Joints

A joint or

articulation (or

articulate surface)

is the location at

which bones

connect.

They are

constructed to allow

movement (except

for skull, sacral,

sternal, and pelvic

bones) and provide

mechanical support .

Fibrous Joints

Made of tough collagen

fibers and include the sutures

of the skull and the

syndesmosis joint that holds

the ulna and radius of the

forearm together.

Cartilagenous Joints

Made of a band of cartilage that binds bones

together. Some examples of cartilaginous joints

include joints between the ribs and costal

cartilage, and the intervertebral disks of the

spine

Gliding

joints

Found between the

carpals of the wrist, are

found where bones meet

as flat surfaces and allow

for the bones to glide

past one another in any

direction.

Hinge joints

Found in elbow and knee, limit

movement in only one direction

so that the angle between bones

can increase or decrease at the

joint. The limited motion at

hinge joints provides for more

strength and reinforcement from

the bones, muscles, and

ligaments that make up the joint

Saddle

joints

Found between

the first

metacarpal and

trapezium

bone, permit

360 degree

motion by

allowing the

bones to pivot

along two axes

Ball and Socket joints

These joints have the freest range of motion of

any joint in the body – they are the only joints

that can move in a full circle and rotate around

their axis. However, the drawback to the ball

and socket joint is that its free range of motion

makes it more susceptible to dislocation than

less mobile joints.

Bone

Marrow

arYellow Type

Mostly contains fat, and serves to provide sustenance

and maintain the correct environment for the bone to

function. It tends to be located in the center-most

cavities of long bones, and is generally surrounded by

a layer of red marrow.

Red Type

directly involved in cell production. As a body ages, the

quantity of red marrow tends to shrink while the amount of

yellow marrow increases, but it tends to have the strongest

concentrations in flat bones such as the sternum or ilium.

Sesamoid and Wormian Bones

Sesamoid Bones

Wormian Bones

The Sesamoid bones are so named

because they resemble a sesame seed.

They are bones that are embedded within

a tendon, and are typically found in

locations where a tendon passes over a

joint

the hard, rigid form of connective

tissue constituting most of the

skeleton of vertebrates, composed

chiefly of calcium salts

Axial Bones

The

Skull

1 x Ethmoid Bone

1 x Frontal Bone

1 x Occipital Bone

2 x Parietal Bones

1 x Sphenoid Bone

2 x Temporal Bones

8 Cranial Bones

2 x Inferior Nasal Conchae

2 x Lacrimal Bones

1 x Mandible

2 x Maxillae (pl.); Maxilla

(sing.)

2 x Nasal Bones

2 x Palatine Bones

1 x Vomer

2 x Zygomatic Bones

14 Facial Bones

Hyoid

( Visceral

Arch )

Vertebral

Column

7 x cervical vertebrae in the neck.

12 x thoracic vertebrae in the upper

back corresponding to each pair of

ribs.

5 x lumbar vertebrae in the lower

back.

5 x sacral vertebrae which are fused

together to form 1 bone called the

sacrum.

4 x coccygeal vertebrae that are fused

together to form the coccyx or

tailbone.

• The cervical vertebrae are C1 - C7

• The thoracic vertebrae are T1 –T12

• The lumbar vertebrae are L1 – L5

The cervical vertebrae are

C1 - C7

The thoracic vertebrae are

T1 –T12

The lumbar vertebrae are

L1 – L5

Thoracic

Basket

b

Vertebrosternal ( True Ribs )

Vertebrochondra ( False Ribs )

Vertrebal ( Floating Ribs )

Appendicular Bones

Upper Extremities

Pectoral Girdle

Forelimb

ClavicleThe clavicle or collar bone holds the

shoulder joint away from the rest of the

upper body and is only as thick as your

little finger.

ScapulaThe scapula is located on the back side of

the ribcage and helps provide part of the

shoulder joint and movement for the arms.

Forelimb

Humerus

LLLower Extremities

Pelvis

Hindlimb

Pectoral Girdle

Clavicle

Scapula

Forelimb

Humerus

Radius

Ulna

Carpals

Metacarpals

phalanges

Pelvis

Os Coxae( Innominate Bone )

Hindlimb

TibiaFemurFibulaPatellaTarsalsMetatarsalsPhalanges

Diseases and

Conditions

of the Skeletal

System

Bursitis

Inflammation of the Bursa (fluid filled sac surrounding the joint).A bursa can become inflamed from injury, infection (rare in the shoulder), or due to an underlying rheumatic condition.Bursitis is typically identified by localized pain or swelling, tenderness, and pain with motion of the tissues in the affected area.

Tendonitis

Sometimes the tendons become inflamed for

a variety of reasons, and the action of pulling

the muscle becomes irritating. If the normal

smooth gliding motion of your tendon is

impaired, the tendon will become inflamed

and movement will become painful. This is

called tendonitis, and literally means

inflammation of the tendon.

The most common cause of tendonitis is

overuse.

Carpal Tunnel

Syndrome

Any condition that causes swelling or a

change in position of the tissue within the

carpal tunnel can squeeze and irritate the

median nerve. Irritation of the median

nerve in this manner causes tingling and

numbness of the thumb, index, and the

middle fingers, a condition known as

"carpal tunnel syndrome

Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a term that means

"porous bones." It is a skeletal disease

affecting women and men.

Osteoporosis is a condition in which

bones have lost minerals especially

calciumﾑmaking them weaker, more

brittle, and susceptible to fractures

(broken bones). Any bone in the body

can be affected by osteoporosis, but

the most common places where

fractures occur are the back (spine),

hips, and wrists.

Scoliosis

Scoliosis is an abnormal curvature

of the spine. If your child has

scoliosis, the view from behind

may reveal one or more abnormal

curves.Scoliosis runs in families,

but doctors often don't know the

cause. More girls than boys have

severe scoliosis. Adult scoliosis

may be a worsening of a condition

that began in childhood, but wasn't

diagnosed or treated. In other

cases, scoliosis may result from a

degenerative joint condition in the

spine.

KyphosisWith kyphosis, your spine may look

normal or you may develop a hump.

Kyphosis can occur as a result of

developmental problems; degenerative

diseases, such as arthritis of the spine;

osteoporosis with compression fractures

of the vertebrae; or trauma to the spine.

It can affect children, adolescents and

adults.

Lordosis

A normal spine, when viewed

from behind appears straight.

However, a spine affected by

lordosis shows evidence of a

curvature of the back bones

(vertebrae) in the lower back

area, giving the child a

"swayback" appearance

Tuberculosis of the Spine-

Pott’s Disease

As a form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis that impacts the spine, Pott’s disease

has an effect that is sometimes described as being a sort of arthritis for the

vertebrae that make up the spinal column. More properly known as tuberculosis

spondylitis, Pott’s disease is named after Dr. Percivall Pott, an eighteenth century

surgeon who was considered an authority in issues related to the back and

spine.Pott's disease is often experienced as a local phenomenon that begins in the

thoracic section of the spinal column. Early signs of the presence of Pott’s disease

generally begin with back pain that may seem to be due to simple muscle strain.

However, in short order, the symptoms will begin to multiply.

Rickets

Rickets is the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually

because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency.

Some skeletal deformities caused by rickets may need corrective

surgery.

Leukemia

Leukemia is cancer of the blood cells. It starts in the

bone marrow, the soft tissue inside most bones. Bone

marrow is where blood cells are made.When you are

healthy, your bone marrow makes:･White blood cells,

which help your body fight infection.･Red blood cells,

which carry oxygen to all parts of your body.･Platelets,

which help your blood clot.When you have leukemia,

the bone marrow starts to make a lot of abnormal white

blood cells, called leukemia cells. They don't do the

work of normal white blood cells, they grow faster than

normal cells, and they don't stop growing when they

should

Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a cancer in which abnormal cells

collect in the bone marrow and form tumors. Sometimes

these abnormal cells (called myeloma cells) collect in only

one bone and form a single tumor known as a

plasmacytoma. However, in most cases, the myeloma cells

collect in many bones, forming several tumors and

causing other problems. When this happens, the disease is

called multiple myeloma