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© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
SMALL ENGINE LUBRICANTS
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
OVERVIEW
• 2T & 4T Engine Operations & Lubrication Needs • Specifications
- Land Applications • 4T Motorcycle Oils - JASO T903
• 2T Low Ash Oils - API TC, JASO M345
- Leisure Marine • 4T Outboard Oils - NMMA FC-W®, FC-W Catalyst Compatible®
• 2T Outboard Oils - NMMA TC-W3®
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
THE SMALL ENGINE MARKET
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
TRADITIONAL FOUR-STROKE ENGINE Four-stroke Cycle = Four-stroke = Four Cycle = 4T
• Oil sump and oil recirculation
• Inherently low emissions
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
TRADITIONAL TWO-STROKE ENGINE Two-stroke Cycle = Two-stroke = Two Cycle = 2T
Less Weight! More Power!
Power/Exhaust Stroke Intake/Compression Stroke
Fuel/Oil mixed at 50:1 and Air
25 - 35% Unburnt Fuel & Oil
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ADVANTAGES OF 2T & 4T ENGINES
• Two-stroke - Advantages
• Excellent Power to Weight Ratio • Fewer Parts than a 4T Engine • Small, Compact Engines • Low Cost • Low Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions • Less Engine Weight
• Four-stroke - Advantages
• 20-40 % Fuel Economy Improvement • Smooth and Quiet Operation • Low Hydrocarbon (HC) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
2T DIRECT FUEL INJECTION (DFI) TO ADDRESS EMISSIONS
• Fuel is injected when piston is top dead center
Fuel / Oil/Air from
Crankcase
Exhaust w/Unburned Fuel/Oil
Fuel
Exhaust
Oil + Air from
Crankcase
Conventional DFI
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
DFI MAKES 2T OUTBOARD ENGINE SERVICE MORE SEVERE
• Higher temperatures • Traditional 2T engines - fuel vaporizes in crankcase, cooling engine. • DFI - fuel bypasses crankcase, raises engine temperature by 50°C
• Less oil delivered to critical surfaces • DFI - air alone carries the oil, less efficient. • Oil flow reduced (though touted as an advantage for consumer).
• Combination of less oil and higher temperatures make DFI engines more prone to scuffing and failure • Deposits build up in ring grooves • Rings are pushed out by deposits and they apply pressure to cylinder liners,
reducing film thickness, eventually causing metal-to-metal contact (scuffing). • Called ring jacking, or proudness.
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
WHAT GOES INTO 4T LUBRICANT?
Additive Antioxidancy
Foam / Aeration Antiwear / EP
Friction Dispersancy Detergency Additive
Viscosity Modifier
Base Stock
Viscosity Modifier Multigrade
viscosity Low temperature
flow
Provides:
Base Stock Viscometrics
Oxidation Volatility
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
WHAT GOES INTO 2T LUBRICANT?
Additive Improves Cleanliness
Does not Burn Cleanly Hurts Smoke
Hurts Blocking Additive
PIB
Solvent
Base Stock
PIB Burns Cleanly
Reduces Smoke Improves Blocking Improves Lubricity
Solvent Improves Miscibility
Improves Fluidity Burns Cleanly
Reduces Smoke Improves Blocking
Hurts Lubricity
Base Stock Improves Lubricity
Hurts Smoke Hurts Blocking
Hurts Cleanliness
Desirable oil characteristics are cleanliness, low smoke, high lubricity and low exhaust deposits (blocking)
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
TWO WAYS TO FORMULATE 2T OILS
2T Oils
Water-Cooled Air-Cooled
Ashless Low-Ash
Established in 60’s to eliminate preignition problems in cooler-running water-cooled
outboards.
Air-cooled engines run hotter, so can accommodate some ash.
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
2T Ashless vs Low Ash Formulations
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FOUR MAJOR GROUPS GOVERN SMALL ENGINE OIL QUALITY
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FOUR-STROKE MOTORCYCLE OILS
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
HOW ARE MOTORCYCLES USED? It depends on where you are in the world.
Transportation
• Generally Asia Pacific
• For transportation and commerce
• Smaller motorcycles
• Large rider population
Recreation
• Generally North America and Europe
• For recreation and entertainment
• Larger road bikes and smaller racing bikes
• Smaller rider population
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
4T MOTORCYCLES VS AUTOMOBILES - DIFFERENT LUBRICATION NEEDS
Motorcycles Passenger Cars
Oil Volume 1.0 to 2.5 litres 3.5 to 4.0 litres
Engine Speed 8000 rpm 4000 rpm
Power Output 200hp per litre 100hp per litre
Friction Require high friction for clutch
performance Low friction for fuel economy
Phosphorus Phosphorus containing
AW gear protection
Lower Phosphorus for catalytic converter compatibility
Shear
Resistance
Higher requirement
for gearbox protection Stay in Grade only
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
MOTORCYCLE OIL PROPERTIES DEFINED BY LUBRICATION FUNCTIONS
Engine
• High revving; air-cooled
• Small oil volume with short oil drain interval (ODI)
• SJ / SL / SM quality typical
Clutch
• High oil friction for fast clutch engagement
• Minimize Friction Modifiers used in PCMO
Gears
• High oil viscosity reduces wear
• Shear stable viscosity modifier maintains viscosity
• Gear pitting is a concern with low viscosity oils
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
JASO T903 4T MOTORCYCLE STANDARD
• JASO has been registering 4T Motorcycle Oils since 1999
– Introduction driven by OEM concern about inadequacies of conventional PCMO lubricants
• A registration logo is available for registered oils
• One-time registration fee of 40,000 Yen ($400) per oil must be paid to JASO by the oil marketer.
• Last revision released in May 2011
• Next revision is expected in April 2016
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
JASO T903 SPECIFICATION HAS EVOLVED
1999 Original 2006 Revision 2011 Revision
API SE to SJ SG to SM SG to SN
ILSAC GF-1, GF-2 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3 GF-1, GF-2, GF-3
ACEA A1 to A3 A/B, C2, C3 A/B, C2 to C4
CCMC G-4/G-5 Eliminated --
• Updated Engine Requirements
1999
Original 2006 Revision 2011 Revision
Phosphorus No Limits 0.08 – 0.12 0.08 – 0.12
• Phosphorus Limits
JASO specified phosphorus range conflicts with latest ILSAC limits
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
JASO FRICTION CATEGORIES
MB
Fric
tio
n In
dex
MA2
MA1
MA
max
min
MA MA
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS MOTORCYCLES GROWING IN ASIA PACIFIC
• Japanese OEMs introduced motorcycles with automatic transmission (AT) technology • Yamaha (Mio, Nouvo)
• Honda (Vario, Air Blade)
• Suzuki (Spin)
• Various designs • Continuously variable (CVT)
• Most common
• ‘Dry’ design
• Dual clutch transmission (DCT)
• OEMs recommend JASO MB class oils for these models
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
HONDA MOVING THE MARKET TO SAE 10W-30
• Honda changed its internal recommendation to SAE 10W-30 • 10W-30 provides reduced emissions through fuel economy
• Consistent with Honda ‘green’ image
• HMEOC program • High quality Motorcycle Engine Oil Conception for fuel economy
• Some industry resistance to lower viscosity grades due to • Potential for increased gear pitting
• Higher oil consumption
• Increased operation noise
22
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
JASO WEBSITE
• http://www.jalos.or.jp/onfile/jaso.htm
• JASO T903:2011 Application Manual
• List of filed oils
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
TWO-STROKE LOW ASH OILS (AIR COOLED OR LAND EQUIPMENT OILS)
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
API TC – THE ONLY API SPECIFICATION FOR 2T OIL
American Petroleum Institute Two-stroke Standards
All other API categories are obsolete.
API TC evaluates a 2T oil’s performance
in ring sticking, lubricity &
preignition in small air-cooled 2T engine
tests.
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
API TC DOES NOT HAVE A CERTIFYING BODY
• No process exists for certifying / registering oils that have passed the API TC requirements.
• Marketers may claim API TC performance without having actually tested their oil.
• But there must be sufficient data and/or logic for making an API TC claim.
• TC-W3 oils formulated with Infineum technologies meet API TC quality.
• API TC program cost: >$35k
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
JAPANESE OEMS CREATED A JASO M345 2T STANDARD
Detergency JASO M 341-92
Lubricity JASO M 340-92
Smoke JASO M 342-92
Exhaust Blocking JASO M 343-92
JASO
FA JASO
FB JASO
FC JASO
FD
Increasing quality
Smokeless
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ISO CREATED AN INTERNATIONAL 2T STANDARD FROM THE JASO STANDARD
Obsolete
Detergency (3 hr.)
Piston Varnish (3 hr.)
Detergency (1 hr.) JASO M 341-92
Piston Varnish (1 hr.)
Lubricity JASO M 340-92
Initial Torque JASO M 340-92
Exhaust Smoke JASO M 342-92
Exhaust System Blocking
JASO M 343-92
95
125
JASO FA JASO FB JASO FC JASO FD
JASO Classifications
N/A ISO-L-EGB ISO-L-EGC ISO-L-EGD
ISO Classifications
80 85 95
85 90
90 95 95
98 98 98
40 45 85
30 45 90
95
98
85
90
Parameter and Test
Minimum indices shown are based on the performance of the Japanese reference oil, which equals 100 JASO only
ISO only
JASO & ISO
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
JASO 2T SPECIFICATION HAVE PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS
JASO
Kinematic Viscosity @100°C (Minimum), cSt 6.5 ASTM D445 Flashpoint (Minimum), °C 70 ASTM D93 or D92 Sulfated Ash (Maximum), wt% 0.25 (FB, FC) ASTM D-874 0.18 (FD)
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
JASO HAS BEEN REGISTERING 2T OILS SINCE 1994
• Marketer must register the oil with JASO in order to use the JASO logo.
• Logo and registration number must appear on the bottle for registered oils.
• One-time registration fee of 40,000 Yen ($400) per oil must be paid to JASO by the oil marketer.
• JASO 2T testing cost: >$18k
• JASO quality claims can be made without JASO registration
F C
JASO plans to revise the M345 2T spec to include the current engines designs in April 2016
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
OUTBOARD OR WATER COOLED OILS
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
NMMA OVERSEES LEISURE MARINE OIL QUALITY STANDARDS
NMMA OCC Members
OEMs
Additive companies Testing Labs
Oil Marketers
Boat & Yacht
Certification Committee
Boat Show Committee
Boating Industry
Risk Management
Council
Conference Committee
Education Committee
Environmental
Committee
Facilities Development
Committee
Government Relations
Committee
International Marketing Committee
Market Research &
Communications Committee
Market Statistics
Committee
Oil Certification Committee
Political Action
Committee
Trailer Certification Committee
National Marine Manufacturers
Association
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
OIL STANDARDS EXIST FOR LEISURE MARINE OILS
National Marine Manufacturers Association
Four-Cycle - Water Two-Cycle - Water
®
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
MOST OUTBOARD OEMS FAVOR 4T TECHNOLOGY
• BRP (Evinrude brand name) is focusing on 2T DFI
• Mercury carries both 2T DFI and 4T engine designs
• Yamaha favors 4T Technology
• Yamaha developed High Pressure Direct Injection 2T DFI- no longer in production
• Honda markets only 4T engines (2 hp to 250 hp)
• Suzuki dropped 2T and is focused on 4T (portables up to V6 models)
Most OEMs are using 4T outboard engine models to meet emission regulations
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FOUR-STROKE LEISURE MARINE OILS
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
THREE TYPES OF 4T LEISURE MARINE ENGINES
Outboard
Sterndrive = Inboard/Outboards (I/O)
Inboard
M
M
M
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
MARINE ENGINES OPERATE DIFFERENTLY FROM CAR ENGINES
RPMs
Cars
Outboards Idle
Outboards WOT
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
4T OUTBOARDS’ LUBRICATION CHALLENGES
• Rust • Engines operate in corrosive environments, causing
internal rust
• Wear
• Engines operate at high engine speeds
• Also run at idle speed for long periods of time, causing high fuel dilution increasing potential for wear
• Bearing durability
• Engines have a vertical crankshaft orientation, requiring exceptional bearing lubrication
• Shear stability
• To maintain wear protection and bearing durability
• Extended use
• Many 4T outboards are operated longer than recommended between oil changes, requiring improved anti-oxidancy
Photo Source: Yamaha
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
NMMA FC-W® Standard
• NMMA FC-W® standard introduced in 2004
• Similar NMMA certification process and costs to the long established TC-W3®
– Marketer obtains a trademark license from the NMMA
– Annual fee $1600 per oil
• Intended for all gasoline-powered 4T marine applications
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
NMMA FC-W® REQUIREMENTS
Heritage
Minimum SG quality Performance Bench Testing
Foam, Seq. I - III (Industry limits)
Foam, Seq. IV (200/50 max)
Shear Stability (Report)
HTHS (3.3 cP min after shear)
Mercury Rust Test (< than Ref. Oil)
Noack Volatility (Report)
EOFT (50% max)
Identification
KV40°C
VI
Specific gravity
TBN
TAN
Elementals (Report all)
Sulfur
Nitrogen
IR Spectrum
Viscosity Grade Testing
KV100°C (Vis grade limits)
CCS (Vis grade limits)
MRV-TP1 (Vis grade limits)
Engine Testing
Yamaha 115 hp Gen. Perf.
Required Testing for Basic Readacross Oil Program. Expected Test Cost is $2K – 7K.
Required Additional Testing for Complete FC-W® Approval. Expected Test Cost is $45K – $55K.
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FC-W® REQUIRES HIGHER HTHS (AFTER KO30 SHEAR)
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ANTI-WEAR & ANTI-RUST ADDITIVES COMPETE FOR THE SURFACE
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
COMPONENT BALANCE FOR EXCELLENT PERFORMANCE IN FC-W® RUST TEST
Typical SJ PCMO 100% Rust
NMMA Reference Oil 5973 Range of Rust Ratings
NMMA FC-W® Oil 21% Rust
40% 30% 20%
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
CATALYST SYSTEMS ON STERNDRIVES AND INBOARDS
• U.S. emissions limits went into effect in 2010.
• Sterndrives and inboards require catalyst systems to meet the limits.
• Catalytic converters are integral to many outboard engines meeting mandates of the California Air Resource Board (CARB)
• Engine oils require careful formulation to avoid poisoning the catalyst in these engines
• The NMMA has issued a second standard for 4T outboard oils used with catalyst system to ensure availability of appropriate oils.
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FC-W CATALYST COMPATIBLE® STANDARD (LAUNCHED IN SEP 2009)
Intended for:
• All gasoline-powered marine applications, especially those with catalytic converters
• FC-W Catalyst Compatible® does not replace the original FC-W®
– The two standards co-exist separately
• Backwards compatible with engines calling for NMMA FC-W®
– Oils meeting FC-W Catalyst Compatible® can be used where the original FC-W® is recommended
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FC-W® VS FC-W® CATALYST COMPATIBLE STANDARDS
FC-W®
• Performance package: SG quality minimum
• No limit on P
• No limit on Si
• No “stay in grade” limits
• No volatility limits
FC-W Catalyst Compatible®
• Performance package: SM quality minimum
• P range: 0.06 - 0.08%
• Si limit: < 0.002%
• Stay in grade limits
• Noack volatility: < 22%
All other current NMMA FC-W® requirements and readacross rules remain the same for the catalyst-friendly oil standard.
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
TWO-STROKE LEISURE MARINE OILS
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
OUTBOARD OEMS HAVE DRIVEN NMMA TO DEVELOP HIGHER 2T OIL STANDARDS
TC-W®
1960s
TC-WII®
1988 S-12345
TC-W3®
1991 (3-xxxxx)
1996 (R-xxxxx)
2004 (RL-xxxxx)
NMMA TC-W3® is the most modern 2T outboard engine oil
standard available
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
TC-W3® DEMONSTRATION TEST PROGRAM
Analytical Testing KV @ 40°C
TAN Cloud Point
Nitrogen FTIR Scan Bench Testing
Fluidity @ -25°C Miscibility @ -25°C
Rust Filterability
Compatibility Engine Testing CE-50 Lubricity (Yamaha 50 cc)
AF-27 Lubricity (Honda Dio) Preignition (Yamaha 50cc)
General Performance (OMC 40 HP) Detergency/Scuffing (Mercury 15 HP) x 2 Ring Sticking/Detergency (OMC 70 HP)
> $270K for a full program
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
NMMA TC-W3® Certification
Formulation changes
• Allowed:
• Additive increases (+20% relative)
• Solvent concentration changes (±20% relative) and substitutions
• PPD concentration changes (±1%) and substitutions (0.5%)
• PIB concentration changes (±25% relative)
• Brightstock concentration changes (±10%)
• Base oil concentration changes (±25%) and supply changes
• Not Allowed:
• Additive reductions and addition of new components
• Marketers must obtain a trademark license from NMMA
• License number must appear on the oil bottle
• Annual license fee per oil paid to NMMA by the oil marketer
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
TC-W3® READ ACROSS REQUIREMENTS
Analytical Testing
KV40°C TAN
Cloud Point Nitrogen FTIR Scan
Bench Testing
Fluidity @ -25°C Miscibility @ -25°C
Engine Testing
CE-50 Lubricity (Yamaha 50 cc) AF-27 Lubricity (Honda Dio)
Detergency/Scuffing (Mercury 15 HP)
Costs Range from 2K USD to 50K USD
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
NMMA WEBSITE
• www.NMMA.org/certification/programs/oils/
• TC-W3® Certification Procedure Manual
• TC-W3® Product Approval System (PAS)
• List of marketer-certified TC-W3 oils
• www.NMMA.org/certification/programs/oils/fc-w.asp
• FC-W® Certification Procedure Manual
• FC-W® Product Approval System (PAS)
• List of marketer-certified FC-W® oils
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
SMALL ENGINE SUMMARY
• Small engine 2T (low ash / ashless) & 4T oils require dedicated and balanced formulations
• Emissions have driven many Small Engines applications to 4T
• JASO standard for motorcycles
• Marine quality set by NMMA FC-W® and FC-W Catalyst Compatible® standards
• Ashless 2T for outboards (water-cooled)
• Quality set by NMMA TC-W3® standard
• Low-ash 2T for land equipment (air-cooled)
• Quality set by JASO and API TC
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Permission is given for storage of one copy in electronic means for reference purposes. Further reproduction of any material is prohibited without prior written consent of Infineum International Limited. The information contained in this document is based upon data believed to be reliable at the time of going to press and relates only to the matters specifically mentioned in this document. Although Infineum has used reasonable skill and care in the preparation of this information, in the absence of any overriding obligations arising under a specific contract, no representation, warranty (express or implied), or guarantee is made as to the suitability, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information; nothing in this document shall reduce the user’s responsibility to satisfy itself as to the suitability, accuracy, reliability, and completeness of such information for its particular use; there is no warranty against intellectual property infringement; and Infineum shall not be liable for any loss, damage or injury that may occur from the use of this information other than death or personal injury caused by its negligence. No statement shall be construed as an endorsement of any product or process. For greater certainty, before use of information contained in this document, particularly if the product is used for a purpose or under conditions which are abnormal or not reasonably foreseeable, this information must be reviewed with the supplier of such information. INFINEUM, PARATAC, SYNACTO, VISTONE and the interlocking ripple device are Trade Marks of Infineum International Limited. © Infineum International Limited 2015. All rights reserved