Human BodyHuman Body

Skeletal, Muscular, and Skeletal, Muscular, and Nervous SystemsNervous Systems

Unit G in our textbook

Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemBones – made of living AND nonliving Bones – made of living AND nonliving materialmaterial

206 bones in body206 bones in body

JointJoint – place where 2 bones meet – place where 2 bones meet

LigamentLigament – strong bands that hold – strong bands that hold BONE to BONEBONE to BONE

CartilageCartilage

Examples = nose, ears, padding b/w Examples = nose, ears, padding b/w bonesbones

Softer and more flexibleSofter and more flexible

than bonethan bone

Many bones start out as cartilage Many bones start out as cartilage and slowly turn into boneand slowly turn into bone

Jobs:Jobs:Gives you SHAPE and SUPPORTGives you SHAPE and SUPPORT

Allows you to STAND STRAIGHTAllows you to STAND STRAIGHT

PROTECTS your organs (heart, lungs, PROTECTS your organs (heart, lungs, brain)brain)

Makes BLOOD cells in the marrowMakes BLOOD cells in the marrow

Inside a BoneInside a BonePeriosteumPeriosteum – outer layer – outer layer

Compact boneCompact bone – very hard – very hard

Spongy boneSpongy bone – softer – softer (“shock absorbers”) (“shock absorbers”)

MarrowMarrow – makes blood cells – makes blood cellsperiosteum

compact bone

spongy bone

marrow

blood vessel

Scientific Names of BonesScientific Names of Bones

Chart

Skeletal System video (4:56)

JointsJointsImmovableImmovable Bones meet, but Bones meet, but

no movementno movementSkullSkull

Ball and socketBall and socket Allows great range Allows great range of motionof motion

Hip, Hip, ShoulderShoulder

HingeHinge Works like a door Works like a door hingehinge

Knee, ElbowKnee, Elbow

PivotPivot Able to TURNAble to TURN NeckNeck

GlidingGliding One bone slides One bone slides over anotherover another

Wrist, Ankle, Wrist, Ankle, SpineSpine

Muscular SystemMuscular System

TendonsTendons – attach Muscle to Bone – attach Muscle to Bone– ((TThe he MMomma omma BBear ear LLoves oves BBaby aby BBear)ear)– ((TTendons endons MMuscle-uscle-BBone; one; LLigaments igaments BBone-one-BBone)one)

Types of MusclesTypes of Muscles1.1. Skeletal – make bones move (V)Skeletal – make bones move (V)2.2. Smooth – digestive system (I)Smooth – digestive system (I)3.3. Cardiac – heart (I)Cardiac – heart (I)

VoluntaryVoluntary- choose to move (jumping, - choose to move (jumping, running, kicking)running, kicking)

InvoluntaryInvoluntary – no choice; automatically – no choice; automatically happens (heart beat, moving food happens (heart beat, moving food through digestive system)through digestive system)

(4:06)

InjuriesInjuries

1. Fracture1. Fracture::

break or crack in bonebreak or crack in bone

InjuriesInjuries

2. 2. SprainSprain::

tearing a ligament at a jointtearing a ligament at a joint

InjuriesInjuries

3. 3. StrainStrain::

overstretching or tearing overstretching or tearing musclemuscle

Avoiding InjuriesAvoiding InjuriesWear PROPER EQUIPMENTWear PROPER EQUIPMENT

tennis shoes, helmets, knee pads, shin guardstennis shoes, helmets, knee pads, shin guards

WARM UP before / COOL DOWN afterwardsWARM UP before / COOL DOWN afterwardswalk first, then stretch all muscle groupswalk first, then stretch all muscle groups

Treat your body with RESPECTTreat your body with RESPECTA. Eat well – Fruits/Veggies, Milk, limit sweetsA. Eat well – Fruits/Veggies, Milk, limit sweetsB. Get enough sleep – 9-11 hours/nightB. Get enough sleep – 9-11 hours/nightC. Stay away from drugs and alcoholC. Stay away from drugs and alcohol

Broken bones

(24:32)

Nervous SystemNervous System

1. Nerves (neurons)1. Nerves (neurons)

2. Brain2. Brain

3. Spinal Cord3. Spinal Cord

NeuronsNeuronsNeuronsNeurons - (nerve cells) threadlike cells that - (nerve cells) threadlike cells that send messages to and from the brainsend messages to and from the brain

Color a neuron!

NeuronsNeurons* Electrical charges cause chemicals to be released

from the AXON.

* DENDRITES pick up that chemical and the chain continues (as it releases more chemicals from its axon)

dendrites

axon

2 Types of Neurons:2 Types of Neurons:1. 1. Sensory neuronsSensory neurons

*carry messages from *carry messages from body to brainbody to brain

*allow us to SENSE the environment*allow us to SENSE the environment

2. 2. Motor neuronsMotor neurons

*carry messages from *carry messages from brain to bodybrain to body

*cause MUSCLES to react*cause MUSCLES to react

video (4:00)

Nerve MessagesNerve Messages

Nerve ImpulseNerve Impulse – – message carried message carried through your body by through your body by neurons.neurons.

Sensory NerveSensory Nerve BrainBrain Motor NerveMotor Nerve

Spinal CordSpinal Cord

Thick, cordlike bundle Thick, cordlike bundle of nerve cells of nerve cells

Protected by vertebrae Protected by vertebrae of spineof spine

Connects to brain Connects to brain

ReflexesReflexes

Automatic reactions that skip the Automatic reactions that skip the brain.brain.

Happens without thinking.Happens without thinking.

Reflexes video (0:56)

BrainBrain

size of both fistssize of both fists

weighs 3 poundsweighs 3 pounds

gray in colorgray in color

15 billion nerve cells linked together15 billion nerve cells linked together

protected by SKULL, layers of protected by SKULL, layers of membranes, & fluidmembranes, & fluid

Brain video (7:36)

3 Parts of the Brain3 Parts of the Brain1. 1. CerebrumCerebrum (biggest) (biggest)

has 2 hemispheres (halves)has 2 hemispheres (halves)right and leftright and left

Right side of brain controls left side Right side of brain controls left side of body and Left side of brain of body and Left side of brain controls right side of body.controls right side of body.Controls voluntary muscles, Controls voluntary muscles, thinking, memory, decision-making, thinking, memory, decision-making, and more.and more.

1

3 Parts of the Brain3 Parts of the Brain

2. 2. CerebellumCerebellumBelow cerebrumBelow cerebrum

Controls balance and postureControls balance and posture

Coordinates movement Coordinates movement

332

3 Parts of the Brain3 Parts of the Brain

3. 3. MedullaMedulla (brain stem) (brain stem)Controls involuntary muscles (breathing, Controls involuntary muscles (breathing, heart beating)heart beating)

Filters all messages going to the brainFilters all messages going to the brain

Fastest acting partFastest acting part

Connects to spinal cordConnects to spinal cord

3

CitationsCitationsFractures. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from Fractures. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://hcd2.bupa.co.uk/images/factsheets/fractures.gif Sprain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from Sprain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://z.about.com/d/p/440/e/f/19626.jpgStrain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from Strain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19618.jpgBiceps and triceps, tendons attached. Paul FuquaBiceps and triceps, tendons attached. Paul Fuqua(2003). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from(2003). Retrieved August 1, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ Nerve with neuron highlighted. Paul FuquaNerve with neuron highlighted. Paul Fuqua(2004). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from(2004). Retrieved August 1, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/In Control: Our Brain and Nervous System. Rainbow Educational MediaIn Control: Our Brain and Nervous System. Rainbow Educational Media(1993). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from(1993). Retrieved August 1, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ Path of a Nerve Impulse. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from Path of a Nerve Impulse. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_library/images/path_nerve_impulse.jpghttp://www.phschool.com/atschool/science_activity_library/images/path_nerve_impulse.jpgSpinal Cord. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from Spinal Cord. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://www.daviddarling.info/images/spinal_cord.gif http://www.daviddarling.info/images/spinal_cord.gif In Control: Our Brain and Nervous System. Rainbow Educational MediaIn Control: Our Brain and Nervous System. Rainbow Educational Media(1993). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from(1993). Retrieved August 1, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ Brain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://medimages.healthopedia.com/large/brain-Brain. (2007). Retrieved August 1, 2007 from http://medimages.healthopedia.com/large/brain-structures.jpgstructures.jpgBroken Bones. Discovery Channel SchoolBroken Bones. Discovery Channel School(2002). Retrieved August 1, 2007, from(2002). Retrieved August 1, 2007, fromunitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/ unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/