engine oil specification trends and lubricants...
TRANSCRIPT
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Engine Oil Specification Engine Oil Specification TrendsTrends andand
Lubricants Lubricants TechnologyTechnology
October, 2013
TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATION
MINORU YAMASHITA
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Contents
1. Engine Oil Specification Trends
ILSAC GF-6 SAE J300
2. Lubricants Technology
3. Summary
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Contents
1. Engine Oil Specification Trends
ILSAC GF-6 SAE J300
2. Lubricants Technology
3. Summary
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Engine Oil Specifications
Industrial Specifications
OEM In-house Specifications
Engine Oil Specifications
National/Military Specifications
ACEA (Europe)
JASO (Japan)
ILSAC (International)
API (U.S)
Source:JAMA Engine Oil Seminar 2011
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
ILSAC
AOAP
ILSACMembers
ASTM - Tests SAE Viscosity Grade
American Society forTesting & Materials
Oil API Starburst
API
American Petroleum Institute
Oil Blenders / Marketers
ACC
American Chemistry Council
Additive Suppliers
ILSAC New
Specification
GM Chrysler
FordJAMA
U.S. OEM’s
Japanese Automobile Manufacturer’s Association
EMA
Engine Manufacturer’s
Association
Society of Automotive Engineers
International Lubricant Specification Advisory
Committee
Auto Oil Advisory Panel
AOAP
ILSAC – Industry Structure
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
API vs ILSACAPI SN
with Resource Conserving
is equivalent to ILSAC GF-5
ILSAC GF-5
=+Fuel Efficiency
Emission System Protection
Turbocharger Protection
Ethanol-containing Fuels up to E85
API SN
Engine Robustness
Resource Conserving
APIDonut
ILSACStarburst
DetergencyOxidation StabilityWear ProtectionRust ProtectionCorrosion Protection
::
0W-200W-20
Note: Viscosity grades are limited to SAE 0W, 5W, and 10W multigrade
oils.Note: All viscosity grades
Source:JAMA Engine Oil Seminar 2011
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
0
1
2
3
4
5
Fuel Economy
Emission Control System
Detergency
Rust & CorrosionProtection
OxidationStability
WearProtection
E85 EmulsionRetention
Seal Compatibility
GF‐5
GF‐4
GF‐3
GF‐2
GF‐1
GF-5 Performance Relative to the past GF-X
No PerformanceChange
NewRequirement Improved
Performance
Source:JAMA Engine Oil Seminar 2011
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
• Improved fuel economy and fuel economy retention• Higher FEI in Sequence VID (or equivalent test)• Longer oil aging, equivalent to 8,000 to 10,000 miles
• Improved engine oil robustness and wear protection required to protect engines in all global markets
• Improved IIIG, IVA and VG (or equivalent tests) performance
• Not cause low speed pre-ignition• Viscosity requirements will reflect changes to SAE
J300 viscosity grades• Timing: First License Date January 2017
• Will coincide with introduction of replacement Sequence Tests presently under development
ILSAC GF-6 Direction
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
• Four engine tests are being replaced or updated for GF-6
Test Description SponsorSequence IIIH – Oxidation Stability & Piston GM
Deposit Test ChryslerSequence IVB – Valve Train Wear Test ToyotaSequence VH – Sludge & Deposit Test FordSequence VID – Fuel Economy Test GMNew Test – Chain Wear Test FordNew Test – Low Speed Pre-Ignition Test Ford
GF-6 Engine Test Availability Issues
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Turbocharged DI-SI
Natural Aspiration SI
Conventional Turbo SI
0 2000 4000 6000Engine Speed (rpm)
BM
EP
Intercept Point
Fig.1 Turbocharged DISI Engine Torque Curve
・Downsized SI engines equipped with turbocharger and direct-injection system have been increased for better fuel economy performance
・LSPI (Low-speed Pre-ignition) restricts low-speed torque improvement significantly
・LSPI is considered to begin at oil droplet auto-ignition
Fig.2 Possible Mechanism of LSPI
Pre-Ignition due to Oil Droplet Auto-ignition
About Pre-Ignition
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
・Base oil types affect significantly on LSPI frequency (Fig.3)・Base oil volatility is not effective property on LSPI frequency (Fig.4)
→ LSPI frequency depends on base oil oxidation reactivity, not on base oil volatility
Fig.4
Volatility Effects on LSPI Fig.3
Base Oils Effects on LSPI
A(GrⅠ)
B(GrⅡ)
C(GrⅢ)
D(PAO)
E(PAO
High-Vis)
0
1
2
3
4
5
LSP
I fre
quen
cy [-
] LSPI decrease
Less Volatile More Volatile
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30NOACK [%]
LSP
I fre
quen
cy [-
]
Same Additives (A to E) The Others (F, X, Y)
Less Volatile More Volatile
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 10 20 30NOACK [%]
LSP
I fre
quen
cy [-
]
Same Additives (A to E) The Others (F, X, Y) Same Additives (A to E) The Others (F, X, Y)
Engine Oil Impact - Base Oil -
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
No.1 BaselineNo.2 0.2CaNo.3 0.3Ca
Baseline OilCa = 0.1mass% as Ca Sulfonate AP = 0.06 mass% as ZnDTPPhenolic AO = 1 as relative scale
Ca, mass%
LSP
I fre
quen
cy
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
No.1 BaselineNo.2 0.2CaNo.3 0.3Ca
Baseline OilCa = 0.1mass% as Ca Sulfonate AP = 0.06 mass% as ZnDTPPhenolic AO = 1 as relative scale
Ca, mass%
LSP
I fre
quen
cy
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.05 0.1
No.1 BaselineNo.4 0.03MoNo.5 0.07Mo
Baseline OilCa = 0.1mass% as Ca Sulfonate AP = 0.06 mass% as ZnDTPPhenolic AO = 1 as relative scale
Mo, mass%
LSPI
freq
uenc
y
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.05 0.1
No.1 BaselineNo.4 0.03MoNo.5 0.07Mo
Baseline OilCa = 0.1mass% as Ca Sulfonate AP = 0.06 mass% as ZnDTPPhenolic AO = 1 as relative scale
Mo, mass%
LSPI
freq
uenc
y
LSPI
freq
uenc
y
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 0.1 0.2
No.1 BaselineNo.10 0.10P
No.11 0.15P
Baseline OilCa = 0.1mass% as Ca Sulfonate AP = 0.06 mass% as ZnDTPPhenolic AO = 1 as relative scale
P, mass%
Fig.5 Additive Effects (Ca, Mo, P) on LSPI
Additives have a significant effects on LSPI frequencyCa-detergents promote LSPI, whereas ZnDTP and MoDTC inhibit LSPI
Engine Oil Impact - Additive -
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
New SAE J300 Low Viscosity Grade
SAE J300 Viscosity Specification was revised in April of 2013.SAE 20 Grade is revised 6.9 min from 5.6min.SAE 16 grade is added.
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Contents
1. Engine Oil Specification Trends
ILSAC GF-6 SAE J300
2. Lubricants Technology
3. Summary
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Issues of Vehicle
<Vehicle related issues><Vehicle related issues>
Surge in fossil energy
consumption
Surge in fossil energy
consumption
-Population growth-Population growth
-Increase in vehicle-Increase in vehicle
Global growth of industry and technology
in the 20th century
Global growth of industry and technology
in the 20th century
Increase in traffic accidentIncrease in traffic accident
Increase in CO2 (Global warming)Increase in CO2 (Global warming)
Concern over future oilConcern over future oil
Air pollution (NOX/PM/Ozone)Air pollution (NOX/PM/Ozone)
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Fuel economy Regulations in Asia• Many countries in Asia are investigating to revise or introduce FE/CO2
standard from the viewpoint of economy, energy security and CO2 reduction
Source:JAMA Engine Oil Seminar 2013
Australia
Viet Nam
Singapore
Philippines
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Taiwan
PR of China
India
Korea
Japan
2014 2015 2018~2016 20172012 2013
Top Runner Program (Target fiscal year: 2015)
K-CAFE (phase-in until 2015, average fuel economy 17km/L or 140 CO2g/km)
Fuel Consumption Label
Fuel Consumption Label
Fuel Economy Standards for PC
Top Runner Program (CAFE Target fiscal year: 2020)
Labeling Program
Limit of fuel consumption, Fuel Consumption Label
Labeling Program (in NEECP)
Mandatory Fuel Economy Labeling
CO2 emission standards (Light vehicle)
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Emission Regulations in Asia (Light-duty vehicles)• Generally Asian countries are moving to Euro 4/5 or equivalent by 2013.
However, some countries still remain on Euro 2 even after 2015.
Emission Standards for New Light-Duty Vehicles (as of April 2009), Available : http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/articles-58969_resource_1.pdfWorldwide Emission Standards Guide for 2010/2011, DELPHI, Available : http://delphi.com/pdf/emissions/Delphi-Passenger-Car-Light-Duty-Truck-Emissions-Brochure-
2010-2011.pdf
Source:JAMA Engine Oil Seminar 2013
Australia Euro 4 Euro 5 Euro 6
Viet Nam Euro 2 Euro 4 (Euro 5 : 2022~)
Singapore Euro 2
Philippines Euro 2 Euro 4
Indonesia Euro 2
Malaysia Euro 2 Euro 4
Thailand Euro 4
Taipe i, China US Tier 2 (Equivalent to Euro 4)
PR of China Euro 4
Beijing Euro 5
India Nationwide Bharat stage III (Euro 3)
Bharat stage IV (Euro 4)
Korea LEV 2 (phase-in until 2015)
Japan Post new long-term
* Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Secunderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra
Delh i and 11 c ities*
2018~2014 20152012 2013 2016 2017
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Power Train Trends
Catalytic converter
EFI
DOHC 4-valve
VVT-i
Dual VVT-i
Dual VVT-iEValvematic
O2 sensor
A/F sensor
Lean-burn
Low-friction
D-4
D-4S
Stop and Start System
Environmental performance (high fuel efficiency and clean exhaust emissions)
Petrol engine
New engine series
Impr
essiv
e driv
ing
(Dyn
amic
perfo
rman
ce)
Engines and transmissions revamped through ongoing incorporationof new technologies
Engines and transmissions revamped through ongoing incorporationof new technologies
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Piston
CrankShaft
Valve System
Oil Pump
Water Pump Belt
Friction Loss(7~10%)
Engine
Drive-train
Vehicle weight
Tire
Aerodynamics
Friction Loss in Power Train
Breakdown of Energy Consumption in Entire Vehicle
(2.0L×4AT@EC Mode)
EC
Mode
CO
2 E
mis
sion
[g/km
]
Idling
Running
Exhaust
Cooling
FrictionPumping
Alternator
Air Drag. etc.
Vehicle Inertia
Tire Rolling
Idle
Losses in Engine
Effective
Work
Wasted Energy
Drive-train loss
16.5
Deceleration
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Development of lubricants for the environmental protection
Clean AirClean Air
After treatmentAfter treatmenttechnologiestechnologies
Combustion efficiency Combustion efficiency 、、Direct injection, Variable Valve Timing,Direct injection, Variable Valve Timing,Super charge etc.Super charge etc.
Poisoning , Clogging Poisoning , Clogging reductionreduction
Three way catalyst, NOThree way catalyst, NOxx
storagestorage--reduction catalyst, DPR, DPNR etcreduction catalyst, DPR, DPNR etc
Engine improvementEngine improvement Keep the durabilityKeep the durability such assuch asantianti--wear performancewear performance
COCO2 2 ReductionReduction
New power sourceNew power source (HV, EV, FCHV)
COCO22 reduction at a production and a disposalreduction at a production and a disposal
Friction reductionFriction reductionFuel economyFuel economytechnologytechnology Transmission efficiencyTransmission efficiency
Combustion improvementCombustion improvementLight weight, Moving resistance reductionLight weight, Moving resistance reduction
Requirement to Lubricants
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
SteeringSteering Fuel PumpFuel Pump DifferentialDifferential
Gear, Bearing, OilLSDViscous Coupling Plate
AuxiliaryAuxiliary
BrakeBrakePad/Disc, Piston/CylinderSeal/Cylinder
EngineEngine
PistonPiston Ring/Cilinder BoreBearing, SealCam/Cam FollowerValve/Valve GuideValve/Valve SheetOil
TransmissionTransmission(AT)Wet Clutch, Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil(MT)Dry Clutch, SNR,Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil
Tribological Parts in Automobile
Belt/PulleyWater PumpAlternatorCompressorElectromagnetic ClutchSeal/Bearing
SeatSeat
Pump BodyCommutator,Bearing
Joint, Gear, Bearing,Power Steering Pump
Fabric
DifferentialDifferentialEngineEngine
TransmissionTransmission
Gear, Bearing, OilLSDViscous Coupling Plate
PistonPiston Ring/Cylinder BoreBearing, SealCam/Cam FollowerValve/Valve GuideValve/Valve SheetOil
(AT, CVT, HV)Wet Clutch, Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil(CVT)Belt, Pulley(MT)Dry Clutch, SNR,Gear, Bearing, Seal, Oil
EngineEngine DifferentialDifferential
TransmissionTransmission
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREAFu
el E
ffici
ency
Impr
ovem
ent (
%)
1990 20000
10
5
15
DesignDesign&&
Material Material
LubricantLubricant
Engine Oil SJ 5W-20
Engine Oil DL-1/C2 0W-30
Engine Oil SM 0W - 20, Low viscosity MTF and DGO
Low viscosity ATF
Engine Oil SG 5W-30
Engine Oil SL 5W-20 and CVTF
ATF for Flex Lock-up
Low μpiston-skirt coating
Aluminum valve-lifterNitriding piston- ring and Aluminum sliding-bearing
AT friction material for Flex Lock-up
TiN shim and Sintered synchronizer-ring
Resin overlays on sliding bearingsD-4 pump Ti-N lifter
High μ AT frictionmaterials
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Friction reduction technology must be applied that pertain specifically to each lubrication condition
Striveck Curve
Fric
tion
Coe
ffici
ent
Boundary Mixed Hydrodynamic
FM
Viscosity Reduction
h>10-5cmh=0
Hi-Load, Hi- Temp., Low-Vis.
Valve trainPiston / Cylinder
Bearing
Fric
tion
Coe
ffici
ent
Boundary Mixed Hydrodynamic
FM
Viscosity Reduction
h>10-5cmh=0
Hi-Load, Hi- Temp., Low-Vis.
Valve trainPiston / Cylinder
Bearing
Concept of Friction Reduction on the Streibeck Curve
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
HTHS Vis. (HTHS Vis. (mPamPa・・s)s)
Ref. Ref. ::
HRHR--77
55
44
33
22
11
002.22.2 2.62.6 3.03.0 3.43.4
95%95%Confidence RangeConfidence Range
Fuel
Eco
nom
y Im
prov
emen
t (%
)Fu
el E
cono
my
Impr
ovem
ent
(%)
(Toyota(Toyota;;SAE982506)SAE982506)
Fuel
eco
nom
y im
prov
emen
t Fu
el e
cono
my
impr
ovem
ent
EngineEngine::1.0 liter OHC1.0 liter OHC
1.5%1.5%
2.5%2.5%
((2.92.9)) ((2.42.4))((2.62.6))HTHS Vis.HTHS Vis.((mPamPa・・ss))
(LA(LA--4 Mode)4 Mode)
(Honda;SAE1999(Honda;SAE1999--0101--34683468))
Impact of the engine oil viscosity on fuel economy HTHS Viscosity@150C
(Valve-train;Bucket Type ) (Roller-follower Type)
SAE30SAE30SAE20SAE20
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Fuel Economy Test Driving Cycle EC
Cold Mode
Test Mode Including Cold Start ⇒ High Oil Viscosity Increases Friction under Hydrodynamic Lubrication
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200Time (sec)
Veh
icle
Spe
ed, O
il Te
mp.
, Oil
Vis
cosi
ty
Vehicle Speed (km/h)Oil Temp. in Oil Pan (℃)Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/s, 0W-20)
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
Lower-KV40 Effect
Lower KV40 (Kinematic Viscosity at 40℃)⇒ Significant Improvement in Fuel Economy Engine Test
under Low Temperature
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
30 35 40 45 50
FEI v
s G
F-4
0W-2
0, %
KV40, mm2/s
VM-1 VM-2 VM-3 VM-4
GF-5 0W-20 prototype formulation
KSTLE 2013 @ Yeosu, KOREA
SummarySummary
[Specification] ILSAC GF-6 First license date : January 1st 2017. New engine test : LSPI, Chain wear GF-6B : XW-16.
[Lubricants Technology]Lowering the viscosity at low temperature is
effective in fuel economy improvement for cold start mode.