copyright pearson prentice hall biology chapter 9

Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

Biology

Chapter 9


Respiration


Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy.

Animal

Plant

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

Mitochondrion


Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration•C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

•Cellular Respiration – mitochondria breakdown glucose to produce ATP


• 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration

1. Glycolysis

• Occurs in cytoplasm

• No oxygen required

• Break down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

• 2 molecules of ATP are used to start reaction

• 4 ATP molecules are produced

• Your body gets to store 2 ATP and 2 ATP go back to restart the reaction


• NAD+ - an energy carrying molecule

• NADH when it is carrying an electron (energy)

• Glucose + 2 ATP → 2 pyruvic acid

4 ATP (body stores 2 and 2 restart the reaction)

2 NADH


• After glycolysis the pyruvic acid molecules move to the mitochondria


2. Citric Acid Cycle

• Also called Kreb Cycle

• Occurs in the mitochondria

• Aerobic – requires oxygen

• 2 pyruvic acid → citric acid

2 ATP

4 CO2

2 FADH2

6 NADH


3. Electron Transport Chain

• Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

• Aerobic

• NADH and FADH2 energized electrons are passed from protein to protein

• The energy associated with highly energized electron forms ATP from ADP

• Energy being released from electron allows O2 to bond with H+ to make H2O

• Produces 32 ATP molecules

• 32 ADP → 32 ATP

• O2 → H2O


• When your cells are without oxygen an anaerobic process called fermentation proceeds

• Provides a way to continue producing ATP until oxygen is available again


2 Types of Fermentation

1.Lactic Acid

•Anaerobic

•Occurs in cytoplasm

•Occurs in animals

•2 Pryuvic acid is broken down into 2 lactic acid

•Lactic acid build up in muscles and causes burn or fatigue

•2 pyruvic acid → 2 lactic acid


2. Alcoholic Fermentation

• Anaerobic

• Occurs in cytoplasm

• Occurs in yeast, bacteria, plants

• Produce CO2 and ethyl alcohol

• 2 pyruvic acid → 2 ethyl alcohol

Cellular RespirationC6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

Glycolysis(anaerobic, cytoplasm)

1 C6H12O6 (glucose) + 2 ATP → 2 pyruvic acid4 ATP (your body stores 2 and 2 restart the reaction)Aerobic

O2 presentoccurs in mitochondria

occurs in cytoplasm

Anaerobic No O2 present

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)2 pyruvic acid → 2 citric acid

4 CO2

2 ATP

electrons → 32 ADP → 32 ATPH+ + O2 → H2O

Lactic Acid Fermentationanimalspyruvic acid → lactic acidNo CO2 produced CO2 produced

Alcoholic Fermentationplants, fungi, bacteria, yeastpyruvic acid → ethyl alcoholElectron Transport Chain

6 NADH

Fermentation

Fig. 8.3b, p. 133

CYTOPLASM

MITOCHONDRION

GLYCOLYSIS

ELECTRON TRANSPORT PHOSPHORYLATION

KREBS CYCLE

ATP

ATP

ATP

energy input

2 CO2

4 CO2

2

32

water

2 NADH

6 NADH

2 FADH2

2 NADH 2 pyruvate

oxygen

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

2

glucose

Typical Energy Yield: 36 ATP

(net)

Comparing photosynthesis and respiration

Photosynthesis RespirationFunction Uses light to make energy

(sugars/starches)Makes energy by breaking down glucose

Location Chloroplasts Mitochondria

Reactants CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2

Products C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP

Equation 6CO2 + 6H2O + lightC6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2

6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

copyright pearson prentice hall biology chapter 9

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