


46/56

Sr_it

"..-\TST0VCXPAVENTItnEs-rm1-,

FREDCLAYSTOVEF ig , 20

SEM-ta l i .A


47/56

Refr ac tota Stove (Ref . 9)Developed by the Ce ra mic Ins t i tute o f Bandung, Indones ia.

Type of F ue l Us ed

Design Features

AEL -CVAT ;Dr4

Advantages

charcoal.

Mater ia ls of Const ruc t ionf ir ed c l ay , r e f rac t o ry .

Two part design- c y l i n d r i c a l s l eev e eas ing o f f ir ed c l ay w it h r imat top to hold bas in and c losed at bot tom wit hopening at s ide fo r a i r in takea cup shaped ref r ac tor y bas in wi th holes f ora i r c i r c u la t ion- a damper a t a i r in take fo r regu la t ing a i rover a l l d imens ions: 23. 5 ems x 20 cms height .

LEEttg c si t-AIRVCIsti-

R E F R A C T O RY S T O V EF ig . 21

- g o o d ef f ic iency - 30. 5% to 36%simple const ruc t ion.

5Ke1low A-it


48/56

Page 44Reinforced Cement Stove (Ref. 9)Widely used in Indonesia,

Type of F uel Used


Design Features

charcoal

cy l indr ica l shape wi th window located on lowers ide fo r a i r c i rcu la t ionan i ron grate for the fuel bed located on recessprovided with in the housingov er al l dimensions: 23 erns dia. ; 25 ems height .

4,-- poi 5.9v014,1

Advantag t

E t ev ; AT ioN

cement , re in fo r ce d by p la te i ron cas ing , i r o nbars for grate.

REINFORCED CEMENT _ . ;110 1 , T E Fig, 22

- g o o d ef f ic iency of 29 to 31.6%.

SEcil


49/56

SAW DUST AND RIC E H U LL STOVES

O il Dr u m Stove (Ref. 25)Nor mal ly found in par ts of Bal i .

Type of F uel Used


Construct ion Aid

D e s i p F e at ur e s

Advantages

Disadvantages

- s a w d us t, r i c e h u ll .

used o i l drurn, br icks .

two thick pieces of wooct

w indow cu t out f r om lower s ide of d r um f o r a i rcol lect ionfuel is compressed in to the dr um wi th wood p iecesat r igh t ang les wh ich ar e la te r removed to fo r m theflue passage as s hown in the f igu r e.

- s i m p l e d e s ig nchoice of cheap fuel- a one met r e length of wood of 2 ems d iamet er and afu l l chamber of fue l can prov ide a cook ing f lame forapprox imate ly 2 hours .

not smoke f r ee- l o s s o f heat f r om top o f s tove .

Page


50/56

CookiPJG fger

USED O t D I N trt----""

SAW Ditsrf15,czA

spLiwrg.R.

)73O IL D R U M S T OV E

F i g . 2 3

D u e i t


51/56

Sawdust Stov eDeveloped by Er ic Simon and Pedro Sol is . ( Ref . 13)

Type of Fuel Used

Mater ials o f Cons t ruc t ion /Accessor ies

Design Feature s

Advantages

Disadvantages

- s awdus t .

5 gal lon t in can, r ed uc er and duets f or ch imney,4 wooden poles /br oom st icks , s m a l l quant ity ofo i l , w i c k s , g r i l l .

- ho le s p rov ided at bot tom f o r a i r c i r c u la t ion- f u e l packed up in to can with poles in pos i t ion whichare la te r r emoved to fo r m f lue passagescombust ion s tar ted by adding a l i t t le fue l o i l andign ited by w icks . W i t h f lame in a l l f our ho les ,gr i l l I s p laced on can. Ga s es are fo rced in to the

atmosphere through exhaust hood.

- a lm os t s mok eles s- choice of cheap fuel- 2 kg of fue l charge g ives 4- 5 hours good cook ing f i r e

fuel charg ing is cumbers ome- combus t ion prob lems wh i le s ta r t ing .- ch imney fabr icat ion is s l ight ly compl icated.


52/56

1 F i v e Ca l lo n Can2 G r i l l3 P o t4 S u p p o r t ( Ro d 1 / 4 d i e )5 S u p p o r t _ (Rod 1 / 4 d i e )6 S u p p o r t ( 2 ) ( R o d-1 / 2 i a )Reduce r f i t t i n g 10x18 t o a 16 cms8 R e d u c e r f i t t i n g 1 0 x 18 t o 7 x 1 5 co s9 D u c t o f 1 0 x 18 x 4 5 cme

10 D u c t o f 1 0 x 1 8 x 70 ems11 D u c t o f 1 0 x 1 8 x 57 cm.;12 S u c t i o n E xh au st Hood o f 1 0 x 3 0 d i e )13 D u c t o f l e x 1 8 x-1 0 7 d o e s14 C a p

isSAWDUST STOVE

Fig , 24


53/56

Java Ric e Hu ll Stove (Ref. 41)Commonly used in Yogyakar ta and Cent ra l and East Java to cooksoy mi lk for manufactur ing tahu soy curd.Type of F uel Used


Design Features

Advantages

Disadvantage

- r i c e h ull.

- f i r e d b r i k s w i t h c eme nt m o r t a r and p la s te r .

- s in g le po t s tove w i th pot p laced d i rec t l y on f irebox- s l an te d gr a te loca ted a t f ron t- c h i mn ey f o r s mok e ou tl et .

smoke f r eeeasy to ma inta in- c h ea p f uel .

- wa s te heat f ro m f lue no t u t il ized .

Page


54/56

J A V A RI C E H U L L S T O VEF g 2 5


55/56

'Gula J av a' Stove (Ref . 41)Used by " gu la J av a" c oc onut s ugar pr oduc er s i n E a s t J av a.

y p o f F ue l Us ed

Mater ia ls o f Cons t ruc t ion /Acces sor ies

Design Featur es

ORA-r 5

- r i c e h ul l .

- c l a y , m o r t a r , f i r e b r ic k s , p l as t e r- m e t a l g r a te , h op p er .

- t h r e e po t st ov e w i t h s t ra igh t duc t. H e a t f r omburning fuel led l ine ar ly to a l l three pots beforei t escapes through c himney- f lo o r s l igh t l y s lan ted upwards towards rear toimprove dr a f t- c h im ne y f o r s mok e ou tl et .

1GUL

F ig . 26

Page


56/56

Page 5'2Advantages

Disadvantages

smoke freetemperature gr adient avai lab le at pot seatsideal ly su i ted for cook ing "gula Java" .

- s t ov e w i l l no t opera te w i th po ts removed- n o dam pers fo r d ra f t c on t ro l.

solid fuel cooking stoves start - end of 3 (end pg 52)

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