SOCIAL EDUCATION

WITH POPULATION

EDUCATION

MARISOL D. TUSO, MM-ISM

CHAPTER I: SOCIOLOGICAL SPIRIT Sociology is the study of human social

relationships and institutions. It is diverse, ranging from crime to religion,

from the family to the state, from the divisions of race and social class to the shared beliefs of a common culture, and from social stability to radical change in whole societies.

Unifying the study of these diverse subjects of study is sociology's purpose of understanding how human action and consciousness both shape and are shaped by surrounding cultural and social structures.

SOCIOLOGY The term “sociology” was coined by

August Comte in the 19th century from the Latin word “socios”, which means companion with others and the Greek word “logos” which means study of reason to describe the new science of social life.

Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world.

At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith.

In society, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social movements.

It is also about understanding the phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development.

Sociology is an exciting and illuminating field of study that analyzes and explains important matters in our personal lives, our communities, and the world.

At the personal level, sociology investigates the social causes and consequences of such things as romantic love, racial and gender identity, family conflict, deviant behavior, aging, and religious faith.

In society, sociology examines and explains matters like crime and law, poverty and wealth, prejudice and discrimination, schools and education, business firms, urban community, and social movements.

It is also about understanding the phenomena as population growth and migration, war and peace, and economic development.

Sociologists use varied research methods such as observing the everyday life of groups, conduct large-scale surveys, interpret historical documents, analyze census data, study video-taped interactions, interview participants of groups, and conduct laboratory experiments.

The research methods and theories of sociology yield powerful insights into the social processes shaping human lives and social problems and prospects in the contemporary world.

By better understanding those social processes, we also come to understand more clearly the forces shaping the personal experiences and outcomes of our own lives.

The ability to see and understand this connection between broad social forces and personal experiences -- what C. Wright Mills called "the sociological imagination" -- is extremely valuable academic preparation for living effective and rewarding personal and professional lives in a changing and complex society.

Sociology offers a distinctive and enlightening way of seeing and understanding the social world in which we live and which shapes our lives.

Sociology looks beyond normal, taken-for-granted views of reality, to provide deeper, more illuminating and challenging understandings of social life. Through its particular analytical perspective, social theories, and research methods, sociology is a discipline that expands our awareness and analysis of the human social relationships, cultures, and institutions that profoundly shape both our lives and human history.

Sociology is the scientific study of society and human behavior.

SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE It stresses that people’s social

experiences—the groups to which they belong and their experiences within these groups—underlie their behavior. --- C. Wright Mills call it as the intersection of biography (the individual) and history (social factors that influence the individual)

THE SOCIAL IMAGINATION People are often quick to blame others

for their misfortunes. C. Wright Mills argues that the only way

to truly understand people’s behavior is to examine the social context in which the behavior occurs.

“We need a quality of mind that he calls the sociological imagination”

By using sociological imagination, we learn how social, historical, cultural, economic, and political factors influence the choices that people make and the ways in which they live their lives.

think about how the larger social context has shaped your own choices over the course of your life.

Nowadays men often feel that their private lives are a series of traps.

The sense that within their everyday worlds, they cannot overcome their troubles, and in this feeling, they are often quite correct:

What ordinary men are directly aware of and what they try to do are bounded by the private orbits in which they live; their visions and their powers are limited to the close-up scenes of job, family, neighborhood; in other milieux, they move vicariously and remain spectators.

And the more aware they become, however vaguely, of ambitions and of threats which transcend their immediate locales, the more trapped they seem to feel.

Underlying this sense of being trapped are seemingly impersonal changes in the very structure of continent-wide societies.

The facts of contemporary history are also facts about the success and the failure of individual men and women.

It is important to quality our minds the interplay of man and society, of biography and history, of self and world.

The sociological imagination enables its possessor to understand the larger historical scene in terms of its meaning for the inner life and the external career of a variety of individuals.

It enables him to take into account how individuals, often become falsely conscious of their social positions.

By such means the personal uneasiness of individuals is focused upon explicit troubles and the indifference of publics is transformed into involvement with public issues.

It is the idea that the individual can understand his own experience and gauge his own fate only by locating himself within his period, that he can know his own chances in life only by becoming aware of those of all individuals in his circumstances.

In many ways it is a terrible lesson; in many ways a magnificent one.

We are unaware that we contributes to the shaping of this society

One way to do sociological imagination works is to assess the ‘the personal troubles of milieu’ and ‘the public issues of social structure.’

Troubles occur within the character of the individual and within the range of his immediate relations with others; they have to do with his self and with those limited areas of social life of which he is directly and personally aware.

Issues have to do with matters that transcend these local environments of the individual and the range of his inner life.

They have to do with the organization of an individual into the institutions of an historical society as a whole

Psychoanalysts say that people do often have ‘the increasing sense of being moved by obscure forces” within themselves which they are unable to define.

QUALIFY THESE STATEMENTS? Earnest Jones: ‘man’s chief enemy and

danger is his own unruly nature and the dark forces pent up within him.’

‘Man’s chief danger’ today lies in the unruly forces of contemporary society itself

PURE VS APPLIED SOCIOLOGY  Basic (or pure) sociology is sociological

research whose purpose is to make discoveries.

applied sociology is the use of sociology to solve problems.

SCIENCE & SOCIOLOGY       Science is the application of

systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods.

The sciences are divided into the natural sciences, which seek to comprehend, explain, and predict events in the natural environment; and the social sciences, which seek to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations.

VERSTEHEN AS A STRATEGY Used to study human behavior?       According to Weber, to understand

why people act as they do, sociologists must try to put themselves in their shoes.

Means "to grasp by insight,“

SOCIAL CHANGE IN SOCIOLOGY Social change is a term used to describe

variances or alterations in the social behavior of a group of people.

The term social change is often used in the study of sociology, but it also applies to any educational discipline that deals with people, basically because where you find people you will always find some social change.

It also refers to a major change in a society or culture that has lasting effects on that culture. The abolition of slavery is an example of social change

AREAS OF SOCIOLOGY 1. Social Organization

refers to social institutions, social groups, social inequality, social mobility, religious groups, and bureaucracy.

Example: social institutions, social groups, social inequality, religious groups and bureaucracy. Social Institution- Family and School Social Groups- Farmers Association and Professional

Associations Social Inequality- Unemployed ,peasants, and poor

people Religious Groups- Catholic, Protestants and Muslims Bureaucracy- Government Agencies and Local

government Units

2. Social Psychology refers to human nature and its focus on

social processes as they affect the individual.

the observations in their emotions, attitudes, perceptions and culture in their community, school market and church

3. Social Change Refers to studies on ecological changes,

population, migration, technological change, new production techniques, culture change, political processes, social transformation, modernization, mass communication, and the impact of natural disaster.

The Point of Inquiry in Social Change Ecological Change Migration Technological change New production Culture Change Political Processes Social Transformation Mass Communication

4. Population This studies size, growth, demographic

characteristics, as well as corruption, migration, changes vis-à-vis economic, political and social systems.

5. Applied Sociology This is concerned with resolving social

problems through sociological research.Example: Squatters, prostitution, large

family size, migration of nurses, and poor nutrition .

Example: Those people living in a certain area but they do not own the land. For the sociological research to solve the problem of squatters , what is the reason for them to migrate in the city? The research variables to study the problem of squatting are the background on employment, educational qualifications, occupation and source of income.

Variables are those will be manipulated, measured, described, or controlled

MIGRATION OF NURSES. What might be the reason why nurses would like to work in other countries? The high salary and lucrative remunerations for nurses who are working in Europe ,USA, Canada and Australia. As compared with the Staff Nurse who is working in government hospital they are only receiving meager salary which is 10 times higher once you work in other country.

What are the research variables?

The research variables to study the migration of nurses are the salary, overtime pay, exchange rate ( Peso-Dollar) and the country that they want to work.

POOR NUTRITION. Who are usually affected by poor nutrition? The children have usually the problem of malnutrition.

What are the research variables?

The research variables are the income of the family, food intake, employment and occupation of the family. The usual cause of poor nutrition is the result of low income and unemployment in the family.

6. Sociological Theory and Research This is a set of statements that seeks to

explain problems, actions or behavior; or the discovery and development of research that tests the validity, applicability and usefulness of the results of the investigation for the improvement of life.

It answers the findings of the problems, identify gaps, and recommendation to the problem

PROPONENTS OF SOCIOLOGY Auguste Comte

The Father of SociologyPositivism proposed the idea

of applying the scientific method to social life, he called this science as “sociology” - the study of society.

His aim for sociology was to reform society.

Believes “we must observe society in order to uncover it’s fundamental laws”

Herbert SpencerThe “Social Darwinism”disagreed with Comte that

reform should be the goal.He believes “no one should

intervene in the evolution of society”

Over time, societies improve.

The fittest members will produce an advanced society

Karl Marx Known of his sociology of

knowledge Believes that the engine of

human history is class conflict.

He claimed there is a strong conflict between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

The struggle between the classes would end only when the proletariat revolted.

The result would be a classless society.

Marxism is not communism

Karl Marx Society in conflict:

• Social conflict– Struggle between groups over scarce

resources– Society and production– Capitalist and the proletariat– Social institutions • Infrastructure and sueperstructure• False class consciousness– Accepting a negative status as an inherent

traint; a “attribution error”

Karl Marx• Emphasized the importance of socioeconomic

classes:

– Capitalists- ones who owned the “means of production”

– Bourgeoisie – small business owners– Proletariat – working class– Lumpenproletariat – (scum class) useless excess

of humanity discarded by capitalist societies; “the poor who serve no purpose”.

Max Weber German sociologist The father of sociological method Believes that Religion is the key of

social change, not economy. Religion was the central factor in

the rise of Capitalism He found that Protestant beliefs

led to the growth of Capitalism. The Protestant ethic - the

belief that working hard would please God

the interdependence of belief systems and economic systems; The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism

Emile Durkheimgoal was to recognize

sociology as an academic discipline.

studied suicide rates The key factor in suicide is

social integration. Those with weaker ties are

most likely to commit suicide

02468

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African Americans Whites

10.9

20.2

6.212.4

1.9 4.9

Males Both Sexes Females

RATE OF DEATH BY SUICIDE

By Race and Sex

U.S. Bureau of the Census

SEEING THE GENERAL IN THE PARTICULAR

INDIVIDUAL IN SOCIAL CONTEXT DURKHEIM’S STUDY OF SUICIDE

More likely to commit Male protestants who were wealthy and unmarried had higher

suicide rates Protestantism and individualism

Less likely to commit• Male jews and catholics who were poor and married• Being a catholic and group orientation

One of the basic findings why? The differences between these groups had to do with

“social integration” Those with strong social ties had less of a chance of

committing suicide

Two types of social solidarity: mechanical solidarity, present in traditional

societies where there is a simple division of labor and a communal spirit;

organic solidarity, in which more modern societies have a complex division of labor, and an organizational interdependence; if one fails, all fail in a modern business enterprise.

Anomie – the social condition in which norms and expectations are in conflict, or absent, leaving one adrift; the solution is to seek equilibrium and re-establish oneself into the stability of a culture and it’s supportive belief systems.

EXAMINING SOCIETY3 aspects of Durkeheimian

thought: Society has a structure and its

various parts exists in an orderly relationship

Society has power that is demonstrated in how it shapes our thoughts and actions

Society has an objective existence as it operates apart from any individual’s subjective experience

EVER FEEL LIKE YOU’REA PUPPET ON A STRING?

PHILIPPINE SOCIOLOGY Fr. Valentin Marin – introduced sociology

in the Philippines in 1896 as a course on criminology at the University of Santo Tomas.

In 1919, Sociology were introduced at Siliman University and the Theological Seminary.

Serafin Macaraig – first Filipino to receive a doctorate degree in sociology in 1939.

Introduction to Sociology – became the first text in the University of the Philippines written by Serafin Macaraig

After Macaraig, followed Juan Ruiz who offered courses in social work in the University of the Philippines.

Prof. Marcelo Tangco – succeeded Dr. Macaraig.

Philippine Sociological Society – was organized by a group of Filipino educators and visiting professors in the different regions to : increase knowledge about social behaviorTo gather data on social problems for their

possible solutions

Philippine Social Science Council – in 1968 was formed to consolidate the Philippine social science resources whose objectives are:

To promote the quality and relevance of social science researches

To improve teaching skills in social science

To finance researches along the social sciences

To encourage social science publications

THE SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Sociologists analyze social phenomena

at different levels and from different perspectives.

They study from micro level of analysis of small social patterns to the macro level of analysis of large social patterns

3 MAJOR PERSPECTIVE 1. symbolic interactionist (symbolic

interactionism)Use of symbols and details of everyday life,

face to face interaction, looks at the micro level

Understands the meaning of symbols and how people interact with each other.

It traces its origin to Max Weber's assertion that individuals act according to their interpretation of the meaning of their world

people attach meanings to symbols, and then they act according to their subjective interpretation of these symbols.

Verbal conversations, in which spoken words serve as the predominant symbols, make this subjective interpretation especially evident.

The words have a certain meaning for the “sender,” and, during effective communication, they hopefully have the same meaning for the “receiver.”

Example: Symbols may include wedding bands, vows of life‐long commitment, a white bridal dress, a wedding cake, a Church ceremony, and flowers and music.

However, critics say it may miss the larger issues of society by focusing too closely on a thing

Functional Perspective (Functionalism) It says that each aspect of society is

interdependent and contributes to society's functioning as a whole.

Functionalists believe that society is held together by social consensus, or cohesion, in which members of the society agree upon, and work together to achieve, what is best for society as a whole.

Emile Durkheim suggested that social consensus takes one of two forms: mechanical and organic solidarity

Mechanical solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises when people in a society maintain similar values and beliefs and engage in similar types of work.

Mechanical solidarity most commonly occurs in traditional, simple societies such as those in which everyone herds cattle or farms.

In contrast, organic solidarity is a form of social cohesion that arises when the people in a society are interdependent, but hold to varying values and beliefs and engage in varying types of work.

Organic solidarity most commonly occurs in industrialized, complex societies

A functionalist sociologists Robert Merton divides human functions into two types: manifest functions are intentional and

obvious (The manifest function of attending a church is to worship as part of a religious community)

latent functions are unintentional and not obvious ( It helps members learn to discern personal from institutional values

The conflict perspectiveOriginated from Karl Marx's writings on

class struggles It presents society in a different light than

do the functionalist and symbolic interactionist perspectives.

It focuses on the negative, conflicted, and ever‐changing nature of society.

Conflict theorists challenge the status quo, encourage social change (even when this means social revolution)

CHAPTER II

SOCIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION

- The Basics of Sociological Investigation- Science: Basic Elements and

Limitations- the Methods of Sociological Research

Science: A logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observations concerning human behavior.

First Framework: Scientific Sociology- The study of society based on systematic observations of social behavior.

Empirical Evidence- Is information we can verify with our common sense.

Science of Sociology- is based on empirical knowledge that is as valid as possible given existing research procedures. Scientific knowledge is intended to be value-free insofar as it is concerned with fact rather than morality. Scientific facts are continually subject to revision in light of new discoveries.

Scientific Explanation-The goal of scientific explanation is to

permit the scientist to move beyond simple description to make reliable statements concerning the nature of relationships exiting in observed phenomena. Reliable statements posses a high degree of certainty that what is predicted will be the successful combination of theory and relevant research. An orderly system that looks at the reality of what is “out there.”

SCIENCE: THE BASIC ELEMENTS AND LIMITATIONS Positivism- assumes that an objective

reality exists and is really “out there.” Concept- refers to either relations or

descriptions. Concepts are not statements and are neither true nor false.

When concepts are interrelated in a scheme, a theory begins to emerge.

Variable- A trait or characteristic that can vary in value to magnitude form case to case.

Characteristics that are normally variable can be made constant through experimental design, as when a researcher focuses on people of the same age, sex, social class, and so on, in order to study variation in other traits.

Measurement- a set of rules for the assignment of numbers to the different outcomes a variable can exhibit.

Example= strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, strongly agree.

Concepts such as an inch, meter, and the like do not exist in nature but are arbitrary measures of length, with agreed upon meanings, invented by scientists.

Operationalizing a Variable-Specifying exactly what one is to measure before assigning a value to a variable.

Reliability-the consistency in measurement. In order to have reliability the test must be able to be replicated and receive the same results.

Validity- Is the precision in measuring exactly what one intends to measure. A test must measure exactly what is says it will measure.

Correlation- the measured strength between two variables.

Spurious correlation- apparent although false relationship between two or more variables caused by some other variable.

Control- holding constant all variables except one in order to see clearly the effects of that variable.

In order for research to be true it must have both reliability and validity.

Objectivity- a state of personal neutrality in conducting research.

Weber thought it was of great importance to see the other person’s point of view.

He also firmly believes that, although true objectivity was impossible, the sociologist should attempt to remain value-free.

A SECOND FRAMEWORK: INTERPRETIVE SOCIOLOGY Interpretive Sociology- Max Weber

pioneered this framework, according to Weber humans do not simple act; we engage in meaningful actions. The focus is on how individuals interpret this interaction and place meaning on everyday interactions. It is the interpretation of peoples actions where meaning is placed.

Interpretive Sociology is the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world.

A THIRD FRAMEWORK: CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY Karl Marx founded the critical approach.

He did not believe that society exists in a natural state with a fixed order.

Critical Sociology- the study of society that focuses on the need for social change. Critical Sociologists see patterns of inequality and there is a dominance to reality.

GENDER AND RESEARCH Gender- the personal traits and social positions that

members of a society attach to being female of male.

Androcentricity- Male centered research. Overgeneralization- Avoid making

overgeneralizations about the population, there is a need to stay focused on what is being researched.

Gender blindness- The lives of men and women are very different.

Double standards- Double standards should not be given to men or to women.

Interference- The researcher could distort the study if the respondent or researcher is affected by the sex of the other.

THE METHODS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH

A systematic plan for conducting research.

Experiment- a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.

Hypothesis- an unverified statement of a relationship between variables.

A hunch or guess that is generally stated as a proposition of the “if . . .then. . . “ variety.

Hawthorn Effect- a change in the subject’s behavior caused by the awareness of being studied.

ASKING QUESTIONS: SURVEY QUESTIONS Survey- a research method in which

subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview.

Conducting Interviews- a series of questions a researcher administers in person to respondents.

Population- The larger the population the better. 60 to 100 is a good number for a small survey.

Sample- The part of the population that represents the whole. The participants in a survey are the sample population of that survey.

Questionnaires- a series of written questions a researcher presents to subjects.

Interview- a series of questions a researcher administers in person to respondents.

USING AVAILABLE DATA Secondary Analysis- a researcher uses the data

available. By using previous research a can exhaust a bed of research and find what is important to the field being studied.

Inductive Logic- from the inside out. The researcher works from the specific to the general. The researcher works from the ground level up and the observations lead to a general theory.

Deductive Logic- from the outside in. The researcher works from the general to the specific. The theory is stated first then a hypothesis is formed and a method is found to test it.

CULTURE

CULTURE

Culture is an encompassing concept which includes all the recipes for living, a blueprint for behavior and any social activity, the sum of human creations, and a way of life which serves as potential guide for behavior.

Each society has its own distinctive systems therefore culture varies.

CULTURE Latin word “cultura” / “cultus” which

means care or cultivation Culture is that complex whole which

includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, laws, customs and other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Edward Taylor)

CULTURE Characteristics of Culture

Culture is learned – Absorption of any habit , value, knowledge, skill and taste of the group reflects the uniquely elaborate capacity of humans to learn.

Culture is transmitted orally and by writing - through conditioning, imitation, suggestion, identification, reward and punishment, formal

instruction and mass communication.

Culture is shared – the elements of culture result from living and interacting with one another and emerge out of the social life of people.

CULTURE

Culture is patterned and integrated – culture is made up of elements which are not haphazardly arranged but patterned into a unified whole.

Culture is adaptive – No culture is static and each individual or generation makes adjustments.

Culture is compulsory – members of the society have to follow the culture in their dealings with others if they wish to get along successfully.

Cultures interact and change – through trade networks, conquests, migration, education and tourism, cultures interact and change.

CULTURE Dimensions of Culture

Ideas – represents the nonmaterial aspects of culture. Humans express the meaning of their experiences through ideas.

Beliefs – man’s conviction about the reality of things and are shared ideas about how the world operates.

Values – socially accepted and shared ideas about what is right.

Common Understanding – use of gestures in interacting with other members of the group without the constant need to explain what one is doing.

CULTURE

Norms and Sanctions – norms are shared rules or ideals designating behavior in certain situations. Sanctions are imposed when members violates the norms in order to control their errant behavior maybe informal or informal, positive or negative.

Folkways – are habits, conventions, customs and repetitive patterns of expected behavior and tend to be self-perpetuating .

(ex. Pamanhikan)

Mores – social norms that are essential to the welfare to the group and their cherished values. They have moral or ethical value and are associated with strong feelings of right or wrong.

CULTURE

Laws – are formalized norms defined by a governing body or public authority.

Fashion, Fads, Crazes – operates primarily as forces of social change. They are short lived social norms which demand compliance at the time they operate.

Sanctions – are a system of rewards and punishments. Rewards – positive sanctions Punishment – negative sanctions

CULTURE Material Culture and Technology – refers to all the

physical, tangible, and concrete produced by people. Determines the physical options and opportunities

of the society.

Language and Culture – language is an integral part of culture and human culture cannot exist without it.

Through the use of symbols, human have created ideas, organized and systemized them and passed them on to others.

Ideology – refers to a meaningful system of doctrines, ideas and symbols, norms and values.

They are organized into a system which moves its members to action.

CULTURE Culture Similarity and Culture Diversity

Culture Similarity my be attributed to: Similarities in biological structures and drives

(biological and psychological needs). Each society has to carry out certain functions

necessary for social living. Human beings have a similar range of emotions,

needs for security and response and possesses a symbolic language.

The geographical environment .

Diversity in culture is brought about by differences in the way people meet and respond to their biological and psychological needs and the manner by which people adapt to their environment.

CULTURAL LAG It refers to a situation when one some

parts of a culture change at a faster rate than other related parts with a resulting disruption of the integration and equilibrium of the culture.

CULTURE

Subculture – smaller groups with a distinctive cultural pattern within the society. Arise from certain individual needs to obtain

assurance and security from others for an inability to cope with the dominant culture.

Culture Shock - the feeling of unpleasantness or disorientation experienced when one goes to an unfamiliar setting. Can also be experience in one’s country

Urbanites going to rural areas Rural folks migrating to urban areas

CULTURE Ethnocentrism - the view to regard one’s

culture as right and normal, with a superior attitude. Literally means a belief that one’s group is the

center of the universe and one scales and rates other cultures with reference to it.

Cultural Relativism - culture must be understood in terms of its own values and beliefs and not by standards of the viewer’s culture. It assumes that no culture is better than any other.

THEORIES ON CULTURE

CULTURAL ECOLOGY Regards cultural patterns as adaptive

responses to the problems of human survival and reproduction.

It is the study of human adaptations to social and physical environments.

Human adaptation refers to both biological and cultural processes that enable a population to survive and reproduce within a given or changing environment.

SOCIOBIOLOGY Explores the relationship between

human cultural behavior and genetics.

SOCIOBIOLOGY It is a field of scientific study which is

based on the assumption that social behavior has resulted from evolution and attempts to explain and examine social behavior within that context.

COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY Defines culture in terms of the rules

and meanings underlying human behavior, rather than behavior itself.

 It takes a number of methodological approaches, but generally draws on the insights of cognitive science in its model of the mind

A basic premise is that people think with the aid of schemas, units of culturally shared knowledge that are hypothesized to be represented in the brain as networks of neural connections.

COGNITIVE ANTHROPOLOGY Cognitive anthropology is concerned

with what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them

ETHNOSCIENCE

A theoretical approach that focuses on the ways in which members of a culture classify their world and holds that anthropology should be the study of cultural systems of classification.

It has been defined as an attempt "to reconstitute what serves as science for others, their practices of looking after themselves and their bodies, their botanical knowledge, but also their forms of classification, of making connections, etc.

 looks at culture with a scientific perspective

Often referred to as "indigenous knowledge

introduces a perspective based on native perceptions.

It is based on a complete emic perspective, which excludes all observations, interpretations and or any personal notions belonging to the ethnographer.

ETHNOBOTANY Describes the ways in which different

cultures classify plants.

 is the scientific study of the relationships that exist between people and plants.

Ethnobotanists aim to document, describe and explain complex relationships between cultures and (uses of) plants, focusing primarily on how plants are used, managed and perceived across human societies. This includes use for food, clothing, currency, ritual, medicine, dye, construction, cosmetics and a lot more

ETHNOMEDICINE An anthropological discipline devoted to

describing the medical systems of different cultures.

STRUCTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY A theoretical approach that holds that

all cultures reflect similar, underlying patterns and that anthropologists should attempt to decipher these patterns.

INTERPRETIVE ANTHROPOLOGY Culture is a system of meaning and the

aim of cultural anthropology is to interpret the meanings that cultural acts have for their participants.

FUNCTIONALISM Specific cultural institutions function to

support the structure of society or serve the needs of individuals in society.

Early functionalists include Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, Meyer Fortes, A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, and Edward Evan Evans-Pritchard.

ECOLOGICAL FUNCTIONALISM Theoretical approach that holds that the ways

in which cultural institutions work can best be understood by examining their effects on the environment.

NEO-EVOLUTIONISM- Concerned with the historical change of

culture from small-scale societies to large-scale societies.

- It talks about the interrelationship between technology and environment

Characteristics of cultural sequence Savagery – Hunting and gathering Barbarism – Plant and animal

domestication Civilization – Development of writing

and mathematics

Evolution of Culture – Three major events;

1. Invention of food production

2. Urbanization

3. Industrialization

Cultural evolution: Defined as different successive forms

in social culture of mankind as a whole are developed in to constitute the growth of culture over different periods of time or in continuity.

NEO-MARXISM Theoretical perspective

concerned with applying the insights of Marxist thought to anthropology; neo-Marxists modify Marxist analysis to make it appropriate to the investigation of small-scale, non-Western societies.

SOCIALIZATION

THEORIES ON SOCIETY

TYPES OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS1. Formal - Social relationships characterized by formal

norms or rules governing the social relationship. These are normally achieved through formal procedure or processes (i.e. student- teacher, employer- employee).

2. Informal - Social relationships not guided by formal norms or rules. They are normally circumstantial (i.e. driver- passenger, customer-waiter). 

3. Personal - Social relationships based on face-to-face encounters. It entails personal knowledge or affiliation with an individual (i.e. Father – son, Friendship).

4. Impersonal - Social relationships based on remote mechanisms or procedures. It is marked by the absence of personal knowledge or affiliation with somebody. (i.e. president-citizens, movie star-fans/movie viewers).

WHAT IS COMMUNITY? A group of individuals/people with

common territorial base or marked similarities in terms of beliefs, status, interests or experiences which makes them distinct or different from others.

Types of Communities• Spatial/Geographical Community -

brought about by similarity of territorial/geographical location.

• Functional Community - marked by similarities of status, interest, beliefs, and race.

TOLERANCE AMIDST DIVERSITY The fundamental fact of social/community

life is that of “diversity” or differences in terms of:

• Interests• Beliefs• Race• Religion• Culture• Physical Attributes• Socio-Economic Status• Intellectual Attributes• Geographical Location

Stereotypes An oversimplified

generalization/knowledge about a particular group, race, sect, etc. which usually carries negative implication. 

An unfavorable opinion about a person or group based on incomplete knowledge.

Prejudice  A feeling, attitude, or belief favorable or

unfavorable toward a person, thing, or group without sufficient knowledge. 

A negative or hostile feeling/attitude toward a person who belongs to a specific group, and is therefore presumed to have the objectionable qualities ascribed to that group.

Tends to be negative, particularly when directed towards groups and people. 

Is held onto even though it lacks a basis in fact and, often, even when new and conflicting information is made available.

  

Discrimination   An action based on prejudice.  An action that denies individuals or

groups of people equality of treatment which they may wish 

Oppression An on-going system of domination

relying on an unequal and dynamic relationship between privileged and non-privileged groups.

MASLOW’S HIERARARCHY OF NEEDS: A THEORY FOR UNDERSTANDING HUMAN NEEDS IN SOCIETY

• Abraham Maslow provides us a theory for understanding human needs in society known as “Maslow’s theory of the Hierarchy of Needs”.

• It presupposes that man’s needs can be classified starting with the most basic needs necessary for human survival, to that of the higher needs required in order for man to develop human potentials to the fullest.

• The theory also presupposes that man should satisfactorily satisfy first the more basic needs before he could move up to achieving to higher needs.

WHAT ARE THE HUMAN NEEDS?1.   Basic physiological needs - these are the

basic needs essential in order for man to survive such as food, air, and water.

2. Security or Safety needs - Need to be avoiding pain, to obtain physical and emotional comfort, to be free from fear and insecurity.

3.  Belongingness and love - The need to be identified with a group to give and receive affection and love.

4.  Self-esteem - Feeling of success and self-worth, competence and mastery of the environment, need to accomplish and to achieve to the fullest one’s human potentials and capacities.

5.  Self-actualization needs- Need to know about ourselves, the community, society and the world around us. The need to achieve higher values such as beauty, freedom, communion with the divine, nature and ones fellowmen

MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS

TEAMING AND WORKING WITH INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT ORIENTATIONS

Malcolm and Knowles illustrate how different forces outside as well as inside an individual affects the way he works with a group and how he relates with the community.

The said factors are the following:1. Individual’s Past Experiences - Each and every one of

us have past experiences which could be happy, sad, embarrassing or fearful, which could either enhance or deter our capacity to relate with people of different backgrounds.

2. Coping Mechanisms - These refer to an individual’s emotional tendencies or responses to unpleasant experiences such as fear or embarrassment in a community or a group. Responses can vary such as that pairing or being too dependent on somebody, flight or avoidance, or flight or aggression.

3. Physical Needs - People in groups and the community have physical or biological needs which a community worker has to be aware of. These can be that of food, shelter, and clothing or to be comfortable as well as to rest.

4. Psychological Needs - People in groups and in the community have psychological or emotional needs such as the need emotional security, sense of meaning in life, acceptance, care and concern for others as well as the need for new and exciting experiences.

5. Hidden Communities - The way we relate with others in the community is conditioned to a great extent by the different social groups to which we belong (religion, geographical or ethnic groupings, family, gang/ “barkada”) as well as by significant others (girlfriend, parents, neighbors).

6. Personal Beliefs, Goals and Values - People are motivated to join because they know that they can achieve certain ends (goals), which are favorable for them. They can also join because the objectives of the group are in consonance with things that are important to them (values) or their own convictions or ideas about things (beliefs).

7. Self-Concept - Working with others in the community with people of different backgrounds requires that one have the proper assessment of one’s qualities, potentials, and limitations as an individual.

8. Personal Standards - These refer to our personal norms or rules that serve as our basis as to what can be considered right or wrong, good or bad, beautiful or ugly, acceptable or unacceptable.

9. Interests/Capabilities - These can consist of one’s personal talents, capacities or preferences.

10. Fears/Insecurities - These can either be physical such as fear of a dog, emotional such as fear of being rejected by others, or social such as the fear of losing one’s job, or status.

PAST EXPERIENCESCOPING MECHANISM

Pairing

FlightFight

Depending

Em

ba

rras

sin

g

F

ea

rful

Hap

py

Sad

Personal BeliefsValues

Goals

Self-C

on

cept Capabilities

Personal

InterestStandards

Inse

curi

ties

Fea

rs

PHYSICAL NEEDSFoodShelterClothingTo be comfortableRest

HIDDEN COMMITTEESReligion

Friends/Neighbors

Family

BarkadaGirlfriendGeographical/Ethnic GroupingsSchool Organizations

PSYCHOLOGICAL NEEDSAffirmation

BelongingnessLove

New Experiences

Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life

SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND INTERACTION Social structure is the framework of

societal institutions (politics, and religion) and social practices (social roles) that make up a society and establish limits on behavior.

Social interaction is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE FRAMEWORK

COMPONENT #1 OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE: STATUS & ROLES

A status is socially defined position in society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties.

Ascribed statusSocial position based on attributes over which

the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender.

Achieved statusSocial position that a person assumes as a

result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort.

ROLES A set of behavioral expectations associated with a

given status learned in the socialization. Role Expectation

A group or society’s definition of the way a specific role ought to be played.

Role Performance How a person actually plays a role.

Role Conflict Occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a

person by two or more statuses held at the same time. Role Strain

Occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person holds.

Role Distancing Creating an appearance of distance or mentally distancing oneself from a particular role/status

STATUS Master status is the most important

status that a person occupies.Examples: Being a member of a religious, racial, or sexual minority, homeless, gender

Status symbols are material signs that inform others of a person’s specific status. Example:

Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married.

Achieved and Ascribed Statuses: Challenges for the Ministry

Many gay rights advocates would suggest that homosexual orientation is an ascribed status (i.e. gays and lesbians were born that way). With what we know from Scripture, what kind of status would Christians classify homosexuals as?

ROLES AND STATUSES VISUALIZED

Statuses held by ‘Teresa’, a 35 yr. old wife, mother, and full-time secretary

RolesCorresponding to her Various

Statuses

Mother Secretary Wife

Firm with children in setting boundaries

Deferential to BossOccasionally disputes

husband, mostly agrees with him

Cooks MealsProofs her boss’s correspondences

Send birthday and holiday greetings on

behalf of her husband

Helps children with homework

Takes minutes at staff meetings

Listens to husbands’ gripes about his job

Buys clothes for children

Serves as first point of contact for bosses’

clients

Is sexually intimate with husband at

mutually-approved times

Roles and Statuses Exercise Status Role

Role Conflict Statuses in Conflict

Role StrainExample of a ‘Distressed’ Status:

Examples of conflicting roles within a Given Status

Applying Role Strain & Role ConflictHow might a pastor whose parishioner admits to committing a felony in a private counseling session exemplify the role strain of the clergy? How about role conflict?

THE EVOLUTION OF THE MOTHER STATUS IN TERESA’S LIFE

Socialization:

Teresa learns to be a good mom and wife by playing with baby dolls as a child

Occupying Statuses, Playing

RolesTeresa learns what

parenting is really like when she has her first

child at 26, she experience role

conflict when juggling mothering with work

Role ExitTeresa becomes

confused about her role when they move off to college, gets a pet to

have something to dote on, and eventually

accepts a new identity as the mother of

increasingly autonomous children

COMPONENT #2 OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE: SOCIAL GROUPS

A social group consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

SOCIAL GROUPS CAN BE:

Formal organizations-A highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

OR Social institution-is a set of organized

beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs.

COMPONENT #3:SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

Social Institutions Formal Organizations

Family United Methodist Church

Religion Bank of America

Education Department of Labor

Economy Goodwill

Government CNN

Mass Media* Pfizer

Sports*

Science*

Military*

*Items with an asterisk are considered emerging institutions.

IT’S LIKE THE MATRIX, DUDE!

Social institutions, statuses and

roles, and social groups form an

interrelated whole of what

sociologists call the social structure.

EXAMPLE:A family provides a stable structure to raise children and sense of identity for its members. It may consist of a mother who cooks and cleans.

What concepts do the highlighted words in the example correspond to?

DURKHEIM'S TYPOLOGY OF SOCIAL SOLIDARITY Social solidarity is based on social

structure which is based on division of labor.

Mechanical Solidarity - people are united by traditions and shared values.

Organic Solidarity - people are united by mutual dependence on one another.

TÖNNIES: GEMEINSCHAFT ANDGESELLSCHAFT Sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–

1936) used the terms Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft to characterize the degree of social solidarity and social control found in societies.

Gemeinshcaft societies are bound by kinship and strong ties to communities, while Gesellschaft are based on impersonal and specialized relationships

GEMEINSCHAFT AND GESSELLSCHAFT IN THE BIBLE

SOCIETAL SHIFTS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE MINISTRY How would we classify 21st century U.S. society

according to Durkheim? Tonnies?

How might the modern megachurch resemble Gesellschaft?

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY The process by which our perception of reality

is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience.

This meaning strongly influences what we “see” and how we respond to situations.

“If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences”

-W.I. Thomas

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF REALITY

Definition of the situation - We analyze a social context in which we find

ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly.

Self-fulfilling prophecyA false belief or prediction that produces behavior

that makes the original false belief come true.

Examples: Housing Bubble of 2008, Y2K ‘crisis’, MTV’s ‘Punk’d’

Social Construction of Reality on MTV’s Punk’d

Start at 1:15How does Miley Cyrus define the situation? Does her

subjective definition of what Justin Beiber does correspond to reality?

GOFFMAN: DRAMATURGICAL ANALYSIS The study of social interaction that compares

everyday life to a theatrical presentation. We engage in ‘drama’ on a daily basis.

Members of our “audience” judge us and are aware that we may slip and reveal our true character.

Impression managementPeople’s efforts to present themselves in ways

that are favorable to their own interests or image.

Face-saving behaviorStrategies to rescue our performance when we

experience a potential or actual loss of face.

THE STAGE OF SOCIAL INTERACTION Front Stage-Pulpit

Back Stage-Parish Office

Appearance-Clerical collar and black garb

Manner-Solemn facial expression when administering the Eucharist

DRAMATURGICAL ANALYSIS IN THE BIBLE

Matthew 6: Jesus rebukes the Pharisees for praying, fasting, and

doing acts of charity in public view Luke 22:25-26 : “Jesus said to them, “The kings of the Gentiles lord it over

them; and those who exercise authority over them call themselves Benefactors. But you are not to be like that. Instead, the greatest among you should be like the youngest, and the one who rules like the one who serves”

The Gentile kings engaged in impression management-they wanted to viewed as ‘in touch’ with people, though they wanted to control them