sky x tech report

A

Seminar-I Reporton

SKY X TECHNOLOGY

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements for the Third Year

of

Bachelor of Engineering

in

Computer Engineering

to

North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon

Submitted by

Shubham Madhukar Rokade

Under the Guidance of

Mr.Vijay Ingle Sir

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)2015 - 2016

SSBT’s COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,

BAMBHORI, JALGAON - 425 001 (MS)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Seminar-I entitled Sky X Technology, submitted by


in partial fulfillment of the Third Year of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Engi-

neering has been satisfactorily carried out under my guidance as per the requirement

of North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon.

Date: April 14, 2016

Place: Jalgaon

Mr.Vijay Ingle Sir

Guide

Prof. Dr. Girish K. Patnaik Prof. Dr. K. S. Wani

Head Principal

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) i

Acknowledgements

At the outset, I thank God for making my endeavour a success. I also express my gratitude

to Dr.G.K.Patnaik , Head of the Department for providing me with adequate facilities, ways

and means by which I was able to complete this seminar-I. I express my sincere gratitude

to my Seminar-I Guide Mr.Vijay Ingle Sir,for his constant support and valuable suggestions

without which the successful completion of this seminar would not have been possible.

I express my immense pleasure and thankfulness to all the teachers and staff of the Depart-

ment of Computer Engineering,SSBT’ COET,Jalgaon for their cooperation and support.

Last but not the least,I thank all others,and specially my classmates and my family.


SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) ii

Contents

Acknowledgements ii

Abstract 1

1 Introduction 2

1.1 Why sky x Technology ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 Performance Of Tcp Over Satellite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.1 Window Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2.2 Congestion Avoidance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 Sky X System 5

2.1 Sky X Technology Overcomes TCP Performance Limitations . . . . . . . . . 5

2.2 Sky X Gateway Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

2.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Sky X Protocol Design 7

3.1 Efficient Acknowledgment Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2 Dynamic Window Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.2.1 Rate Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2.2 Web Prefetch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2.3 Fast Start Web Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.2.4 Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4 Sky X Working 9

4.1 Xpress Transport Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.2 Sky X Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Sky X Performance 11

5.1 Window Size and Link Speed vs. Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iii

5.2 Round-Trip Delay vs. Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.3 Bit Error Rate vs. Throughput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.4 Web Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

6 Literature Survey 13

6.1 Sky X Merits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6.2 Sky X Demerits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.3 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

6.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

7 Future Enhancement 15

7.1 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Conclusion 16

Bibliography 17

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) iv

List of Figures

1.1 Sky X Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Sky X Gateway Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5.1 Sky X Accelator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) v

Abstract

Satellites are attractive option for carrying internet and other IP traffic to many locations

across the globe where terrestrial options are limited or [censored] prohibitive. But data

networking on satellite is faced with overcoming the large latency and high bit error rate

typical of satellite communications as well as the asymmetric bandwidth design of most

satellite network. Satellites are ideal for providing internet and private network access over

long distance and to remote locations. However the internet protocols are not optimized

for satellite conditions. So the throughput over the satellite networks is restricted to only a

fraction of available bandwidth, the leading supplies of TCP/IP to the computer industry

have overcome their limitations with the development of the Sky X product family.

The Sky X system replaces TCP over satellite link with a protocol optimized for the long

latency, high loss and asymmetric bandwidth conditions of the typical satellite communica-

tion. The Sky X family consists of Sky X Gateway, Sky X Client/Server and Sky X OEM

products. Sky X products increase the performance of IP over satellite by transparency

replacing. The Sky X Gateway works by intercepting the TCP connection from client and

converting the data to Sky X protocol for transmission over the satellite. The Sky X Client

/Server product operates in a similar manner except that the Sky X client software is in-

stalled on each end users PC Connection from applications running on the PC is intercepted

and send over the satellite using the Sky X protocol.

SSBT’s College of Engineering and Technology, Bambhori, Jalgaon (MS) 1

Chapter 1

Introduction

In This Chapter,Discuss about the general things related with the Sky X Technology.Satellites

are ideal for providing internet and private network access over long distance and to remote

locations. However the internet protocols are not optimized for satellite conditions and

consequently the throughput over the satellite networks is restricted to only a fraction of

available bandwidth. We can overcome these restrictions by using the Sky X protocol.

In section 1.1 discuss the Why sky x Technology,The Performance Of Tcp Over Satellite

are explain in section 1.2.

1.1 Why sky x Technology ?

• Internet protocols(TCP/IP) are not optimized for satellite conditions so the throughput

over the satellite networks decreases to only a fraction of available bandwidth.

• Satellites are ideal for providing internet & private network over long distance.

• The satellite conditions adversely interact with a number of elements of the TCP

architecture, including its window sizing, congestion avoidance algorithms & data ac-

knowledgment mechanisms.

• Thus the advantages achieved by TCP in LAN’s are no longer effective in the satellite

link. So it was desirable to design a separate protocol for communication through the

satellite to eliminate the disadvantages of using TCP over satellite.

Thus We need sky x technology.


Figure 1.1: Sky X Technology

1.2 Performance Of Tcp Over Satellite

Satellites are an attractive option for carrying Internet and other IP traffic to many locations

across the globe where terrestrial options are limited or price prohibitive. However data net-

working over satellites is faced with overcoming the latency and high bit error rates typical

of satellite communications, as well as the asymmetric bandwidth of most satellite networks

Communication over geosynchronous satellites, orbiting at an altitude of 22,300 miles has

round trip times of approximately 540 m/s, an order of magnitude larger than terrestrial

networks.

The journey through the atmosphere can also introduce bit errors into the data stream. These

factors, combined with backchannel bandwidth typically much smaller than that available

on the forward channel, reduce the effectiveness of TCP which is optimized for short hops

over low-loss cables or fiber.Eventhough the TCP is very effective in the local network con-

nected by using cables or optical fibers by using its many features such as LPV6, LPsec and

other leading-edge functionality. Also it will work with real time operating systems.TCP

is designed for efficiency and high performance ,and optimized for maximum throughput

and the highest transaction speeds in local networks. But the satellite conditions adversely

interact with a number of elements of the TCP architecture, including it s window sizing,

congestion avoidance algorithms, and data acknowledgment mechanisms, which contribute

to severely constrict the data throughput that can be achieved over satellite links. Thus the

advantages achieved by TCP in LANs are no longer effective in the satellite link. So it is

desirable to design a separate protocol for communication through the satellite to eliminate

the disadvantages of using TCP over the satellite link. The adverse effects of using TCP

over satellite link in its various features are as follows:

1.2.1 Window Size

TCP utilizes a sliding window mechanism to limit the amount of data in flight. When the

window becomes full, the sender stops transmitting until it receives new acknowledgement.

Over satellite networks, where acknowledgements are slow to return, the TCP window size

gradually sets a hard limit on the maximum throughput rate. The minimum window size


needed to fully utilize an error-free link known as the bandwidth-delay product is 100 KB

for a T1 satellite link and 675 KB for a 10 Mbps link. However many implementations

of TCP are limited to maximum window size of 64 KB and most operating systems use a

default window size of only 8 KB , imposing a maximum throughput rate over a satellite

link of only 128 Kbps per connection , regardless of the bandwidth available. So the high

bandwidth available in the network is no longer effective, thus the data availability in a

client is restricted to a small fraction of the available bandwidth. Thus the window sizing

mechanism of the TCP limits the rate of flow of data through satellite link. The simple,

heuristic data acknowledgment scheme used by TCP does not adapt well to long latency

or highly asymmetric bandwidth conditions. This algorithm does not respond well over

satellite networks where the round-trip time is long and error rates can be high. Further,

this constant stream of acknowledgments wastes precious back channel bandwidth and if

the back channel is small, the return of the acknowledgments to the sender can become the

system bottleneck. The acknowledgements and error messages will always dominate the data

transfer and the rate of flow reduces very much.

1.2.2 Congestion Avoidance

In order to avoid the possibility of congestive network meltdown, TCP usually assumes that

all data loss is caused by congestion and responds to this by reducing the transmission

rate. However, over satellite links, TCP misinterprets the long round-trip time and bit

errors as congestion and responds inappropriately. Similarly, the TCP Slow Start algorithm,

which over the terrestrial infrastructure prevents new connections from flooding an already

congested network, forces an excessively long ramp-up period for each new connection over

satellite. While these congestion avoidance mechanisms are vital in routed environments,

they are ill-suited to single-path satellite links. So the congestion avoidance mechanisms

used by TCP is also not suited for the satellite link since it reduces the data flow through

the network and thus reduces the overall rate of data transfer.

1.3 Summary

In This Chapter,Discuss Why sky x Technology important,The Performance Of Tcp Over

Satellite in that to avoid the possibility of congestive network meltdown, TCP usually as-

sumes that all data loss is caused by congestion and responds to this by reducing the trans-

mission rate.Next chapter Sky X System.


Chapter 2

Sky X System

In previous Chapter,Discuss about the general things related with the Sky X Design.The

Performance Of Tcp Over Satellite in that to avoid the possibility of congestive network

meltdown, TCP usually assumes that all data loss is caused by congestion and responds to

this by reducing the transmission rate.

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X System.In section 2.1 discuss the Sky X Technol-

ogy Overcomes TCP Performance Limitations,The Sky X Gateway Operation are explain in

section 2.2

2.1 Sky X Technology Overcomes TCP Performance

Limitations

Sky X products increase the performance of IP over satellite through a combination of pro-

tocol connection-splitting, data compression, and Web pre-fetching, while remaining entirely

transparent to end users. The Sky X gateway works by transparently replacing TCP con-

nections from the client and converting the data to Xpress Transport protocol (XTP) for

the hop over the satellite link which is the protocol optimized for satellite conditions.

Figure 2.1: Sky X Gateway Operation


2.2 Sky X Gateway Operation

The Sky X gateway works by intercepting the TCP connection from the client and converting

the data to the Xpress Transport Protocol (XTP) for transmission over the satellite. The

Sky X gateway on the opposite side of the satellite link translates the data back to TCP

for communication with the server. This architecture offers vastly improved performance

while remaining entirely transparent to the end user and fully compactable with the internet

infrastructure. No changes are required to the client or server and all applications continue

to function without modification. This architecture is also referred to as TCP Performance

Enhancing Proxy (TCP-PEP) and is compactable with IETF RFC 3135.

2.3 Summary

In This Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X System,Sky X Technology Overcomes TCP Per-

formance Limitations,The Sky X Gateway Operation.TCP connections from the client and

converting the data to Xpress Transport protocol (XTP) for the hop over the satellite link

which is the protocol optimized for satellite conditions. Next chapter is Sky X Protocol

Design.


Chapter 3

Sky X Protocol Design

In previous Chapter,Discuss about the general things related with the Sky X System. The

Sky X protocol is designed to respond efficiently to typical satellite latency, bit errors and

asymmetric bandwidth conditions and to take advantage of optimizations possible on a

single-path link with known bandwidth.

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Protocol Design.In section 3.1 discuss the Efficient

Acknowledgment Algorithm,Dynamic Window Sizing are explain in section 3.2.

3.1 Efficient Acknowledgment Algorithm

The Sky X Protocol utilizes a highly efficient selective retransmission algorithm for the

acknowledgment of data. Because there is only a single path over the satellite with no

intermediate routing, any gaps in the packet sequence can be assumed to be data loss due

to corruption rather than network congestion. Because the Sky X Protocol does not use

acknowledgments as the primary means of identifying lost data, it requires only infrequent

acknowledgments to confirm data arrival and clear buffers. In contrast, TCP sends a constant

stream of acknowledgments over the reverse channel. The sky X Protocol reduces back

channel usage by 75% for Web traffic and up to 99% for file transfers, thereby dramatically

increasing the performance of networks where limited back channel bandwidth is the system

bottleneck.

3.2 Dynamic Window Sizing

The large Sky X Protocol window removes the dependency of the network on the bandwidth-

delay product, allowing high throughput independent of the TCP window size of the end

nodes. The Sky X Protocol dynamically adjusts the window size based on the link bandwidth,

delay, and number of simultaneous connections to optimize utilization of the bandwidth.


3.2.1 Rate Control

TCP uses Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance algorithms to determine a safe transmission

rate based on how quickly acknowledgments return. This wastes available bandwidth when

it transmits at too low a rate, and causes unnecessary retransmissions when it transmits

at a rate higher than the bandwidth of the link. Instead, the Sky X gateway uses a rate

control mechanism to explicitly set the transmission rate to exactly the bandwidth of the

link, thereby providing the maximum throughput possible at all times.

3.2.2 Web Prefetch

The Sky X system further enhances the performance of HTTP over the satellite link by

proactively retrieving the many embedded objects on the web page along with requested

HTML page.The Sky X Protocol dynamically adjusts the window size based on the link

bandwidth, delay, and number of simultaneous connections to optimize utilization of the

bandwidth. The Sky X system delivers the web objects to the client side of the satellite link

where they can be served locally when requested by the browser ,there by avoiding satellite

delay.

3.2.3 Fast Start Web Acceleration

In addition to TCP performance enhancement, Sky X products include HTTP specific op-

timizations to further accelerate web downloads. Fast Start saves one full round trip time

for each new web connection by reducing the handshaking required to establish each new

HTTP connection.

3.2.4 Data Compression

Integrated on-the-fly data compression functionality, offering lossless compression ratios of

up to 5:1, increase4s the amount of data that can be sent over the link.

3.3 Summary

In This Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Protocol Design.In this discuss the Efficient Ac-

knowledgment Algorithm,Dynamic Window Sizing.The Sky X system further enhances the

performance of HTTP over the satellite link by proactively retrieving the many embedded

objects on the web page along with requested HTML page. Next chapter is Sky X Working.


Chapter 4

Sky X Working

In previous Chapter,Discuss about the general things related with the Sky X Protocol De-

sign.Sky X products do combinations of connection-splitting & data compression.The Sky

X system delivers the Web objects to the Sky X gateway on the client side of the satellite

link where they can be served locally when requested by the browser, avoiding the satellite

delay.

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Working.In section 4.1 discuss the Xpress Trans-

port Protocol,Sky X Gateway are explain in section 4.2.

Sky X Working is Mainly Depend on Two components:

• XTP

• X-Gateway

4.1 Xpress Transport Protocol

• Xpress Transport Protocol (XTP) is a transport layer protocol for high-speed networks

promoted by the XTP Forum developed to replace TCP.

• XTP provides protocol options for error control, flow control, and multicast mode.

Instead of separate protocols for each type of communication, XTP controls packet

exchange patterns to produce different models.

4.2 Sky X Gateway

• The Sky X gateways works by replacing TCP connections from the client & converting

the data to Xpress Transport protocol (XTP).


• Translates the data back to TCP for communication with the server. This architecture

offers vastly improved performance while remaining entirely transparent to the end

user and fully compactable with the internet infrastructure.

• No changes are required to the client or server and all applications continue to function

without modification.

4.3 Summary

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Working, Xpress Transport Protocol,Sky X Gate-

way. XTP provides protocol options for error control, flow control, and multicast mode.

Instead of separate protocols for each type of communication, XTP controls packet exchange

patterns to produce different models.Next chapter is Sky X Performance.


Chapter 5

Sky X Performance

In previous Chapter,Discuss about the general things related with the Sky X Working.XTP

provides protocol options for error control, flow control, and multicast mode. Instead of

separate protocols for each type of communication, XTP controls packet exchange patterns

to produce different models.

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Performance. In section 5.1 discuss the Window

Size and Link Speed vs. Throughput,Round-Trip Delay vs. Throughput are explain in

section 5.2In section 5.3 discuss the Bit Error Rate vs. Throughput,Web Performance are

explain in section 5.4

5.1 Window Size and Link Speed vs. Throughput

Without performance enhancement, a default window size of 8 KB limits TCP throughput

to less than 100 Kbps over satellite. As the graph on the left illustrates, even on server

operating systems using a 32 KB window, TCP is only able to reach a through-put of

440 Kbps. Sky X gateway overcomes this limitation, taking full advantage of the available

bandwidth regardless of the window size of the client or server. For compressible data, Sky

X can provide throughput rates far greater than the link bandwidth.

Figure 5.1: Sky X Accelator


5.2 Round-Trip Delay vs. Throughput

The Sky X gateway system removes the dependency of TCP on the round-trip time of the

link. The figure below shows the measured throughput on an error-free, 10 Mbps link. These

results illustrate that TCP throughput drops rapidly as the round-trip time increases. In

contrast, Sky X is able to maintain full usage of the link regardless of the round-trip time.

For compressible text, Sky X consistently delivers throughput rates greater than the actual

bandwidth.

5.3 Bit Error Rate vs. Throughput

The Sky X system overcomes the high sensitivity of TCP to the bit error rate of the link.

The graph given below shows the throughput as a function of the bit error rate for a 10

Mbps satellite link using a 1 MB TCP window. Even at low error rates, TCP is able to

deliver only 1.5 Mbps, while at an error rate of 110-5, TCPs throughput drops to less than

0.03 Mbps. Sky X fully saturates the link at low error rates and even at an error rate of

110-5, achieves 5.1 Mbps without compression and up to 15.8 Mbps for compressible data.

5.4 Web Performance

Unlike file transfers which typically consist of a single, large download, Web traffic is char-

acterized by large numbers of short connections. Mentats innovative Fast Start feature

specifically optimizes Web performance by reducing time required to establish new connec-

tion. Sky X fully saturates the link at low error rates and even at an error rate of 110-5,

achieves 5.1 Mbps without compression and up to 15.8 Mbps for compressible data. The

Web stone HTTP benchmark shows that for an 8 Mbps error-free link, the average response

time for a mixture of 50 simultaneous web connections using the sky X gateway is between

0.7 and 1.1 seconds depending on the compressibility of the data, compared to 3.0 seconds

with TCP.

5.5 Summary

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Performance.The Window Size and Link Speed vs.

Throughput,Round-Trip Delay vs. Throughput,The Bit Error Rate vs. Throughput,Web

Performance. The Sky X system overcomes the high sensitivity of TCP to the bit error rate

of the link. Next chapter is Literature Survey.


Chapter 6

Literature Survey

In previous Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Performance.The Window Size and Link Speed

vs. Throughput,Round-Trip Delay vs. Throughput,The Bit Error Rate vs. Throughput,Web

Performance.

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Literature Survey. In section 6.1 discuss the Sky X

Merits,Sky X Demerits are discuss in section 6.2 and Applications are explain in section 6.3

6.1 Sky X Merits

• Increased Performance

The SkyX Gateway increases the throughput rate by 3 times or more for Web traffic

and up to 10 to 100 times for file downloads.

• Reduced FEC Usage

The SkyX Gateway offers high levels of performance even at bit error rates that reduce

TCP performance to near zero. Improved response to bit errors reduces the effects of

rain fade and lowers the level of forward error correction encoding required.

• Easy Installation

The XH45 includes two 10/100baseT Ethernet ports for easy installation into any

standard TCP/IP network.

• High Performance

The Sky X Gateway enhances the performance of Internet, intranet, extranet, private

network, or any other TCP/IP connections over satellite links.

• Web-Based Monitoring Console

Performance of the XH45 can be monitored through a Web-based console, accessible

from any browser.


6.2 Sky X Demerits

• It is costly as Compare to TCP protocol installation.

• It is very sensitive and greatly effect on working in changing environment.

6.3 Application

• Use for Satellite Communication.

• Use for Accessing Web in fastest Speed.

• Use for Data Transfer,File Transfer Efficiently.

6.4 Summary

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Sky X Merits,Sky X Demerits and Applications. The Sky

X Gateway enhances the performance of Internet, intranet, extranet, private network, or

any other TCP/IP connections over satellite links. Next chapter is Future Enhancement.


Chapter 7

Future Enhancement

In previous Chapter,Discuss about The Sky X Merits,Sky X Demerits and Applications.The

Sky X Gateway enhances the performance of Internet, intranet, extranet, private network,

or any other TCP/IP connections over satellite links.

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Future Enhancement in Sky X Technology.

• XipLink developed by Xiplink incorporation which is underdevelopment will enhance

the Sky X more.

• The sky x technology is capable of handling bulk of data which will be there in future

as we are now talking aboutBP05

1. Smarter planet.

2. Infomation super highway.

7.1 Summary

In this Chapter,Discuss about the Future Enhancement in Sky X Technology The XH45

includes two 10/100baseT Ethernet ports for easy installation into any standard TCP/IP

network.


Conclusion

The sky X gateway is the leading solution for overcoming the limitations of TCP/IP over

satellite. ISPs, corporations, governments, and military organizations around the world

rely on sky X gateway to enhance the performance of their satellite networks.Testing by

independent third parties including INTELSAT and NASA confirms that the sky X Gateway

dramatically improves performance for the internet and private access over satellite networks.

The world is reducing to a global village by the use of satellite communication and so the

improvement in the rate of information interchange through satellite is a must and thus sky

X technology becomes unavoidable.


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