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MATERIAL DE FORMACIN EN PREVENCIN DE RIESGOS LABORALES PARA EL SECTOR DE OFICINAS Y DESPACHOS

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10

MDULO 10

RIESGOS DEL SNDROME DEL EDIFICIO ENFERMO

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MDULO 10

Evaluacin del mdulo Glosario de trminos Resumen del mdulo Resolucin del caso Cuestionario del Caso Caso prctico Ejercicios Medidas Preventivas Riesgos de los puestos Objetivos del Mdulo Introduccin

Para saber ms (bibliografa) Descripcin del Trabajo

NDICE DE CONTENIDOS

Pgina

75 71 65 61 55 51 47 37 23 13 9 7 5

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El Sndrome del edificio enfermo es un trmino que se aplica a aquellos edificios en los que el personal presenta una serie de sntomas (dolor de cabeza, picor de ojos, fatiga, tos, catarro, sinusitis, etc.), de naturaleza poco especfica, con la peculiaridad de que estos sntomas desaparecen cuando se abandona el edificio. Los factores que ocasionan el mayor nmero de quejas de trabajadores/as en oficinas son, por este orden, la temperatura inadecuada, el aire viciado, la mala iluminacin, el ruido y el humo del tabaco.

El hombre pasa actualmente ms de un 80% de su tiempo en ambientes cerrados, ya sea en su trabajo, en su hogar, o durante su tiempo libre (bares, cines, medios de transporte, etc.). Esta forma de vida moderna, ha motivado que la calidad del aire de interior (CAI) afecte directamente a la salud y al bienestar de las personas y haya pasado a ser un tema de inters general y, consecuentemente, tambin laboral.

Introduccin

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

Sndorme del edificio enfermo

Mdulo 10

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Sndrome del edificio enfermo

Mdulo 10

Pg.

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

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Uno de los factores clave en el deterioro de la calidad del aire es la mala ventilacin de los edificios. La National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) estudi un nmero determinado de edificios y demostr que el 50% de todos ellos no estaban bien ventilados. Posteriormente en 1976 durante una convencin de la legin americana que tuvo lugar en un hotel de Filadelfia, un numeroso grupo de veteranos se vieron afectados a una enfermedad de sntomas parecidos a una neumona. Murieron 34 personas. Dicha enfermedad tuvo como origen una bacteria, ahora conocida y denominada entonces, y en honor a los legionarios Legionela o ms exactamente Legionella Pneumophila, que se desarrolla en el agua de los humidificadores del aire acondicionado. Las primeras evidencias que pusieron de manifiesto problemas en un edificio tuvieron lugar en Julio de 1968 en la ciudad de Pontiac, Michigan (EEUU). En un Departamento de Sanidad se desarroll una epidemia repentina, caracterizada por fiebre, dolor de cabeza y muscular que afect a 100 personas. Tras profundas investigaciones no se pudo determinar exactamente el agente etiolgico, pero si que el problema provena de un sistema de aire acondicionado defectuoso. El incidente fue llamado fiebre de Pontiac.

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OBJETIVOS

Actitudes Valorar cules son los principales riesgos derivados del llmado Sndrome del edificio enfermo,para actuar en contra de las causas que los determinan y las posibles consecuencias sobre la salud y el bienestar de los trabajadores. Preocuparse de los problemas producidos por los riesgos derivados del llamado Sndrome del edificio enfermo, actuando preventivamente y con conocimiento de causa.

Procedimientos Experimentar su situacin laboral personal, con los conocimientos expresados en la gua y adquiriendo as nuevos aprendizajes sobre las condiciones de trabajo idneas. Identificar riesgos del puesto de trabajo con sus compaeros para utilizarlos en su beneficio y mejorar as sus condiciones laborales.

Conocimientos Contribuir en la formacin e informacin de los trabajadores de oficinas y despachos acerca de los riesgos derivados del sndrome del edificio enfermo para evitar sus consecuencias o minimizar el riesgo para intentar que no se produzca siguiendo unas recomendaciones y unas medidas preventivas relacionadas con los riesgos en cuestin. Aplicar los conocimientos en riesgos derivados del sndrome del edificio enfermo o para la mejora del trabajo en oficinas.

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

Sndorme del edificio enfermo

Mdulo 10

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Las tareas que realiza el personal de mantenimiento son actividades relacionadas con la supervisin de instalaciones.

Personal de mantenimiento

Las tareas del personal de oficina son los siguientes:

Personal de oficina

Descripcin del trabajo

Mantenimiento del trabajo de los artculos de oficina y de impresin.

Lectura y correccin de documentos escritos Supervisar el trabajo efectuado.

Traducir documentos informticos.

Elaborar documentos informticos.

Elaborar registros e inventario (programacin o aplicacin informtica).

Tramitar documentacin digital.

Preparar la agenda electrnica.

Atender la correspondencia electrnica.

Entrada de datos en el ordenador.

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

Sndorme del edificio enfermo

Mdulo 10

Pg.

9

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Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

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RIESGOS

Sndorme del edificio enfermo

Mdulo 10

Pg.

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La sintomatologa relacionada relacionada con el Sndrome del Edificio Enfermo se resume en :

Uno de los problemas que aparecen como consecuencia de que las quejas no suelen ser especficas es que se diagnostican como de origen no laboral o se atribuyen a estrs, sntomas virales, fatiga por sobretrabajo o malas relaciones interlaborales.

La principal caracterstica de los sntomas asociados a un edificio con problemas es que son muy inespecficos y que poseen un carcter temporal, es decir, al abandonar el edificio van disminuyendo progresivamente hasta desaparecer, si el tiempo transcurrido antes de entrar nuevamente en l es suficiente.

Personal de oficina y personal de mantenimiento:

SNTOMAS CUTNEOS: Eritema (enrojecimiento), sequedad cutnea.

SNTOMAS DE LAS VAS RESPIRATORIAS SUPERIORES: Rinorrea (goteo nasal), congestin nasal, picor nasal, estornudos, sequedad de garganta, dolor de cabeza, ronquera, sed en general, los contaminantes presentes en el aire ambiente penetran en el organismo por inhalacin y, por tanto afectan inicialmente al tracto respiratorio, pudiendo tambin ser absorbidos y afectar a otros rganos o acumularse en distintos tejidos.

SNTOMAS OCULARES: Los sntomas en la vista incluyen escozor, enrojecimiento e irritacin. Las lentes de contacto son a menudo imposibles de usar en los edificios enfermos.

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Por otro lado son numerosos los factores de riesgo que se pueden considerar en el caso de un edificio enfermo, si bien sealaremos los ms relevantes.

Factores de riesgo

Los materiales de construccin y decoracin del edificio as como los muebles y dems elementos pueden tambin ser la causa de la presencia en el aire de formaldehdo.

Los materiales usados para el trabajo, como fotocopiadoras , los productos de limpieza y los desodorantes u odorizantes. El polvo presente en el aire interior. Depender de la ventilacin, la limpieza, la actividad en la zona y el grado de presencia del humo de tabaco. SNTOMAS GENERALES: Dolor de cabeza, somnolencia, letargo, dificultad de concentracin, irritabilidad, mareos, nuseas, fatiga mental y fsica, piel seca, congestin de senos nasales y tos. REACCIONES PSICOLGICAS, no hay que olvidar que un aire de pobre calidad provoca malestar, pudiendo desencadenar reacciones psicolgicas complejas, cambios de humor, de estado de nimo y dificultades en las relaciones interpersonales. SNTOMAS PULMONARES: Opresin torcica, sensacin de ahogo, sibilancia (pitidos), tos seca.

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Ruido, un entorno ruidoso puede reducir la capacidad de concentracin y producir una situacin de estrs, dolor de cabeza y fatiga.

Ambiente trmico, son varios los parmetros que intervienen: temperatura seca del aire, humedad relativa, temperatura radiante media y velocidad del aire. Adems cada persona tiene unas necesidades propias en funcin del nivel de actividad que desarrolla, de las caractersticas del vestido, de su edad y de su fisiologa.

La iluminacin, un nivel de iluminacin bajo, un contraste insuficiente, los brillos excesivos y los deslumbramientos son causas de estrs visual generador de irritacin de ojos y dolores de cabeza. La falta de luz natural puede tambin estar en el origen de quejas inicialmente relacionadas con una pobre calidad del aire.

Los olores, algunos gases y vapores ocasionan disconfort sensorial debido a olores y molestias que pueden producir ansiedad y estrs.

Los propios ocupantes del edificio suelen ser unas de las fuentes de contaminacin ya que produce de forma natural dixido de carbono, vapor de agua, partculas y aerosoles biolgicos, siendo a la vez responsable de la presencia de otros contaminantes entre los que destaca el humo del tabaco en el que se han identificado ms de 3000 compuestos.

Los contaminantes procedentes del exterior del edificio, como son los humos de escape de automviles, el dixido de azufre.

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La calidad del aire es un aspecto a tener muy presente cuando se tratan los riesgos biolgicos, ya que una ventilacin inadecuada, ( entradas sucias de aire, filtros sucios o ausentes intercambiadores de calor obstruidos, conductos de retorno sucios), el funcionamiento incorrecto y/o el mal uso de los equipos de ventilacin, aumentan en gran medida la aparicin de enfermedades de tipo respiratorio como son la legionella o las alergias. Los riesgos biolgicos para empleados de oficinas y personal de mantenimiento suelen estar relacionados con el transporte de partculas y molculas en el aire. Como contaminantes del medio ambiente encontramos las bacterias de la legionella pneumophila y aquellos agentes biolgico ( virus, bacterias, microorganismos,etc) vinculados a alergias, humos. Factores psicosociales, se refieren a la organizacin del trabajo: horario, ritmo, responsabilidad, participacin en las decisionesy los que se refieren a la propia tarea: contenido, repetitividad, Factores ergonmicos, la aparicin de fatiga , dolores musculares y el problema de circulacin, pueden ser debidos a la utilizacin de un mobiliario inadecuado o mal dispuesto para las tareas a desarrollar. Humedad relativa, es un factor fundamental dentro del confort trmico, ya que un aumento de la humedad relativa reduce la facilidad de prdida de calor por transpiracin y evaporacin, con lo cual el efecto es equivalente a un aumento de temperatura.

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La enfermedad suele daar a personas mayores, enfermas con otras afecciones, a los que sufren enfermedades pulmonares, los fumadores, a las personas que han sufrido algn trasplante y en general a todos aquellos con las defensas bajas.

El aire transporta microorganismo de origen externo e interno (propios empleados), partculas y polvo procedentes de suelos, moquetas, paredes, cenizas y humo de

La legionelosis que aparece en oficinas de grandes edificios, se asocia a los sistemas de agua caliente, sistemas de refrigeracin de agua utilizadas como aire acondicionado, sistemas de refrigeracin industriales.

La legionelosis se presenta de dos formas:

La legionelosis es una neumona atpica con letalidad relativamente alta que apareci por primera vez en el verano de 1976 en veteranos de guerra, con carcter epidmico, despus de una convencin en Filadelfia. El agente causal es la Legionella pneumophila.

Riesgo de Legionella pneumophila

a) La enfermedad del legionario, un severo trastorno mutiorgnico, inicindose como infeccin respiratoria, cuya manifestacin ms prominente es la neumona b) La fiebre de pontiac, una enfermedad autolimitada con un alto ndice de ataque que caracteriza por fiebre, cefaleas, mialgias y astenia que suelen desaparecer por s solas.

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El dixido de carbono, es el gas que se forma por combustin de sustancias que contienen carbono. La principal fuente est en la respiracin humana. El fumar es un asfixiante simple cuya presencia en concentraciones altas provoca falta de oxigeno. La presencia del monxido de carbono es debida a la inadecuada toma de aire fresco exterior y el fumar. Fumar representa la liberacin en el aire de una mezcla compleja de productos qumicos. Adems de monxido de carbono, dixido de carbono y partculas, se producen xidos de nitrgenos y una Nombramos las alergias como principal riesgo biolgico pues los contaminantes presentes suelen ser partculas como el polen y los hongos. En general los contaminantes presentes en el aire ambiente penetran en el organismo por inhalacin y por tanto afectan inicialmente a sistema respiratorio pudiendo ser tambin absorbidos y afectar a otros rganos o acumularse en distintos tejidos. La contaminacin biolgica puede ser causada por las siguientes substancias: Los empleados de una oficina deben realizar sus tareas en un ambiente saludable y lo ms confortable posible. Para que ello ocurra el sistema de ventilacin/ climatizacin debe tener un funcionamiento y mantenimiento apropiados. Estos aparatos deben proporcionar unas condiciones trmicas aceptables. As como la calidad de aire interior. Su funcin ser mezclar aire interior con exterior de forma adecuada y deben presentar un sistema de filtracin y limpieza del aire capaces de eliminar los contaminantes presentes en el mismo. Riesgo de alergias

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Los efectos sobre el sistema respiratorios son irritacin de nariz, garganta y bronquios e incluso los contaminantes microbianos pueden provocar enfermedades infecciosas.

amplia variedad de otros gases y compuestos orgnicos.

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MEDIDAS PREVENTIVAS

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Calidad del aire

Parece ser que el principal factor de prevencin de la aparicin del Sndrome del Edificio Enfermo no recae slo en el diseo del sistema de ventilacin del edificio, sino de un modo principal, en sus condiciones de funcionamiento y buen mantenimiento.

Personal de oficina y mantenimiento

Medidas preventivas

La diferencia de temperatura entre el nivel del suelo y una altura de 18 metros no debe ser superior a 2 grados centgrados.

La humedad relativa debe estar por encima del 30% y por debajo del 60%.

Calor producido por la maquinaria de oficinas, por la iluminacin tanto natural como artificial y por el nmero de personas existentes en la habitacin.

Posibilidad de apertura de ventanas

Movimiento y velocidad del aire

Humos de tabaco y vapores

Tratamiento de olores

Debe tenerse en cuenta en el suministro del aire interior los siguientes factores:

Mayor control del entorno por parte del usuario.

Mtodos de captacin de contaminantes

Mantenimiento adecuado de las instalaciones

Seleccin de los materiales de construccin

Control de la calidad del aire suministrado.

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

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Sndrome del edificio enfermo

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Construccin y materiales de fachadas

Es importante prevenir la formacin de campos electroestticos, dotando de tomas de tierra en habitaciones con falsos suelos, utilizando moquetas de fibra natural en sustitucin de las sintticas, aunque existen en el mercado moquetas sintticas antiestticas. En general, todo tipo de fibras artificiales, como el nylon en la vestimenta, o en las fundas de la maquinaria y las En cuanto a los materiales de construccin empleados debe recomendarse el uso de revestimientos con buen aislamiento, que no deje zonas porosas y que queden bien sellados a nivel de los nexos o uniones del material. Es muy importante que las ventanas puedan ser abiertas o cerrradas por los propios usuarios del edificio. En estos casos, se puede hacer que la climatizacin se interrumpa en la zona donde se ha abierto una ventana para evitar prdidas de energa. Toda ventana debe estar acompaada de cortinas interiores y a ser posible de persianas o similares exteriores que puedan regular la entrada de luz. Si las ventanas son muy grandes o muy altas, es necesario colocar unidades de calefaccin debajo o al lado de ellas. Es aconsejable utilizar ventanas de doble cristal para minimizar los cambios climticos exteriores y tambin el disconfort que produce por cambios de temperatura al estar en zonas prximas a ventanas. Los edificios deben tenr ventanas que proporcionen al usuario vistas al exterior, dispuestas de tal manera que la vista sea perceptible desde la parte ms interna de la oficina.

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Los problemas de salud en edificios de oficinas estn altamente relacionados con deficiencias de mantenimiento y no necesariamente de diseo, como prevencin es recomendable la elaboracin de:

Funcionamiento y Mantenimiento

El usuario ha de poder controlar su propio entorno de trabajo a nivel de:

Control del usuario

Formacin del personal de modo que estn capacitados para hacer funcionar los complejos sistemas de que disponen los edificios de oficinas. Limpieza regular de los filtros del aire acondicionado. Limpieza regular de la planta de refrigeracin Elaboracin continuada de registros de datos del sistema. Protocolos generales de funcionamiento de las instalaciones. Regulacin de la entrada de luz exterior mediante cortinas. Flexibilidad en la distribucin del mobiliario de trabajo en su espacio asignado. Conectar y desconectar interruptores de luz y reguladores de temperatura. Abrir y cerrar ventanas cuando as lo requiera. Otro factor a tratar es el del ruido del sistema de aire acondicionado. El sistema debe ser silencioso. suelas de plstico de los zapatos contribuyen a crear problemas de carga esttica.Sndorme del edificio enfermo

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

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Sndrome del edificio enfermo

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Mtodo de captacin de contaminantes.

Un mtodo eficaz para la captacin de contaminantes del ambiente de oficinas y de fcil instauracin es la utilizacin de plantas naturales. El uso de plantas contribuye a mejorar la calidad del aire interior captando bajas concentraciones de dixido de carbono (300 ppm) del ambiente as como el benceno, formaldehdo y tricloroetileno. Entre las especies dotadas de estas propiedades se citan la Enredadera Inglesa, la Filodendra y el Potus.

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CASOS PRCTICOS

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

Sndorme del edificio enfermo

Mdulo 10

Pg.

27

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Caso prctico.

Han acabado las vacaciones. Los empleados de la ofician van incorporndose al trabajo de forma paulatina. Nuria y Jorge coinciden en la hora del desayuno. Hablan sobre los das de ocio que han dejado atrs y de la sensacin placentera de no tener que realizar las tareas que durante el resto del ao desarrollan en su puesto de trabajo. Empiezan a trabajar con buen pie.

Personal de oficina

Material formativo en Prevencin de Riesgos Laborales para el sector de Oficinas y Despachos

La oficina est en todo su apogeo: la plantilla est al completo, los ordenadores, las impresoras y las fotocopiadoras permanecen gran parte del da en funcionamiento, los telfonos no paran de sonar...Tras quince das de intenso trabajo para poder poner al da todos los asuntos pendientes que quedaron durante las vacaciones, Nuria y Jorge vuelven a coincidir en la cafetera.Sndorme del edificio enfermo

Mdulo 10

Pg.

29

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