solid fuel cooking stoves chp 4- end (start 53)

7/28/2019 Solid Fuel Cooking Stoves Chp 4- End (Start 53)

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4, EXPER IM EN TS ON COOKING STOVES

Descr iptions of s ix d i f feren t laborato ry invest igat ions on the ef f ic iencyof cook ing s toves avai lab le f r om the l i ter atu re have been identi f iedand presented wi th a common s et of parameters in the fo l lowingformat

Object ive of the invest igat ionExper imenta l se t -upProcedureResults- C o n c l u s i o n

Page_


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Page 5.4 Exper iment conducted by C. Fr an k l in (Univer s i ty of Pr inceton) (Ref. 8)

Object ive

!L____ini,2nta1 s et - lip

Procedure

Results

Conclusion

- t o tes t the ef f ic iency of a f i re- pan conf igurat ion wi thand without c ontrol of convect ion of gases.

test device c onsisted ofa shiny a lumin ium cy l inder w i th some appropr iateholes

- p ar t i t i o n s wh ich could be used to enc lose f i re andpan.

- t h e fo l low ing measurements were made:- t h e weight of wood before and af ter burn ing- te mp er a t ur e change o f given amount o f water .

- e f f i c i e n c y f or open c onfigur at ion- 16(J/0 eff icienc y wit h c onvec tion co ntr ol.

- t h e exper iment demons t rates the impor tance o fconvect ion contr ol as a des ign considerat ion.


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Open f i re cookingExper iment conduc ted by P. V is s er and P. Ver haa r t (EindhovenUniv ers ity of 'Technology) (Ref. 57)

Object ive

Exper imenta l se t -up

to deter mine the eff ic iency of an open- f i re in or derto have a s tandard fo r compar is on wi th other woodburning stoves.

tab le covered w ith re f r ac to r y b r i ck s to fo r m basesame kind of br ick s (6 x 11 x 22 ems) used asstones fo r the f i re usu al ly r es t ing on 6 x 22 cmside for ming a pan suppor t 11 c m high, i n s tarconf igurat ion.

BRICKS IN 'ST AR 1CONFIG ORATIONFig, 27

Pag..55


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A number o f exper iments were done wi th br ick s in del ta conf igurat ion

BRICKS IN 'DELTA' CONFIGURATIONFig . 28

- In i t ia l l y , s ome exper iments done w i th square gra te11 x 11 ems placed i n space between support ing br ick s.La ter , mo r e sys temat ic exper iments done w i th roundgrate 26 cm d iamet er w i th square holes 1 cm x 1 cm- a covered a lumin ium pan o f 28 ems d iameter , 24 emsheight and 1 m m th ick was used. I n most cases, i tcontained 5 kgs wa ter .exper iments carr ied out in laboratory where no windor d r a f t was present . G ase ous combus t ion produc tsexhausted to outs ide of the bui ld ing by a v ent i la tor- d i am e t e r o f f ir e = 26 ems

- wo o d used - white f i r .The fo l lowing var iables w ere changed for d i f fere nt tes ts t- s i z e o f fue l woodtotal amount of wood bur nt

charge s iz e- mo i s t u r e c on tent o f wood


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Procedure

- b r i c k c onf igura ti on- he i gh t o f pan f r om tab le sur face gr a te- g r a t e / n o g r at e.

The tes t procedure was one of boi l ing water . T h e fo l lowingmeasurements were made- qua nt i t y o f water used be fore s ta r t o f exper iment- qu an t i ty of wood used in ex per iment (based onapprox imate t ime the exper iment was to las t ) ,

div ided up into the desir ed charges- te mp er a t ur e o f water in pan cont inua l ly recorded

by a s t r i p - c ha r t r ec o rde r- du r a t io n f r om the ins tan t wood gets l i t up bypropane torc h and pan is k ept on f i r et ime of adding new charge (when f i re stops giv ingflame)

- t i m e when water in pan s ta r t s bo i l i ng- t i m e when water s tops bo i l i ng- ma s s o f water los t t hrough bo il ingAverage heat f low f r om the f i re

Q f ( M I * - ml) B( k w )mf=totalmassofwoodbur

mi 7 ma s s of last charge (k g)T = t ime f r om s tar t o f exper iment to int roduc t ionOf las t char ge (secs )

= co mbus tion v alue of wood used = 19, 883 k J /k gThe mois tur e content of the wood

- mass of water in woodmass of dr ied woodThe wood was a lways dr ied f i r s t in an e lec t r ic oven at 105C un t i l i t sweight was constant . W h e n wood wi th c er ta in mois tur e contents wasdes ired, a weighed amount of dr ied wood was her met ic a l ly sealedin a p las t i c bucket together w i th a measured amount o f water . A f t e rsome days, t he wate r was c omp lete ly absorbed by the wood.

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Results (See Ta ble 1)

Conclusions

Eff ic iency 1 1 is giv en bymwC(tbti)+myR

mfBwhere m

w =i n i t ia la mo un tofwaterinpan(kg)

my=amountofwaterevaporatedduringthe

experiment (kg)C = spec i f ic heat of water4. 2 kJ /k g. K

t b = temper atur e of boi l ing water (oC)t=initialtemperatureofwaterinpan(3C)

R = heat of evaporat ion of water at a tmospher icpressure and 1 0 00c =2 2 5 6 .9l a f kg

The experiment was considered terminated when water in pan stoppedbo il ing . S in c e water cont inues to bo i l f o r a cons iderab le t ime a f te rthe in t roduct ion of the las t charge, t he average heat f low in to water iscalculated us ing the eff iciency..Q w = Q f ( k w )

s mal l pieces o f wood tend to give a highe r ef f ic iency- h e ig h t of the pan above the f i re-bas e is an impor tantparameter- a h igh ef f ic iency was obtained wi th mois ture contentof wood = 10 . 8 %general f igures fo r ef f ic iency were found to be muchhigher than those normal ly quoted.

Second ser ies of testsMost of the variables i n the previous experiments we re held constantand the influence o f mo isture con tent in wood and height o f pan abovethe f i re base were s tudied. ' B o t h these sets Were repeated wi th agrate . Va r ia b l es mentioned be low were he ld cons tan t

- a lu m in iu m pan 28 c ins d iame ter and 24 cmsheight- 5 k g o f wa t er


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- s i z e o f f ue l wood - 1 . 5 x 1 . 5 x 5 emscharge s ize of 100 g of dry wood equivalenttotal wood burnt - 1000 g of dr y wood equivalenttype of wood - w hite f i rs tar conf igurat ion for s uppor t ing br ick sf i re d iameter 26 ems,

Exper iments done wi th mois tur e content of wood ranging f r om 0to 30%- h e i gh t o f pan above f i re base var ied f ro m 5-22 ems.

Results (See Tables 2- 6 and F igs. 29-31).

Conclusionef fic iency wi th low mois tur e content in wood is b et terthan for c omplete ly dr y woodhigher mois t ur e contents in fuel decrease theeff iciencyeff iciency is inf luenced by height of pan above base- h ig h e s t e f fi c iency ob ta ined at pan pos i t ionbetween 5-10 ems above base of f i re

- b e l o w 5 ems , c ombus t i on was impa i redres ul t ing in mocp smoke and longer bur n ingt imemore than 10 ems above base, d r op inef fic iency is a t t r ibuted to ra diat ion lossesto surroundings and di lut ion of combust ionproducts by ent r a inment of co ld a i r- a g ra te genera l ly improves ef f ic iencyan eff ic ienc y close to 3 0 % can be achiev edwith an open f i re.

Page 5


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Experiment conducted by K. S. Sa la rl yas ( H e a d , D e p t .o fM e c h a n i c a l

Engineer ing,Col lege of Agr icu l tura lEngineer ing , Pun jab Agr icu l tu r a l Un ivers i t y ,Ludhiana 141 004 ) (Ref , 31)

Objectives

Standardization

- co mbu s t io n exper iments Car r ied out on 6 d if f e ren ttypes of ovens for measuring the fol lowing- ma x i m u m t empera t u re o f c ombus t ion

- t h e r m a l e f fic i enc y of c ook ingvolume o f water jacketheat gained by water in w ater jack et .

- s i z e o f combus t ion chamber o f a l l chu las was keptthe same- w o o d was used as fuel for c hulas and charcoal for

angethis.

Max imum temperatur e of combustionProcedure

combust ion temperature measured wi th chromel-a lumel thermocouple based at conical t ip of 6 m mdiameter c opper tubeasbestos insulat ion prov ided for thermocouple wi r esto safeguard e lec t r ica l insulat ion at h igh temperatur es- t i p of th is tube p laced at hot tes t zone in c ombust ionchamber- f o r chulas i t was be tween 20-30 mmabove f loor of c ombust ion space- f o r angethis i t was 20 mm be low thetop burning surface of coal .

Th ermal efficiency of cookingQcQs

where 11t h e Qc

Flue 69


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Page 70heat suppl ied by bur ning of fuel(kcal) in the same t ime

Heat ut i l ized for cook ingQcmt

where m = quant i ty o f water (kg) being heated on the stovet t e m p e r a t u r e r i se o f w ater (0 C )H a t I t hgra ted by combus tion o f fue l

Qs=WQcv

where W = am ou nt o f t ue l burn t (kg)Qv

Volume o f water . i c k e t

= c a l o r i f i c va lue o f fue l (kc a l/ kg)g 3660 kc al /k g fo r wood=6670 kca l / kg fo r charcoa l

- ov en s w i th water jacke t were f i l l ed w i th water wh ichwas drain ed ou t and measured to giv e v olume ofwater jacket .

neat gained by water in water jack et- ex p e r imen t s c a r r i ed out w i t h jac k e t f u l l of wa te rthe fo l lowing measur ements wer e madein i t i a l t emper a t u r e o f wat e raverage temperature of water atthe end of the ex ce r ime nt

- d i f f e r en c e i n readings = t empera t u re r i s e


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Resu l t s

Si, No. No me n cla tu re Dia_ o f co rn -bust ion space

Vol . o fw a t e rjacket

C o m b -us t ion temp.

T h e r m a le f f ic iency

Heaw a t ew a t ejacke

m m l i t r e s ( )C %1. Chu la 240 _ 378 12.3 -2, Chu la wi th g ra te 240 737 15.77 -3. E co n o mica l chu la 240 20.86 364 12.03 8.634. Econ om ica l chu la

w i t h f i r e g r a t e 240 19.41 687 13.98 9.25 Ange t h i

220 907 9.6 -6. Smoke le ss ch u la 220 22 830 8 .4 11.87

Pag

Conclus ion- c h u la w i t h f i r e g r a t e has t he h ighes t va lues o f com bus t ion

t e m p e r a t u r e ( 7 3 7C ) a n dt h e r m ale f f i c ie n c y( 15 .7 7D/ o )

- m o s t e c o n o m ic a l is e c o n o m i c a l c h u la w i t h f i r e g ra t ebased on o ve r a l l pe r f o r m ance because o f :

im pr oved com bus t ion due to f i r e g r a t e- h e a t r e c o v e r y o f 9 .2 % b y w a t e r j a ck e t

the o r d i n a r y ange t h i a t t a ins a h ighe r t em per a t u r e ( 9 0 71 1C )and has a h ighe r t h e r m a l e f f i c i ency ( 9 . 6 ' 7 ) com par edto smoke less chu la

- s m o k e l e s s c h u la i s t h e p r e f e r r e d d e s ig n b eca use o f- h e a t r ec ov e r y o f 11 . 87'70 in wa t e r j acke t- s m o k e l e s s o p e ra t io n

- m o r e h e a t c a n b e r e c o v e re d b y i n c r e a s i n g le n g t h o fwa t e r j acke t .


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72AtiLi_Ment N a t i o n a l Bu ild ings O r ganis at ion, andPlanning, Rese arc h and Act ion ins t i tu te,Lucknow (Ref.63)

a t i ec t i v es

Chula select ion

Standardizat ion

to make a comparat ive s tudy of d i f feren t types ofc hulas i r us e w . r . t .- pe r f o r ma nc e re la t ed t o f uel c ons umpt ion- t i m e o f c ook ing- e l i m i n a t i o n o f s mok e

probe in to fac tors res pons ib le for smoke ef f ic ienc ies ofchulas- lo c a t e de fec ts in ex is t ing chu las fo r evo lv ing an improvedsmokeless c hula with reduced fu el cons umpt ion having

the fo l lowing cr i ter ias imple des igneas ily const ruc ted in ever y home- n o t more t han 2 po t seatsf irebox opening adequate for baking chapatis- s i z e o f ash ho le adequate fo r easy ash remov a lchimney fo r s moke out letconst ruc ted wi th local ly avai lab le mater ia ls- c h e a p enough

- h i g h hea t e ff ic i enc y

nine designs, repr es ent at iv e o f the 55 designs of chulasadopted in di f ferent parts of the country were selectedfor the study- t w o of these des igns were wood burn ing chulasone weR fo r char coal as fue l

- ch ul as wer e const ruc ted at the premis es of the Planning,Research and Act ion Ins t i tu te for ca rr y ing out theexperimentsal l equipment and Mate r ia ls us ed were s tandardized toel iminate v ar iat ions in these elements and consequentv i t ia t ion of accuracy of res ul ts .


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Heat _efficiency

Si. No. N a m e Fue lused Average ef f ic ienc y(%)

. So u t h D iv l a l o n Junagadhtype Wood 30.292. P r o v i n c i a l D iv is io n

Moradabad type Wood 28.11. C . W . E . C oc h in ty pe Charcoal 17.52

Procedurea f ixed quant i ty (1 l i t r e) of wate r was evaporated withfuel and t ime as v ar iablesa Axed quant i ty of fuel was bur nt and the numbe r oft imes a f ixed quant ity of 1 ,5 l i t r es of water b oi led wasrecordeda f ixed quant i ty of fuel was bu rn t and the quant i ty ofwater evaporated and t im e taken wer e notedquant ity o f water evaporated w ith in 30 minutes wasdetermined wi th fuel as var iableheat ef f ic iency was calcu lated f r om the c alor i f ic va lueof heat ut i l ized and c alor i f ic va lue of fue l burntmean of four values obtained in four exper iments wastaken as aver age ef f ic iency .

Heat ef f ic iencies of wood burning and charc oal chulas

Dimens ions for improv ing ef f ic iencyt r ia ls were conducted on chulas w i th max imum heateff iciency- d i me ns io na l changes were e ffec ted fo r observ ingper formance

Page 7


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Page 74t i m u m dimensions _.1 9 _ E _ S _ 2 = L l k _L Di v i s i o ni o nJ u r m a d ht-& c h u L a

Result

Result

Result

d iameter of 3 pot seats 150 mm , 1 50 m m, 280 r nmrespect ive lydistance between pot seats 90 mm , 90 m m

- d is ta nc e between las t pot seat and chimney - 75 m mchimney d iameter 130 m m- n o d a m pe r

ResultHeat ef f ic iency increased f rom 30.29% to 37.9%.

Clearance between ves sel and sot s eat- 3 b locks 25 mm diameter and 25 ram height wereconstructed on the top surfac e of the cooking pointto prov ide a c learanc e between the vess el andcooking point.

- h e a t ef f ic iency decreased f r om 37.9% to 26.04%.Insulation of chtda in t er ior

- h e a t ef f ic iency decreased f ro m 37.9% to 34.62%.Colour ing ex ter io r o f vesse l

Inte r ior of two chulas p las tered wi th mud mixed wi thmica and frigw oo l separately.

exteriors of vessels coloured black.

- h e a t ef f ic iency reduced f r om 37.9% to 27.08%.


23/64

Type and shape of v esselsResults

Result

Result

Results

a lumin ium vessels w i th convex bot toms gave ef f ic iencyof 37.9a/0aluminium vessels wi th f la t bottoms- ef f ic iency droppedto 31.32%brass vessels wi th f la t bottoms - ef f ic iency droppedto 28 08%.

Shape of chimney fluetaper ing f lue wi th d iameter of 130 ram at bot tom and100 ram at top was used ins tead of s t r a ight c y l indr ica lflue.

- e f f i c ienc y dropped f r om 37.9% to 34 .6%.

Assess ment of Per for manc e in ac tual useequal quant it ies o f r ic e (1 kg) , pu ls e (500 gm),vegetable (1 kg potatoes) and f lour (500 gm) wer e'cooked' on each chula s epar atelyt ime taken and fuel consumed were rec orded.

- co ns um pt ion of wood fuel was lower in the Junagadhtype chula (1459 gm).

Users op inion of selected chulas- b o t h chu las w i th h ighes t e f f ic ienc ies w ere c ons t ruc tedIn f ive houses to e l i c i t housewives 'opin ion on sui tabi l i t y ,

housewives c omplained that i t Was too big to beaccomodated in kitchensa th ir d pot seat was express ed as not being necessary .

Pag


24/64

VaAe 76Modif icat ion

Heat eff iciency24. 72 a/o

U s e r slo p i n io n

Conclusion

chula mod if ied to have two pot seats and hav ing thefo llow ing dim ens ionschula height: 165 mmfuel box width: 180 m m- f u e l box leng th : 215 m mdistance between 1st and 2nd pot seats: 75 rn mdistance between 2nd pot and chimney: 100 m m- d i a m e t e r o f c himney : 90 rnm- d a m p e r i n c h imney : hal f c los ed .

- c h u la sa t i s fac to ry as regards he igh t , d iame ter andnumber o f pot seatsmouth of the chula s l ight ly lar ger than req ui red- c h u la smokeless, conv enient and saves t ime.

- t h e improv ed smokeless chula was recommended as thebest among those using wood as f ue l- c lea r an c e between vessel and cook ing point decreasesheat eff iciency and hence should not be provided- a l u m i n iu m v es s els a r e p re f e r r ed t o bras s v es s e ls- v es s e ls w i th convex bot toms are pre fer red to thosehaving f lat bottoms- a ch imney w i th a s t r a igh t cy l indr ica l fl ue i s p re fe r red .


25/64

Expe r imen t s conduc ted by Ke i t h O penshaw ( D iv . o f Fo r e s t r y , Un ive r s i t yo f Dar -e s -Sa laam, Mo ro g o ro ) (Ref . 5 )

Stove type S t o v e typeCla y M e t a l Cla y M e t a l

AshUnburn t ch a r coa l

AshUnburn t ch a r coa l

average % o f o r ig in a l ave rage % o f u nb u rn twe igh t cha r coa l

6 .3 9 . 30.1 3 . 9

6 .3 9 . 7

% range o f o r ig ina l we igh t % range o f b urn t cha rco6.6 - 5 . 9 1 2 . 0 - 5 . 30 .4 - 0 . 0 6 , 9 - 5 . 6

6 .6 - 5, 9 1 2 . 6 - 5 . 7-

E x p e r i me n t 1Object ive

Pr ocedu r e

Resul ts

- t o com par e t he pe r f o r m ance o f t he Tha i. c lay s t ovew it h : t he a l l m e t a l s t ove used in A f r i ca .

fue l used was cha rcoa l o f m ixed miomb o (open) wood landspecies wi t h averag e mo ist u re conten t between 1570 to 20%500 gms o f ch arcoa l we re bu rn t in each s tove us ingnewspaper f o r l i gh t i ng t he cha r ge , w i t h cha r coa l ob t a inedf r om t he sam e sou r ce f o r any one bu r n- a t o t a l o f f ou r bu rns wer e unde rt aken

- t h e f o l lo w i n g me a s u r e me n t s w e r e ma d e- a s h c on t en t o f th e t wo s t o ve s- w e i g h t o f u n bu rn t ch a r co a l- t e m p e r a t u r e a t 6 e m s f r o m th e s t o ve an d 8 . 5 c ms

f r o m the g roundins ide s t ove t em pe r a t u r e a f t e r ch a r coa l had bu r n t ou t .

Ash and unb urn t cha rcoa l content

Page


26/64

Page 78Tempera ture

Water evaporated and t ime to evaporate the water

30% less w ater was evaporated wit h the me ta l stoveand i t took 50% mor e t ime to evaporate th is s ma l lervolume.

Conclusions

Exper iment 2Object ive

Procedure

dur ing burn, c har c oal in c lay s tove became whi te hot,whereas in meta l s tove i t was much r edder- in s id e temper a ture in c lay s tove a f te r a l l t he charcoa lwas bur nt was gr eater than 1 1 0C b u tt e m p e r a t u r ei n

metal s tove was 1 0 6Ctemperature dur ing bur n ing at 6 ems f r om s tove and8, 5 ems f r om gr ound was 3 3C i n t h ec a s eo fc l a y

stove, and was 41 C for the me tal s tove.

- per fo r ma nc e o f c lay s tove i s be t te r fo r the fo l low ingreasonscharcoal got burnt a lmos t c omplete lyins ide temperatures wer e found h igher- l e s s heat was rad ia ted to the ou ts ide

- 4 3 % more charcoa l i s needed to evapora tethe same v olume of water in the case of ametal s tove, an d i t would take tw ic e as long.

- t o compare the per fo rmance o f the Tha i c lay s tove w i ththe a l l meta l charc oal s tove used in Af r ic a and amodi f ied vers ion of the la t ter w i th grate a i r spaceincreased to 25% of basal area and l in ing the insideof the s tove wi th 3 ems th ick c lay .

- f u e l used was char coa l o f m ixed miombo spec ies- 4 0 0 gm bags of the fuel were r ando mly -d is tr ibuted tothe stoves- t r i a l took p lace on seven consecut ive days


27/64

eight burns were made in the c lay s tove, four tee n inthe meta l s tove and three in the (modif ied) met a l / c laystoveeach stove was l i t us ing one sheet of newspaper and 50 ccparaf f inwater was brought to boi l , o ne l i t r e at a t ime in s tandards ize a lu min iu m pans wi t h l ids (23 ems d ia. an d 10 emsdeep)

- a s soon as one l i t r e had boiled, another s tandard pancontaining cold water was subst i tuted- t h e fo l low ing measurements were made- t o t a l number o f l it r es b rough t t o bo i l- t o t a l and p e r l it r e t i m e .

Exper imenta l c ondit ions:- bo i l i n g tempera ture was taken as 96C (Morogoro b e in g more than 500 m above sea lev el)- t empe r a t u r e o f wa t er be fo re bo il ing was 2 2C- we at he r cond it ions var ied somewhat f r om day to day- pe op le under tak ing the exper iment var ied- s t o p watches were used to rec ord the t ime and

thermometers the tempera ture ,


28/64

- -

tove.type

Nu mb e r o f irialS':'; 8

f*, 6 _We ig h t o f c h a rc o al p e r t r i a l ' c i s YTota l number o f l i t res bo i ledAverage number o f l i tres boiled per tr ia lAverage wt o f cha rcoa l used pe r l i t reboi led (g ms)Average Kca l used to b r ing each l i t reto bo i l (assume 7 .9 Kca l /g in )Percentage charcoa l remain ing a f te r _burn ing , A djusted wei ght of cha rcoa l used pe r, ,l i t re bo i led (a l lowing fo r in i l iu t r i t ch arco al) gn is ' 'Kca l used per l i t re bo i led

.,rAmount of water boiled

Clay

8 -400^50;

, 6. 25 +.64

50,6

64'506

_ Metal andclay

175.67

71

561

2*

6 9545

* a s s u m e d+ s ig n i f i ca n t d i f f e rence between averages a tthe 0 .01 lev e l

Metal2

14400

443.14+

127

1,0034

122964


29/64

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Page 8


30/64

Page 82Conclusion :

- co mp ar ed to the Tha i s tove , o n an average a t leas t48% more c harcoal is re qui r ed w i th a meta l s toveand 10% mor e w ith a modif ied s tove tot4 ol l the sam evolume of w aterthe modif ied stove was the mos t di f f icu l t to l ight andto get the bur ning going we l l

- t h e c lay s tove l i t the eas ies t and was found to burnbr ight ly in f ive to ten minutesaverage t i me taken for boi l ing water on c lay s toveis appr ox imate ly two- th i rds of the t ime taken on themetal stove and even less (60%) c ompared to themodif ied stove- av e r age t ime f o r bo i l ing wa t er ( 4 l it r es i n- a p a r t i c u l a rase) is les s than 60% of the t ime spent on the me tals tove wi th very l i t t le d i f ference between the meta lstove and the modif ied s tove.


31/64

E x p e r i m e n t c o nd u ct e d b y : N . J a j o d i a ( I n d i a n I n s t it u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y ,Bom ba y ( Re f . 26 )

C h u l a e f f i c i e n c yO b jec t i ve

P r o c e d u r e

C a l c u l a t i o n s

Conc lus ions

- t o e v a lu a t e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f a ch u l a b y th e b o i l i n gc y c le t e s t .

- t h r e e t y p e s o f p o r t a b le c o k e a n d c o a l b u rn i n g c h u l a sw e r e c h o s e nc h a r co a l w a s f i r s t u s e d a s f u e l f o l l o w e d b y c o ke- f o l l o w i n g w e r e th e me a s u r e m e n t s m a d e

- a f i x e d q u a n t i t y o f w a t e r w a s b o i l e d o n t hec h u la a n d a m o u n t o f w a t e r b o i l e d o f f w a sd e t e r m i n e dh ea t r e q u i r e d f o r t h i s w a s t h e u s e f u l h e a te x p e r im e n t wa s c a r r i e d o v e r t he t o t a l t i m ea c h u l a c a n n o r m a l l y b e u s e f u lh e at i n p u t t o c h u l a Wa s d e t e r m i n e d f r o ma m o u n t o f f u e l b u r n tr a t i o o f t h e t w o i s t h e m e a s u r e d e f f i c i e n c yo f the chu la .

E f f i c i e n c y , u s e f u l h e a t g a i n ed i n h e a t i n g= h e a t su p p l ie d

M. *

l a te n t h e a t o f s t e a m x q u a n t i t y o f w a t e rb o i le d o f fc a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l x q u a n t i ty o f f u e l

b u r n t

e f f i c ie n c y v a r i a t i o n s b e t w e e n c h u la s w a s q u i t e s m a l lh ea t r e t e n t i v i t y o f th e c h u l a i s a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o rc o n t ri b u t in g t o e f f i c i e n c y. ,i n d li n g t i m e , a n i mp o r t a n t v a r i a b l e a f f e c t i n g t he u s e rv a r i e s w i t h c h u l a d e s i g n a n d f u e l Us eda c h u l a w i t h o p t i m a l g r a t e - t o - b a s e d i s t a n c e i s t h e b e st

Page 83


32/64

Page 84

Remarks

Thermal losses f ro m chu laObject ive

Procedure

an ideal fuel should have low igni t ion temperature,low sur face hardness and low mois tur e contentrate of burning af fects ef f ic iency.

resul ts ar e only ind icat ive, and quant ita t ive es t imatesmay or may not be exac t ly re pr oduc ible due to unknown,uncont ro lled parameters .

- t o invest igate the therma l losses that occ ur in the potchula sys tem f or suggest ing de-sign parameter s fo r achula.

cint la divided into seven sectionsthermocouples with radiat ion shields at tached to eachsect ion. for temperature measurementweight of the chula measured at ev ery s tage upto thepoint of die-outsamples o f gas emanat ing f ro m f i r e p lace were col lec tedand analysed using an Orsat apparatus.

Assumpt ions mad e- c onduc t i on los ses f r om t he s y s tem a re m in ima l- n o rad ia t ion losses f ro m bot tom

change in actual heat t ra ns fer ar ea cons ider inghandles and a i r vent are m in i ma l- n o usefu l heat is supplied to pot by k indl ing mate r ia l

equivalent emiss iv i ty of f i re p lace- chula conf igurat ionis same as emiss iv i t y o f burn irg char coa l- a l l mo is tu re f ro m the fue l is d r i v en away in the k ind l ingper iodcalor i f ic va lue of fue l is constant at 6-9 Kcal /gmvar ia tions in emiss iv i t ies w i th sur face tempera turefor var ious sect ions is low

- f l u e gases in p lume ar e composed of only CO2, CO , 02 and N2.


33/64

Remarks

Conclusion

NOTE:

- per c enta ge o f ov era l l heat t rans fer to po t was assumed tore main constant over the whole cyc les ince equivalent emis s iv i ty of pot - f i rep lace sy stem wasnot ca lcu lated, r ad iat ion losses est imated f or th issect ion are higher than actual losses.

more r igorous est imates need to be made- r ed uc ing wa l l t empera tures w i l l de f in ite ly he lp inreducing losses - both convect ive and ra diat iv e- u s in g a pot d iameter g rea ter than f ire p lace d iameteris helpfu l in r educ ing losses.

this experiment has been descr ibed here only insummar ized fo rmdeta ils of c a lcu lat ions can be had f r om the or ig in aldocument.

Page 8


34/64

Exper iment conducted by: M. O . Sl iec ke n and C. N ieuwel t ( f logereTechnische School, Amsterdam) ( l ief . 57)

Object ive

Procedure

Eff ic iency

- t o de termine the ef f ic iency o f the Fam i ly Cooker- m a i n emphas is was to explore methods fo r obta in ingre l iable heat balances in cooking stoves.

fuel used was char coalthe chimney was preheated for pro v id ing the in i t ia ldraf t- t h e charge, th e tota l amount of fue l burnt and thedamper pos i t ion were v ar ied dur ing the s tudytemperatures wer e cont inuous ly measured at sev era lpoints along the gas f low path and on metal surfac es bya set of c hrome l-a lurne l thermocouples in s ta in lesssteel sheaths hooked on to a mult ich anne l data logger.Spot checks on temper atur e were made by a dig i ta ltempera ture m ete rcarbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were monitoredcont inuously with an inf ra red gas analyser

- ox y ge n was moni tor ed by spot checks us ing an Orsatapparatusthe exper iment ter minated when the las t c harge offue l go t comple te ly burn t . T h i s usua l l y co inc ided w i ththe water ceasing to boi l- s o m e tes ts , were conducted by ins ulat ing the outercy l inder of the combust ion uni t w i th a 2 cm th ick laye rof g lass wool which in tur n was covered by a 0.3 mmalumin ium sheet.

- t h e def in i t ion of ef f ic iency used was the same as thatg iven in exper iments on open f i res (presented ea r l ie r )calor i f ic values of charcoal (average) was taken to be33,000 kJ/kg- n o ef for t was made to car ry out a s tudy of the spec i ficeffec t of d i f ferent v ar iables in the s tove per for manceeff iciency was found to v ar y between 21 -34% fo rdi f ferent design and oper at ing c ondit ions- t h e max . ef fic iency recorded dur ing the t r ia ls was34. Vio obtained w ith an ins ulated stov e and damp eroperat ion


35/64

use of second pan res ul ted in an increas e i n ef f ic iencyby 3 p e r c e n t a g e p o i n t swater in the second pan(about hal f the q u an t i t y-in t h ef i r s t pan) reached a m ax imu m t emper atur e o f 5813C.


36/64

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37/64

a. P a n d iame t e r 2 8 0 ram; heigh t 240 mmother exper iments :Pan diameter 240 mm; height 180 mm

b. T e m p e r a t u r e s w e r e r ec o r de dc. Ch im n e y d iameter dec reased f rom 110 mm to 45 mm by p lac inga me ta l r ing on top of exhaustd. A few gas compos i t ion measurements done by Or sat apparatuse. He ig h t of combust ion chamber increased by 30 mmf . Comb us t io n c hamber insu la ted by 20 mm th ick layer o f glasswool and covered by aluminium sheetg. Sec on d pan used: 180 m m diameter ; 110 m m heighth. C O and CO2 content of f lue gases monito r ed

Heat Balance Es t imatesHeat balance for the fam i ly type cooker c ompr ises of

Calculat ionsConvective heat loss

heat input (mass o f fue l bur nt correc ted formois ture content mul t ip l ie d by ca lor i f ic va lue)heat absorbed by water ( inc luding the heat used upfor evaporat ion)convective and ra diat ive losses f r om the s ides ofthe combust ion chamber, the pan and the top- l id- f l u e box los sloss due t o unbur nt CO in the f lue gassensible heat c ar r ie d away by chimney gase's.

Qc.hA(Tw-Too)t

where A = a r e a o f the sur face concerned in m2 t - d u r a t i o n o f e x p er i me nt i n s ec s.

Tw-walltempe

100C for pan l id and 900C for combust ion chamber s ideTao= env i ro nmen t temper ature = 20C

mean heat t ransfer coef f ic ient given byTi L ir< u = C ( G r P r )nNu - N u s s e l t n u mb e r

= c ha r ac te r is t ic length (height for Combust ion chamberand pan s ides, d i am et er for pan l id)

Page 89


38/64

G r = G r a s h 3 ! number g iv e n by g A T L3 U2accelerat ion due to grav i ty m / s2 -1volumetr ic expansion coef f ic ient , KTw - TooKinemat ic coef f ic ient of v iscos i ty , 2 /

C and n are dependent on the geometr y of the surfac e under c onsider at ionas we l l as the va lue o f Gr Pr F o l l o w i n g were the values taken

C = ( L 59 n = 1/ 4 fo r combus t ion chamber and pan s idesC 0 . 1 5 n 1 / 3 f o r pan l id

R a d i a t i v e h e a t l o s sQ r = G E A ( T4w - TAL )

kJw h e r e t r , t h e S t e f a n - B o l t z ma n n co n s ta n t '-- 5 . 6 6 9 7 x 1 0- 8 W i r n

2Knd E - e m i s s i v i t y , t h e va lu e t ak en b ein g

- b la c ke n e d a l u m i n i u m p a n s id e- pa n l i d- i n s u l a t e d c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r

sh ea th in g (ca se E ) - c o m b u s t i o n c h a m b e r (c a se A )

E s t i m a t i o n o f o t h e r l o s s e s

H e a t l o s s

Q1 = Mg

wher e Mg

0 . 6 0 . 0 90.090 . 66

- m a s s f l o w e s t i ma t e s w e r e d e r i ve d f r o m th e ma s so f f u e l b u r n t , a n a s s u me d f u e l a n a l y s is a n d th ec o mb u s t i o n p r o d u c t s a n a l y s i sf u e l wa s a s s u m e d t o b e m a d e u p e n t i r e l y o f c a rb o n ,m o i s t u r e a n d a s h (a s h c o n t e n t a s s u m e d = 4 % )

- o x y g e n c o n t e n t i n t h e g a s s t r e a m w a s n o t c o n t i n u o u s l ym o n i t o r e d ,

n f l ue box(.:1

ft_C

p 1 1 P em a s s n o w o f g a s i n k g


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C a we igh ted mean spec if ic heat o f t he combus t ionproducts evaluated at the re levant temperature inKJ / k g K

T . . t t em per a t ur e a t the in le t t o the flue box in 01 (Te=temperatureatexitfromtheflueboxinc1K

Loss due to unburnt CO- h e a t of combust ion of CO taken as 10.11 kJ /k g

Chimney losses t im at ed in a manner s im i la r to tha t o f f lue box loss .

GAS ANALYSIS OVER FU EL BED( with ins ulated combust ion chamber)

ComponentCO2Co1120022

* meas ur ed quant it ies

NoteF ue l burn t : 4 50 gMois tu re conten t : 5 . 2 %Dura t ion o f exper iment : 14 0 minu tesDamper : F rac t ion open : 0 . 2 76

% by Vol um e8. 90 *2.75 *0, 4210. 3677. 60

Page


40/64

Page 92

S l . No . D e s c r _ l i p _ I L L n

1. H e a t input2. H e a t l os t due t om o i s t u r e e v a p o r a t i o n

Hea t abso rbed by wa t e rin pan

4. H e a t los s f r o m panconvec t i on - s i desr a d i a t i o n

H E A T B A L A N C E E S TI M A T E S F O R F A M I L YCOOK E R

- top- s ides- top

5. H e a t los s f r o m c ombus t i oncham bers- convect ion- rad ia t i on

6. H e a t los t i n f lue box7. H e a t los t due t o f o r ma t i o nof CO

Heat los t up the ch imneyUnaccounted fo r loss

Conc lus i on

kJ18539

865430

926298710

33

15861727

7743

Case AUninsu la ted Com-bus t i on Cha m ber

0 . 46

29. 295. 001, 63.830 . 1 8

8. 559. 31

41.77

Case BI nsu la t ed Com -bus t i on Cham ber

kJ14116

50 0 . 3 5

4583 3 2 . 4 8648 4 . 6208 1 . 4 7497 3 . 52

23 0 . 1 6

511 3 , 6 258 0 . 4 12233 1 5 . 8

2285 1 6 . 2818 5 . 9 7

2200 1 5 . 6

nea r l y 1 / 6 o f t he heat i npu t i s unaccoun t ab lea t t r i bu t ed t o- a s s u m p t i o n o f c a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f fu el f o r wh i c hunaccoun t ed f o r l oss can va ry f rom 12 t o 19 , 2%

- l o s s f r o m p a n ac c o un t s f o r 1 0% of h ea t in p ut o f w h i c h o v e r50% is by c onvec t ion- r a d i a t i v e l os s e s a r e no t v e r y r e l i a b l e s in c e

t e m p er a t u r e m e a s u r e me n t s a r e c r u c i a l( rad iA t ion loss depends on the four th powero f t e m p e r a t u r e )a s s u m pt i o n o f s u rf a c e e m is s i v i t i e s a r e am a t t e r o f c o n s i d e ra b le s p e c u l a t i o n

- h e a t l o s s f r o m c o mb u s t i o n c h a m b e r s i de ie t a k e n a sf a i r l y a c c u r a t e s i nc e t h i s s u r f a c e i s n o t ex p os e d t of l a me s a n d h e nc e p r o b l e m o f e m i s s i v i t y i s n o t s o s e v e r e


41/64

- t e mpe ra t ure measurement o f ho t gases surroundedby 'co ld ' wal ls of thermocouple is subject to considerablerad ia tion e r rors pa r t icu la r i l y in low ve loc i t y sys temsunder considera t ion . E s t ima te s o f th is e r ro r cou ldnot be der ived because of unknown wa ll te mperatu res.source of a i r leaks

- 1 s t pan s ea t- 2 n d pan sea t- j o i n t s

oa

CO20/ 0

CO%

1. O n top of fuel bed 8.87 2.762. I n the ch imney 4.86 1.57. R a t i o between the two 1.825 1.758

effect of air leaks- re d u ce gas tempera tures wh ich are used fo r

est imat ing heat losses i n f lue box and chimney- es t ima t i o n o f exten t o f leaks

- t o p o f fue l bed and ch imneyAverage CO2 -C Oc o n te n t satthetwom on i to r in gs ta ti on s:

ef f ic iency of the stove is af fected ve ry l i t t le by theleaksheat loss e st imat ion due to fo rmat ion of CO is taken asquite a ccuratemajo r e r ro rs in heat balance est imates a re in the f luebox loss and chimney loss wh ich toge ther account fo rove r 21% of heat inp ut

- b y more measurements i t i s possib le to reduce un-accounted loss to 10% or less, wh ich however isdif f icult when wood is used as fuel.

Page 9


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5. SOCIO - CULTURAL VALU ES ANDSTOVE DESIGNIn developing ef f ic ient cook ing s toves for any soc iety , i t isessent ia l to deter mine the soc io-c ul tura l va lues of the people fo r whom

the stove is being designed, s inc e they mus t perc eive i t as beingpre ferab le to the i r p resent cook ing ar rangements . T h e r e i s no po in t indesigning a cheap ef f ic ien t stove which is not acc eptable i , e. on e w hichdoes not f i t in w i th thei r soc io -cu l tura l preferences. G o u ld and Josephhave c i ted a few examples wher e a design may conf l ic t w i th people'ssoc io-cul tura l va lues e. g.

in Oceania, pr epa ra t ion of ear th ovens prov ides animpor t ant c on tex t f o r s oc ial in t er c ou rs e . T o t r y t oel iminate them because they are labor ious and t imeconsuming would be to ent i r e ly ignore t hei r soc ia ls ignif ic anc e . S i m i l a r l y , i n ev ery c oun tr y , peoplehave adjusted to c er tain w or k pat terns and whi le i tmay be mor e ec onomical for the cook ing processto be gr eat ly shor tened, th is may conf l ic t w i th awhole pat tern of t ime ut i l izat ion and soc ia l in ter -course.the soc ia l s i tuat ion to deter mine whether the s toveshould be home produced, produced by industry forsale o r g iven ou t r igh t i s impor tan t . T h e des ignermust cons ider people's w i l l ingnes s and abi l i t y to spendon impr ov ed stoves and the ef fec t of sex di f ferenc e inspending power (es g, i t w i l l be di f f ic ul t to s el l s tovesin soc iet ies wher e men cont r o l finances but r egar dcooking methods as no concern of theirs).home production of stoves m ay be affected by so cio-cu l tu ra l p re ferences . I n o rder to be w i l l i ng to inves tt ime and labour in bui ld ing s toves, th e people mus tc lear ly perceive that the benef i ts outweigh theoppor tuni ty cos t o f t he i r labour . I n many par t s o fA f r i c a , the peak labour t ime co inc ides w i th a per iodof food shor tage. O ut s id e th is t ime, peop le ea tbe tte r and res t a lo t , b u t th is i s necessary fo r themto cope with the stresses of the peak labour t ime,and s tove product ion dur ing th is apparent le isur e t imemay not be advisable.


43/64

Stove des ign

Use of Chimn ey

- i n f l ex ib l e na tu re o f s tove l im i t s i t ' s us e du r ing harv es tt ime when i t cannot accomodate lar ge potsinabi l i t y to pr ov ide space heat , s o es sent ia l in co ldcount r ies conf l ic ts w i th f uel sav ing proper t ies ofenclosed stoves

- t h e f i r s t Lorena s tove des igns bu i l t w i th cook ingsur faces nea r the f loor lev el were looked upon as un -dignif ied and wer e accepted by people only when stoveswere bui l t w i th 30-36" height- ten de nc y to s t r ongly va lue outward appearance of thestove could inf luence i t 's being accepted.

a lthough a s tove wi th a ch imney is mor e ef f ic ient thana stove lac king one, i n Bangladesh, people do not seechimney as des irab le because of the necessi ty o fkeeping out storm water dur ing monsoons- s m o k y f ires keep tha tched roo fs d r y and insec t f ree ,

hence smokeless s toves have faced r esistanc e in India,Indonesia and Guatemala.

Page


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Page 96

6. GUIDELINES FOR EXTENSION SERVICES

Role of Extens ion Progr ammess ac c or d in g to Go ldemberg , the l i t t l e success in

int roduc ing s toves of improved des ign in poorru ra l areas is the absence of ex tens ion programmesto d isseminate be t ter s toves . E x te ns ion work canbe done byident if icat ion of a g iven count ry or a re giontaking into account loca l habits etc.bui ld ing a few s tove units w i th a cons t ruc t ionmanual prov ided in the lo c al language,

cons is tent w i th the l i ter ac y levelins ta l l ing new s toves in health cent res orschools wh er e young housewives ca n seethem in operat iondemonstr at ion of stove advantages tocommuni ty leaders

u s i n g s pec ia l units of ' s oc ia l fo r es ter s ' t o demons trate advantages of impr ov edstoves in addi t ion to d iss eminat ing i n-format ion on reforestat ionin s lum recov er ing programmes, be t te rstoves can be introdu ce d i n the new housesas a permanent f ix ture alongwith toi letsand showers wh ich induce the owners toadopt new l iv in g pat terns that are s uper iorf rom a s ani tary and economic point o f v iew.

Star t inq Extens ion Progr ammesExtens ion Pro gr ammes fo r in t roduct ion of bet ter s toves should inc lude

v is i t o f a Wor ld Bank exper t ( or consul tant) to ident i fyaf ter s tudy ing the local s i tuat ion, t he most su i tablemodel fo r that, are amanufactur ing a few uni ts and preparing a detai led,construct ion manu alt ra in ing people engaged in a gr icu l tur a l ex tens ion work ,soc ia l fores t ry or a newly created uni t o f h igh schoolstudents by the v is i t ing expert in aspects of bui ldingand use of the stoveIntroducing a few uni ts i n key c entres such as healthcent res , schools , co mmun i ty c ent res etc . by -, h e l o c a leople and convincing some inf luent ial v i l lagers to usethem


45/64

i n a l l cases , c r ea t in g co ttage indus t r ies , t r a in ingloca l b lacksmi ths o r semi sk i l led labourers o rd is td but ing 'do- i t -yoursel f ' manuals to anyonedes i r ing to bu i ld or purchase bet ter s toves isessentialleadership is essential and success of extensionprogrammes w i l l depend on some local peoples tr ongly mot ivated by the pr oblem to face thef i rewood cr is is in the i r own phys ica l and cu l tura lsettings.

Page


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Page 98

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EasJndonesa Indonesandonesa


55/64

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Page 10

ANNXUR2Re11


56/64

Page 108

Type of f i re Ef f ic iency %

Open f ir e 5-10Closed f i r e(one cooking hole, n o chimney) 10-20Closed f i r e(two or more cooking holes,ch imney , d r a f t con t ro l ) 25-38

ANNEXURE 3WOOD FIRE EFF ICIENC IES

Source: ( Re f . 6)


57/64

ANNEXURE 4

F ue l Calor i f ic c ontentKc a l / k g Eff

iciency

To

Soft cok e 6, 492 28Charcoal 6,790 28Wood 4,750 17.3Cow dung 2,146 11Kerosene 10, 880 48Elec t r ic i t y 76Gas 4, 060 K c a l / m3

60

Eff ic iencies of commonly used cooking stoves withdi f ferent fuels

Source: (Ref. 6)

Ifst_ge.


58/64

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59/64

A N N E X U R E 6

C o u n t r y G N Pp e r c a p i -ta (US $)C o n s u m p -t i o n p e rc ap i t af u e l w.0 0 d

( m3)

E n e r g y c o n s u mp t i o np e r c a pi t a k g CE ) + P r o p o r t i o n o f t ot a lenergy s upp l i ed byf uel wood (To)o r e s ton l yT o t a l

M a l a w i 80 O. 77 335 376 89. 1N epa l 80 0. 57 248 259 95 . 8Tanz an ia 100 2 . 30 999 1042 96 . 0I nd ia 110 0 . 19 83 274 30 . 3S r i L a n k a 110 0. 31 135 291 4 6 . 4Guinea 120 O. 50 217 314 69.1N i g e r i a 120 1. 00 435 480 90. 6M a d a g a s c a r 130 0. 52 240 304 78 . 9Uganda 130 , 1 . 0 7 478 531 90.2Keny a 150 0 . 69 299 447 66 . 9Rhodes ia 280 0. 63 274 838 32 . 7A l g e r i a 300 0. 02 9 479 1 . 9I v o r y Co a s t 310 1. 01 438 618 7 0 . 9Za mb i a 400 0 . 90 391 900 4 3 . 4B r a z i l 420 1. 60 695 1176 59. 1Cuba 530 0 . 20 87 1140 7. 6Ch i l e 720 0. 31 135 1345 10. 4S. A f r i c a 760 0 . 04 17 2763 0 . 6Venez uela 980 0. 63 274 2427 11.3G r e e c e 1090 0 . 25 109 1259 8 . 7I t a l y 1760 0 . 1 4 61 2492 2 . 4L i b y a 1770 0 . 2 0 87 569 15. 3U. S . S . R. 1790 0. 36 157 4356 3 . 6U . K . 2270 0. 01 4 5143 0. 1Fi n l a n d 2390 1. 63 709 4859 14. 6,B e l g i u m 2720 0 . 2 0 9 5438 0. 2W, Germany 2930 0. 03 13 4836 0. 3F r a n c e 3100 0 . 12 52 3570 1. 5Canada 3700 0 . 20 87 8881 1 . 0Sweden 4 0 4 0 0. 41 178 5946 3 . 0U. S . A . 4760 0 . 10 43 10817 -OA

P e r c a p i t a G N P a n d e n e r g z c o n s u m p t i o n f o r s o m e s e l e c t e d c o u n t r i e s

+ No t e : 1 t o n n e c o a l e q u i v a l e n t = 6 . 9 m i l l i o n K c a l o r 8 00 0 k w h r S o u r c e ! (Ref._28)

Page 111


60/64

Page 112

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61/64

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62/64

Page 114

AdobeA n g e t h iBagasse

Be l lows

B TU

C a l o r i e

Ch im ney

ChulaCoa l equ iva len t

C oa l re p l a c e m e n t

Coke

GLOSSARY

sun d r ied m ud .a ch a r c o a l s t o v e u se d i n N o r t h e r n I n d i a .th e b u rn a b le f i b r e r e m a i n i n g a f t e r s u g a rh as b e e n e x t ra c t e d f r o m s u g a r c a nea b l a c k s m i t h ' s d e v i ce f o r f o r c in g a i r i n toa f i r e t o i n c r e a s e t h e r a t e o f c o m b u s ti o nand t hus t he t e m per a t u r e .B r i t i s h T h e r m a l U n i t ; a me a s u r e o f h ea te n e rg y ; s p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e a m o u n t o f h e atr e q u i r e d t o r a i s e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f o n epound o f wa t e r by one deg ree Fah r enh e i t .h ea t r e q u i r e d t o r a i s e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o fone g r a m o f w a t e r f r o m 14 , 5C t o 1 5 . 5C

at a cons t an t p r essu r e o f one a t m osphe r eOne c a l o r i e - 3 . 97 x 1 03B T I J .v e r t i c a l s t r u c t u r e w i t h f lu e o r f lu e s t oc a r r y o f f s mo k e a nd u n d e s i r a b l e p r o d u c t so f combust ion .a s m a l l e a r t h e n o r b r i c k s t o v e u se d i n I n d ia .r ep r esen t s t he hea t con t en t ( Kca l ) o f eachf ue l i n t e r m s o f t he hea t con t a ined in anave rage t onne o f i nd igenous coa l .a m eas u r e o f t he am oun t o f coa l t ha t wou ldbe needed t o subs t i t u t e o t h e r f ue l s i n ene r gyconsum pt ion p r ocesses .s o l id s u b s ta n c e l e f t w h e n v o l a t i l e p a r t shave been r em oved f r om coa l .

Co mb u st io n r a p i d c h e mic a l co mb in a t io n o f oxygen w i t ht he com bus t ib le e lem en t s o f a f ue l .Conduct ion t r a n s f e r o f hea t f r o m one p a r t o f a b o d y to

a n o t h e r p a r t o f th e s a m e b o d y o r f r o m o nebody t o ano t he r i n ph ys ica l con t ac t w i t h i t ,w it h o u t a p p r e c i a b l e d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h ep a r t i c l e s o f t h e bo d y.


63/64

Convection

Damper

Lorena

Mound

OffsetRadiation

SigniSmoulderTaper

DALStrans fer of heat f r om one point to anotherwithin a f luid by the mix ing of one port ionOf the f luid with another. I n naturalconvect ion, the f luid mot ion is e nt i r elydue to dif ferences in density res ul t ing f r omtemperature di f ferences; in forced convect ion,the mot ion is produced by mec hanical means.a door for regulat ing the draf t of air at thef i rebox or at di f fer ent sect ions o f the f lueIn a stove.

Dr af t a c ur r ent o f a ir .Dung a n i m a l was te, manur e .F irebox a c hamber in whic h fuel is burned.F lue t u n n e l o r passage way fo r gases.Grate a f r ame of meta l bars o r other ma t e r ia lfor holding burning fuel .Hopper a dev ic e f o r gradually feeding the fue l chargeinto the f irebo xLater it e r e d , eas i ly c r umbled s ur fac e c lay oftenused for s ur fac ing roads in t ropica lcountries.

a co mbination of two Spanish wor ds to denotean int imate mix tur e o f mud and sand.a s ma ll heap made below a pothole fo rdire c t ing hot gases towar ds the c ooking pot.placed to one side - not centered.t rans fer of heat f r om one body to anotherbody not in contact with i t by means Ofelectromagnetic wave mo tion thr ough space.a portable iron stove used in India.to burn, g iv ing of f mor e smoke than heat.a gradual_ change in the thickness orwidth of an objec t


64/64

Thermal eff ic iency

The rma l Mafia

Trowel

rat io of heat tra nsf err ed to cooking potsto the tota l c hemical energy content ofthe fuel.a measure of the abi l i ty o f a mate r ia l tore tain heat given by mass of the bodyi t 's speci f ic heat.a hand tool used f or spr eading andsmoothening.

Vor tex a c ir c u la r a i r c ur rent .

solid fuel cooking stoves chp 4- end (start 53)

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