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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter


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3-3 Cycles of Matter

How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?


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Recycling in the Biosphere


Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently.

Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.


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Matter (elements, chemical compounds, etc.) are passed from one organism to another

Matter is assembled into living tissue, passed out of the body, or decomposed.

AND from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles.



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What are the two reasons we need food?

1. Energy. Organic compounds (carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

2. Build us. Organic compounds contain the carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur that make up most of our bodies.


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The Water Cycle

All living things require water to survive.

The Water Cycle


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The Water Cycle

Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.


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Nutrient Cycles

How are nutrients important in living systems?

Remember the two reasons why you need food (nutrients):

--For energy and building materials


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Nutrient Cycles

Nutrient Cycles

All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients.

Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions.

Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.


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Group Name Chemical composition (made up of…)

Examples Function (job) in living things

CARBOHYDRATESC,H,O

LIPIDSC,H,O

NUCLEIC ACIDSC,H,O,N,P

PROTEINSC,H,O,N,S

Rembember this chart? Matter is neither created nor destroyed


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Nutrient Cycles

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue.

Biological processes

such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen.

Geochemical processes

such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.


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Nutrient Cycles

CO2 in Atmosphere

Photosynthesis

feeding

feeding

Respiration

Deposition

Carbonate Rocks

Deposition

Decomposition

Fossil fuel

Volcanic activity

Uplift

Erosion

Respiration

Human activity

CO2 in Ocean

Photosynthesis


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Nutrient Cycles

The Nitrogen Cycle

All organisms require nitrogen to make nucleic acids and proteins!

Although nitrogen gas is the most abundant form of nitrogen on Earth-80% of atmosphere is N2 gas. THIS IS UNUSABLE BY ALMOST EVERYTHING, EXCEPT…

Bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants called legumes (beans, clover, etc.).

They convert nitrogen gas (unusable form) into ammonia (usable form) in a process known as nitrogen fixation.


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THEN…

Other bacteria in the soil convert ammonia into nitrates and nitrites.

Once these products are available, producers can use them to make proteins.

Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins or nucleic acids.

Nutrient Cycles


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Nutrient Cycles

Bacterial nitrogen fixation

N2 in Atmosphere

NH3

Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers

Decomposition, excretion

Atmospheric nitrogen fixation

Uptake by producers

Reuse by consumers

Denitrification

Decomposition, excretion

NO3 and NO2


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When organisms die, decomposers return nitrogen to the soil as ammonia.

The ammonia may be taken up again by producers.

Nutrient Cycles


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Other soil bacteria convert nitrates into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification.

This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again.

Nutrient Cycles


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Nutrient Cycles

The Phosphorus Cycle

Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA and RNA.

Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate—in rocks. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.


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Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem.

Nutrient Cycles

Ocean

Land

Organisms

Sediments


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Nutrient Limitation

Nutrient Limitation

The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter (carbohydrates) is created by producers through photosynthesis.

One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.


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If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth.

When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient.

Therefore: lower amounts of nitrogen or phosphorus LIMIT the growth of plants.

If a plant can’t make proteins or nucleic acids it can’t build or run itself.

What happens if large amounts of N or P are added?

Nutrient Limitation

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3–3

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3–3

Transpiration is part of the

a. water cycle.

b. carbon cycle.

c. nitrogen cycle.

d. phosphorus cycle.

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3–3

Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of

a. carbohydrates.

b. carbon dioxide.

c. calcium carbonate.

d. ammonia.

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3–3

Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances

a. start as simple organic forms that plants need.

b. provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need.

c. are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms.

d. are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.

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3–3

The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing

a. plants.

b. bacteria.

c. detritivores.

d. animals.

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3–3

When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is

a. runoff.

b. algal death.

c. algal bloom.

d. less primary productivity.

END OF SECTION

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Documents

cycles of matter slide

biosphere slide

water cycle slide

biogeochemical cycles

ocean photosynthesis

water cycle water

carbon cycle carbon

living organism