skeletal system. the axial skeleton skeletal system – framework of the human body

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Skeletal System

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Page 1: Skeletal System. The Axial Skeleton Skeletal System – Framework of the human Body

Skeletal System

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The Axial Skeleton

Skeletal System – Framework of the human Body

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Has approximately 206 bones

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Comparable in strength to reinforced concrete

Self-RepairingProduces blood cells

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Reservoir for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus

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Bones of the Head – Head is divided into two main parts, cranial and facial bones.

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Cranial Bones

Cranium - The brain case that composes the top, sides, and rear of the skull.

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Frontal Bone (forehead), Parietal Bones (top of the head), Temporal Bones (sides of the head), Occipital Bone (back of the head)

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Suture – The joints where cranial bones are fused tightly together. Also help absorb shock from a blow to the head.

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Fontanels – The cranial bones in an infant’s skull are not fused tightly together yet,

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but they do have tough membranes that are called fontanels or “soft spots.”

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These “soft spots” allow for the baby’s head to flex, without breaking during natural birth. They also allow the child’s skull to grow larger.

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Facial Bones

Maxillary Bones – Forms the central portion of the face and serve as the attachment to your upper teeth

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Mandible – Forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth. It is the only movable bone in the skull and is held to the cranium by ligaments.

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Ligaments – Tissues that join bones to other bones

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Sinuses – Hollow spaces in certain bones of the skull. They help give your voice different qualities

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and allows for the skull to be lighter than if it were made of solid bone.

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Middle Ear Bones – The smallest bones in the body are the Malleus (Hammer), Incus (Anvil), and stapes (stirrup).

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These are the mechanical linkage between the eardrum and the cochlea, which amplifies vibrations allowing you to hear.

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Bones of the Spine

Vertebral Column – (a.k.a. spine, spinal column, or backbone) The support to which all the other parts of the skeleton are attached.

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Made up of 26 individual bones called vertebrae. Hollow cavities along the back of each vertebra form

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a long vertical tunnel through the spine that encloses the spinal cord

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Intervertebral Disks – Disks of flexible cartilage, which allow the spine to bend and twist and absorb shock.

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Cervical Vertebrae – (Referring to the neck) The 7 vertebrae that form the neck.

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Atlas – Top vertebra that has special bearings that allow the head to rotate up and down

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Axis – Vertebra located just under the Atlas that allows the Atlas to swivel left and right.

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The other vertebrae allow for a little movement, but most of it happens with these two vertebrae.

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Thoracic Vertebrae – (referring to the chest) Serve as attachments for the rib cage

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Lumbar Vertebrae – (Referring to the lower back) The largest of the vertebrae because they have to support the entire upper body.

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Pelvic/Sacral Vertebrae – (Referring to the sacrum) 9 vertebrae that make up the Sacrum and the Coccyx

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Sacrum – 5 Vertebrae that fuse together in adults. It is joined to the hip bones and forms the base of the spine

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Coccyx – (Tailbone) 4 Vertebrae that fuse together in adults. Serves as attachments for muscles that allow us to stand upright

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Curvature of the Spine – the spine is designed to have a natural S curve if you look at it from the side.

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This allows the spine to have more flexibility and strength.

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Scoliosis – Severe lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

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Kyphosis - (Humpback, Hunchback) Excessive thoracic curvature

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Lordosis - (Swayback) Excessive lumbar curvature

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Bones of the Chest

Thoracic Cage – Bones that protect the thoracic cavity

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Ribs – Long curved bones that attach directly to the thoracic vertebrae in the back and indirectly

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by the costal cartilages to the sternum (breastbone) in the front

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Costal Cartilages – Connect the ribs to the Sternum. Allows for the Thoracic Cage to expand and contract during breathing.

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True Ribs – Costal Cartilage connects directly to the Sternum

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False Ribs – Costal Cartilage connects to Costal Cartilage of other ribs

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Floating Ribs – Have no Costal Cartilage at all

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Bones of the Shoulders – Are known as the pectoral girdle

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Clavicle – (collarbone) Anchors the whole arm to the axial skeleton

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Scapula – (shoulder blade) not rigidly fixed to the axial skeleton, which gives them more mobility.

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Bones of the Upper Extremities (Arms) – Designed for both strength and dexterity

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Humerus (Ha ha) – Makes up the upper arm and is connected to the scapula.

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Ulna – On the same side as your little finger, attached to the humerus in a hinge-like joint.

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Radius – Same side as your thumb, attached to the ulna and humerus, which allows it to rotate around the ulna

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Designed to let your arm twist clockwise and counter-clockwise

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Carpals - Bones in the wrist

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Metacarpals – 5 Bones that branch off from the carpals.

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Phalanges – Form the fingers and thumb

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Bones of the Pelvis – The bodies lower appendages are connected to the axial skeleton by the pelvis

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Pelvic Bones – Attach to the sacrum and forms a rigid ring of bone that supports the body

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Bones of the Lower Extremities (Legs) – Theses bones are thicker and stronger because

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they have to hold the body’s weight when the body is standing, running, and jumping.

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Femur – Makes up the upper leg/thigh, connected to the pelvic bone at the hip

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Tibia – (Makes a T) The main weight-bearing bone of the leg, connected to the femur at the knee

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Fibula – Smaller than the tibia, connected to the tibia at the knee

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Patella – (kneecap) Acts as a brace for the tendon to straighten the leg

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Tendon – Strong tough fibers that connect muscle to bone

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Tarsal Bones – Bones in the ankle that allow the foot to rotate left and right

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Talus – Tarsal bone that connects to the tibia and fibula

Calcaneus – Tarsal bone that forms your heel

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Metatarsals – 5 bones that branch off from the tarsal bones

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Phalanges – Form the toes of the foot

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The Design of Bone

Diaphysis – The shaft of a long bone

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Epiphysis – The bulged ends of a long bone

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Periosteum – The outside protective covering of the bone

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Compact Bone – Dense outer shell of the bone. Gives the bone strength and rigidity

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Spongy Bone – A lightweight porous bone inside the epiphysis.

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Looks like sponge, but does not feel like sponge

Spaces in spongy bone are where the red marrow is found

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Red Marrow – Tissue that produces red and white blood cells

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Medullary Cavity – Hollow cylindrical shaped opening in the bone shaft

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Holds the red marrow in infants and children, but yellow marrow for adults

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Yellow Marrow – A fatty substance used to store fats

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Osteoclasts – Cells that move through your bones removing old material making room for new

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Carve out little tunnels called Haversian canals lengthwise through the bone

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Osteoblasts – Cells that move through the Haversian canals and construct new collagen and Hydroxyapatite

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This process was designed to keep our bones strong and resilient

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Nutrition

Bones need certain vitamins and minerals to be healthy. Some of the major factors are calcium, phosphorus, and vitamins A, C, and D.

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Calcium and Phosphorus make up the inorganic (nonliving) portion of the bone

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Vitamin D allows the Calcium and Phosphorus to be absorbed into the body

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Your skin can make vitamin D in the presence of sunlight

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Vitamin A – Helps bones develop

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Vitamin C – Allows osteoblasts to produce collagen

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Exercise

Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts can sense which part of the bone is under stress and strengthen each bone accordingly

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Wolff’s Law – Bones adjust their shapes to the physical stress placed upon them

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Bones of athletes are then bigger then those of non-athletes

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Bones of astronauts loose their bone mass when in space, unless special exercises are done

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Atrophy – The wasting away or shrinking of bone or muscle do to lack of use.

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Construction

When you are developing your osteoblasts form your bones in a process called ossification

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Ossification – The process of changing cartilage to bone

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Fracture – Where bones break or crack

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Transverse – When a bone breaks cleanly in two

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Greenstick – Bone bends or breaks but is held together by collagen fibers

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Spiral – When a bone is twisted in half

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Comminuted – Part of the bone is shattered

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Simple – When a bone breaks but does not pierce the skin

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Compound – When a broken bone breaks through the skin

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Repair

Bone heals with its own cells and not with scar tissue

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When a bone is broken there is much internal bleeding

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The blood clots to stop the bleeding

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New blood vessels are formed around the break to provide nutrients to the area

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Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts start to work forming new bone

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Cartilage and collagen form in the gap between the broken ends

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Osteoclasts move through the break collecting and breaking down bone fragments

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Osteoblasts move through the cartilage and making it into spongy bone

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Both then work to form compact bone where needed and get rid of excess bone.

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Joints of the Skeleton

Joints – Place where bones join or articulate

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Immovable (Fixed)– Joints that are rigid

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Slightly Movable – Some bending or twisting is possible

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Freely Movable – Allow wide range of motion

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Structure

Articular Cartilage – Slippery type of cartilage that allows the bones to move smoothly

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Synovial Fluid – Lubrication of the articular cartilage

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Ligaments – Connect bone to bone and totally encase the joint and creates the joint capsule

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Joint Capsule – Serves as a container for the synovial fluid

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Types of Joints (Pictures on p. 145)

Hinge Joint – Allows the bone to move back and forth in a single plane

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Examples: Elbow, Knee, Fingers

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Ball-and-socket Joints – Rounded head of the bone fits into the hollow socket, allows the bone to move in two plane and rotate

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Examples: Hip and Shoulder

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Pivot Joint – A bone rotates in place against another bone

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Examples: Radius at Elbow

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Ellipsoid (Condyloid) Joint – Allows bone to move up, down, left, and right, they have a convex head that fits into a

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concave portion of another bone.Examples: Base of Fingers

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Gliding Joint – One bone slides across the surface of another

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Examples: Carpals, Tarsals, Vertebrae

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Saddle Joint – Allows bone to move in two planes, has two saddle shaped ends that fit together.

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Examples: Base of Thumb

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Problems of the Joints

Arthritis – inflammation of the joints, a common degenerative condition of the joints

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Osteoarthritis – Where the articular cartilage is worn out between bones. Worst when it is in the hip

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Rheumatoid Arthritis – The body’s immune system attacks the tissue of the joint, may cause damage to the articular cartilage,

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abnormal growths in connective tissue, or ossification of the joint

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Sprain – Ligaments in a joint are overstressed

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Dislocation – Joint is stressed to the point of being popped out of alignment

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Torn Ligaments – Usually does not tear completely and will regenerate with rest,

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if torn completely, they must be surgically reattached