Solar Electricity: Working in Ohio

Al CompaanDistinguished University

Professor of Physics

Sustainable Energy for Today’s BusinessNW Ohio Workshop March 22, 2007

12 kW of First Solar panels at Dorr and Westwood with 6 kW used for H2 generation

University of Toledo Clean and Alternative Energy Incubator

statestate--ofof--the technology of the technology of solar electricitysolar electricity

Oberlin College's Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental studies

United Solar’s solar shingles

First Solar’s mfg plant in Perrysburg with building integrated modules

- panels made from silicon wafers assembled into modules...versus:

+ flexible shingles from a-Si...or

+ monolithically integrated glass modules with cadmium telluride film

transparent conductor

n-type silicon

p-type silicon

metal electrode

metal grid

sunlight

motor

+

_

_

+

_ _

+ +

the traditional silicon solar cell

5

cadmium-telluride-based PV at UT(Al Compaan, Rob Collins, Dean Giolando, Victor Karpov)

•solar cells on glass superstrates•solar cells on polyimide substrates•tandem, high efficiency cells

web page: http://www.cmse.utoledo.edu/photovoltaics.html

Glass

TCOHRTCdS

CdTe

ZnTegrid

Typically the back contact is a metal or carbon paste rather than the transparent ZnTe shown here.

6

Amorphous Silicon-Based PV at UT

Solar cells on thin stainless steel

• High efficiency • Lightweight• Flexible• Durable

Triple-junction StructureUT’s PECVD device fabrication system

a new hot-filament chamber, and four new sputter deposition chambers have been added to support research funded by the AFRL

For more information, please visit: http://www.physics.utoledo.edu/~dengx/deng.htm

Xunming Deng, Rob Collins

examples of UT’s flexible solar cells

cadmium telluride amorphous silicon

on Kapton

on molybdenum sheet

on stainless steel sheet

on SS foil

Best Research-Cell Efficiencies

026587136

Effic

iency

(%)

Universityof Maine

Boeing

Boeing

Boeing

BoeingARCO

NREL

Boeing

Euro-CIS

200019951990198519801975

NREL/Spectrolab

NRELNREL

JapanEnergy

Spire

No. CarolinaState University

Multijunction ConcentratorsThree-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)Two-junction (2-terminal, monolithic)

Crystalline Si CellsSingle crystalMulticrystallineThin Si

Thin Film TechnologiesCu(In,Ga)Se2CdTeAmorphous Si:H (stabilized)

Emerging PVDye cells Organic cells(various technologies)

Varian

RCA

Solarex

UNSW

UNSW

ARCO

UNSWUNSW

UNSWSpire Stanford

Westing-house

UNSWGeorgia TechGeorgia Tech Sharp

AstroPower

NREL

AstroPower

Spectrolab

NREL

Masushita

Monosolar Kodak

Kodak

AMETEK

Photon Energy

UniversitySo. Florida

NREL

NREL

NRELCu(In,Ga)Se2

14x concentration

NREL

United Solar

United Solar

RCA

RCARCA

RCA RCARCA

Spectrolab

Solarex12

8

4

0

16

20

24

28

32

36

University ofLausanne

University ofLausanne

2005

Kodak UCSBCambridge

NREL

UniversityLinz

Siemens

ECN,The Netherlands

Princeton

UC Berkeley

slide from 6/2/05 presentation by Sam Baldwin, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. DOE

PV industry and market trendsPV industry and market trends

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

Prod

uctio

n/M

egaw

atts

Year

World PV Cell / Module Production (1988-2006)

Rest of WorldEuropeJapanUnited StatesTotal

The Japanese experience with PV incentives(gov’t buydown can play a big role in reducing costs for installed PV)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004YEAR

PV In

stal

led

(MW

)

Germany: Production of PV modules

beginning of feed-in tariff

European PV installations have been driven by Germany’s “feed-in tariff”In 2000 Germany

instituted a 0.50 Euro/kW-hr ($0.65/kW-hr) payment for electricity delivered to the grid from renewable sources.

(Typical electricity rate is ~0.15 Euro/kW-hr)

This rewards energy produced rather than subsidizing the original hardware purchase and helps guarantee good maintenance.

Feed-in tariff limited to a total of 350 MWp; phase-out does not occur until end of the year following achievement of the target; then, the Bundestag will have to decide over a new tariff.

Market data 2004 (est)Newly installed PV power: 300 MWpNo. of newly inst. systems: 30,000Systems value: $1.5 BNo. of jobs: 15,000

-100

100

300

500

700

900

1100

130019

90

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

20040

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

ROWEuropeJapanU.S.PV Cost

PV C

ost,

Cen

ts/k

Wh

MW

sShipped

PV Costs and Shipments

Source for market data: Paul Maycock, PV News, Volume 24, No. 2 February 2005

slide from 6/2/05 presentation by Sam Baldwin, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. DOEPV

Ele

ctric

ity C

ost,

cent

s/kW

h

thin films

c-Si

unknown!

from Tom Surek & Robt Margolis, Third World Conf. on PV Energy Conversion, Osaka, May, 2003

Production of solar modules in the U.S.

201.62.52.51313

2260602828

25.635

2006

15313910312110075TOTAL112312Other112Global Solar14632Evergreen Solar13104554Schott Solar

17302618AstroPower1825GE20206633First Solar*First Solar*2222141477444433United Solar*United Solar*221413312521BP Solar426252473928Shell Solar

200520042003200220012000Company

*First Solar (Perrysburg) & *First Solar (Perrysburg) & UniSolarUniSolar (Auburn Hills) are thin(Auburn Hills) are thin--film PV manufacturers.film PV manufacturers.

a zeroa zero--electricelectric--energy home in Toledoenergy home in Toledo(PV works easily in Ohio)(PV works easily in Ohio)

solar powerin Toledo, OH

energy-star home built to be a net zero user of grid electricity (“zero-energy home”)

• home built by Decker Homes

• PV mfg by First Solar

• PV installed by Advanced DG

• With support from ODOD-OEE

roof racks and electrical feed-

throughs

installation of First Solar modules by John and Mark of Advanced DG

the DC to AC inverters(360 VDC to 220 VAC)

the readout/computer interface

powered by 20 six-volt deep-

discharge lead-acid batteries

Web site for the latest performance data:

www.home.earthlink.net/~alcompaan

Not only is the e-truck charged with solar, it

can power up the house for

emergencies…

Exeltech inverters with transfer switch and subpanel circuits for:furnace, water heater, sump pump, kitchen, master bedroom

the cost of our solar power for our the cost of our solar power for our home and truckhome and truck

•• $50,000 for a 4.3 kW system $50,000 for a 4.3 kW system •• ~$7,000 for connection from truck to home~$7,000 for connection from truck to home•• thus ~$10/Wthus ~$10/Wpp for home and truck powerfor home and truck power•• for home alone (w/o truck) we would need for home alone (w/o truck) we would need

only 2 to 2.5 kW system ($20,000only 2 to 2.5 kW system ($20,000--$25,000)$25,000)•• PV panels cost $3/WPV panels cost $3/Wpp

•• inverters cost $1.50/Winverters cost $1.50/Wpp

•• BOS (design, installation, wiring, permits) BOS (design, installation, wiring, permits) cost was $5.50/Wcost was $5.50/Wpp

credits for the home solar system:credits for the home solar system:

•• 50% financial support from the Ohio 50% financial support from the Ohio Department of Development, Office of Department of Development, Office of Energy EfficiencyEnergy Efficiency——Energy Loan FundEnergy Loan Fund

•• First Solar (PV panels)First Solar (PV panels)•• Decker Homes (contractor)Decker Homes (contractor)•• Advanced Distributed Generation (PV install)Advanced Distributed Generation (PV install)•• David, Mary, Luke for the eDavid, Mary, Luke for the e--conversionconversion

thoughts about PV in Ohiothoughts about PV in Ohio•• solarsolar--powered commuting and solar powered commuting and solar

living work just fine in Toledo!living work just fine in Toledo!•• a grida grid--tied system is seamlesstied system is seamless•• no maintenance issues the first 18 no maintenance issues the first 18

monthsmonths•• thinthin--film on glass panels are attractive film on glass panels are attractive

and very functionaland very functional

Web site for the latest performance data:Web site for the latest performance data:

www.home.earthlink.net/~alcompaanwww.home.earthlink.net/~alcompaan

ConclusionsConclusions----PV in the big picturePV in the big picture•• Steadily improving PV efficiencies Steadily improving PV efficiencies

•• Production increasing 40% per yearProduction increasing 40% per year

•• Price reductions follow 80% learning curvePrice reductions follow 80% learning curve

•• GridGrid--connected applications now dominateconnected applications now dominate

•• Market incentives have stimulated growth (Japan, Market incentives have stimulated growth (Japan, Germany, some U.S. states)Germany, some U.S. states)

•• PV can become a major source of U.S. powerPV can become a major source of U.S. power

•• NW Ohio/SE Michigan is poised to be the NW Ohio/SE Michigan is poised to be the world leader in PV production!world leader in PV production!

•• PV can become a major jobPV can become a major job--creator in Ohio!creator in Ohio!

PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo

.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century

Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and

Commercialization

– 3 Ohio Universities: – University of Toledo:

Lead Institution– Ohio State University– Bowling Green State University

– 4 Ohio Not-for-Profit Organizations:– Battelle Memorial Institute– Green Energy Ohio– Edison Materials Technology

Center– Honda OSU Partnership

– 13 Ohio Companies: – Advanced Distributed Generation– Cornerstone Research Group– Decker Homes– DuPont– Innovative Thin Films– LakeShore Cryotronics– Metamateria Partners– Midwest Optoelectronics– NewCyte– Owens Corning– Pilkington– Solar Fields– SSOE

An $18.6 M Third Frontier Wright Center of Innovation Award:An $18.6 M Third Frontier Wright Center of Innovation Award:Center for Center for PhotovoltaicsPhotovoltaics Innovation and CommercializationInnovation and Commercialization

SolarSolarFieldsFields

HondaHonda--OSUOSUPartnershipPartnership

ProgramProgram

PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo

.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century

Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and

Commercialization

Overview of State of Ohio Funding for PVICOverview of State of Ohio Funding for PVIC

Sustainability Goal: continue innovation growth with operating fund revenue growing from $2.5 M/yr

University of Toledo Clean and Alternative Energy Incubator

Researcher operating electrical probe station in cleanroom of OSU Nanotech West Lab

Financial overview of PVIC (over three years):

capital funds $11 MUT $5.1MOSU 3.5MBGSU 2.4M

operating funds $7.6 MUT $4.24MOSU 3.27MBGSU 0.09M

total State funds $18.6 MUT $9.34MOSU 6.77MBGSU 2.49M

[Total matching funds $29 M]

PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo

.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century

Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and

Commercialization

NW Ohio can lead the way in NW Ohio can lead the way in PV job creationPV job creation

PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo

.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century

Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and

Commercialization

PV Research and Development jobs in Ohio

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

YEAR

jobs

in O

H

with OH renewable portfolio standard (RPS)

Business as usual (BAU)

source: Navigant Consulting Inc, June 2006

PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo

.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century

Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and

Commercialization

PV Balance-of-systems jobs in Ohio

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

YEAR

jobs

in O

H

with OH renewable portfolio standard (RPS)

Business as usual (BAU)

-inverter manufacturing -system integrators -installers -maintenance

B-O-S includes:

source: Navigant Consulting Inc, June 2006

PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics PVIC: Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization Innovation and Commercialization @ University of Toledo@ University of Toledo

.... .... energizing Ohio for the 21st Centuryenergizing Ohio for the 21st Century

Center forPhotovoltaicsInnovation and

Commercialization

PVICStaff and

Facilities

Phil CastellanoBowling Green State U.

Steve RingelOhio State U.

Sylvain MarsillacU. Toledo

Al CompaanU. Toledo

Dennis FloodNewCyte

Xunming DengMWOE Solar

Norm JohnstonSolar Fields

Joe KunkleSSOE, Inc.

Bill Spratley and GEO

University Coordinator Industry Coordinator

1: Science & Tech.Foundation

2: Device Development

3: System Components

4: Full SystemIntegration

5: Education, Consumer &

Public Awareness

Areas

Scientific Advisory

Board

PVIC IP Innovation CouncilAlex Kawczak, Battelle

PVIC Co-Directors: Robert Collins (UT) & Robert Davis (OSU)

Executive Industrial Advisory Board

NGO's

PVIC Organizational Chart

Time toConsumer

(in yrs.)

> 9

6 - 9

3 - 6

0 - 3

0

The PhotovoltaicsValue Chain in Ohio:

From Novel Materials to Complete Systems and Public Awareness