shea chapter 15

15

Foreign and National Security Policy

Video: The Big Picture 15

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Video: The Basics 15

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Competing Principles for American Foreign Policy

Transformers

Maintainers

Conflicting Evaluations of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan

Echoes from the Past

Implementing Policy

15.1

Transformers

Neoconservatives As superpower, U.S.’s role is enforcer Military is the central instrument of foreign policy Unilateralism is the best approach U.S. should spread democracy around the world

Neoliberals Other countries should build democracy from within Non-military is the focus of foreign policy Stress the importance of international institutions

15.1

FIGURE 15.1: Four Perspectives on Foreign Policy

15.1

Maintainers

Conservatives Believe the U.S. must be prepared to act militarily U.S. interests are not the same as global interests Power is the key Exercise of U.S. power is best when considered

legitimate by others

Isolationists U.S. foreign policy must focus on protecting us U.S.’s obligations to allies is minimal U.S. must focus on cultural, commercial and diplomatic

interaction

15.1

U.S. Troops Leaving Iraq 15.1

Conflicting Evaluations of the Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan Neoconservative Evaluation

View wars as essential to American security

Neoliberal Evaluation Non-military means should have been tried; UN should

play a greater role

Conservative Evaluation International efforts in Afghanistan are better; Iraq war

distracted the U.S. and upped the anti-U.S. mood

Isolationist Evaluation Afghanistan was okay, Iraq was a “fool’s errand”

15.1

Echoes from the Past

George Washington Urged neutrality and isolationism

Spanish American War U.S. became a major player on the world stage

World War I U.S. helped to defeat Germany

World War II U.S. helped to rebuild Europe and Japan

Sept. 11, 2001 Focus on global terror

15.1

15.1 Which foreign policy philosophy believes that international institutions should play a prominent role?

15.1

a. Neoconservatives

b. Neoliberals

c. Conservatives

d. Isolationists

15.1 Which foreign policy philosophy believes that international institutions should play prominent role?

15.1

a. Neoconservatives

b. Neoliberals

c. Conservatives

d. Isolationists

Explore the Simulation: You Are the President of the United States During a Foreign Policy Crisis

15.1

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Video: In Context 15.1


Links Between Foreign and Domestic Policy

Domestic policy values guide American foreign policy

International factors influence U.S. political activity

International and domestic gains and losses

15.2

Domestic Policy Values Guide American Foreign Policy Emphasis is on individual legal rights and

civil liberties Pays less attention to economic and social rights

Hostile, overly strong foreign governments are a threat to human rights

Stronger federal government is not needed to promote human rights

Rejects violence in the struggle for human rights

15.2

International Factors Influence U.S. Political Activity Foreign Countries Seek foreign aid and weapons deals (Turkey) Seek sanctions against other countries (Nelson Mandela

and South Africa)

Foreign Companies Seek favorable tax and environmental policies for their

affiliates operating in the U.S

Concerns The more Congress listens to foreign lobbyists, the less it

will listen to Americans Globalization might seek to influence American economic

policies in ways harmful to the U.S.

15.2

Oil Company Executives 15.2

Greek Protests 15.2

International and Domestic Gains and Losses Farm subsidies Developing countries refuse to enter into trade

agreements with the U.S. until farm subsidies end

Costs of wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Forced sacrifices in domestic program spending Battlefield deaths

International trade and civil liberties protections

High on public attention radar

15.2

15.2 Which two policy areas tend to rank highest on Americans’ radar when it comes to foreign policy?

15.2

a. International trade and civil liberties

b. International trade and environmental issues

c. Environmental issues and legal rights

d. None of the above.

e. All of the above.

Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist

15.2


The Domestic Context of American Foreign Policymaking

Public Opinion

Elections

Interest Groups

Political Protest

15.3

Public Opinion

Influence Source of public policy innovation, such as the Department

of Homeland Security Source of public policy restraint to maintain the status quo,

such as early resistance to intervention in Nazi Germany

Vietnam syndrome Public no longer supports military action that caused major

losses

“Rally ’round the flag” effect Public support following a crisis

15.3

Mitt Romney giving speech to the American Israel Political Action Committee

15.3

Elections

Elections as a pathway for influencing foreign policy?

Evidence mixed: both candidates often agree on major policy issues

American electorate tends not to be very well informed about foreign policy

Debate is less about the policy and more about who is qualified to execute it

Foreign governments avoid serious business with the U.S. during elections

Foreign policy measures initiated at this time run the risk of failure

15.3

Interest Groups

Interest high in China Business, labor, human rights interests Groups such as AFL-CIO, Amnesty International, Christian

Coalition, etc.

Ethnic Identity Groups American-Israeli Public Affairs Committee Cuban-American National Foundation

Religious-based interest groups Opposed spread of Communism during Cold War Now focus on family planning

15.3

Political Protest

Globalization Images of protesters clashing with Seattle police during

1999 World Trade Organization Brought back memories of Vietnam era clashes

Protests Often dismissed as unimportant by the administration Protests add new voices to the debate

15.3

U2 Lead Singer Bono 15.3

15.3 Why doesn’t foreign policy tend to be influenced by elections?

15.3

a. The candidates tend to agree on major issues.

b. The American electorate is not well informed on foreign policy.

c. The debate is less about the policy and more about the person executing it.

d. All of the above

Video: In the Real World 15.3


Policy Institutions and Foreign Policymaking

The Executive Branch

Congress

The Supreme Court

15.4

Watching the bin Laden raid 15.4

The Executive Branch

Major Actors Chief of Staff The Vice President National Security Council National Security Advisor State Department Department of Defense Central Intelligence Agency Department of Homeland Security

15.4

Congress

Major Actors Supportive Congress Strategic Congress Competitive Congress War Powers Resolution Re-emergence of the Strategic Congress Disengaged Congress Legislation, Funding and Oversight

15.4

The Supreme Court

Three kinds of rulings: Conflict between state laws and treaties on foreign policy

matters Consistently supported the president in conflicts with

Congress Reluctant to grant government broad powers that may

restrict American civil liberties

15.4

15.4 Which type of Congress cedes most foreign policy authority to the president, but chooses issues to press?

15.4

a. Supportive Congress

b. Strategic Congress

c. Competitive Congress

d. Disengaged Congress

15.4 This type of Congress cedes most foreign policy authority to the president, but chooses issues to press:

15.4

a. Supportive Congress

b. Strategic Congress

c. Competitive Congress

d. Disengaged Congress

Explore Foreign and Defense Policy: How Much Does America Spend on Defense?

15.4

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Foreign Policy and National Security Issues

Military Security Issues

Economic and Foreign Trade Issues

Human Welfare Issues

15.5

Military Security Issues

Terrorism Has evolved from more central groups to independent

Jihadists

Weapons of Mass Destruction Greatest fear is theft of weapons and use by a terrorist group

Pre-emption and Deterrence Pre-emption: striking first in self-defense (Iraq War) Deterrence: threatens a state-based enemy with swift and

overwhelming retaliation

15.5

Iranian President 15.5

Economic and Foreign Trade Issues

Global economic powers U.S. response to growing economic power of other nations

China World’s largest recipient of foreign direct investment Holds world’s second largest currency reserves As it grows in economic might, it is expected to grow in

military might

15.5

Wal-Mart 15.5

Human Welfare Issues

Genocide Nazi Holocaust Armenians in the Ottoman Empire Cambodian “killing fields” Sudan

Land mines 120 million landmines concealed in 80 countries

Human trafficking Women and children used as sex workers

Climate change Threat to long-term international security

15.5

TABLE 15.2: Foreign Aid Spending, 2009

15.5

Retreating Glaciers 15.5

15.5 Political scientists have observed that HIV/AIDS falls into which foreign policy category?

15.5

a. Military security

b. Economic and foreign trade

c. Human welfare

d. All of the above

Video: So What? 15.0

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shea chapter 15

News & Politics

foreign policy philosophy

foreign policy crisis

focus of foreign policy

foreign aid

foreign lobbyists

policy areas

national security policy

strong foreign governments